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Abstract Objective: Respiratory syncytial virus is a pathogen frequently involved in nosocomial outbreaks. Although several studies have reported nosocomial outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units, molecular epidemiology data are scarce. Here, the authors describe two consecutive respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks caused by genotypes ON-1 and NA-2 in a neonatal intensive care unit in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A prospective search for respiratory syncytial virus was performed after diagnosing the index case and four other symptomatic newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples of all patients in the neonatal intensive care unit were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Genotyping was performed using nucleotide sequencing. Results: From May to August 2013, two different outbreaks were detected in the neonatal intensive care unit. A total of 20 infants were infected with respiratory syncytial virus-A (ten and 14 with ON-1 and NA-2 genotypes, respectively). The mean age of the infants was 10 days, mean birth weight was 1,961 g, and the mean gestational age was 33 weeks. Risk factors (heart disease, lung disease, and prematurity) were present in 80% and 85.7% of infants in the ON-1 and NA-2 groups, respectively. In total, 45.8% of infants were asymptomatic and 20.8% required mechanical ventilation. Coinfections were not detected during the outbreaks. Conclusions: Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit who develop abrupt respiratory symptoms should be tested for respiratory viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus. Even in the absence of severe symptoms, respiratory syncytial virus detection can prevent nosocomial transmission through infection control measures. A better understanding of respiratory syncytial virus molecular epidemiology is essential for developing new vaccines and antiviral drugs against respiratory syncytial virus.
Resumo Objetivo O vírus sincicial respiratório é um patógeno frequentemente envolvido em surtos nosocomiais. Embora vários estudos tenham relatado tais surtos em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal, os dados epidemiológicos moleculares são escassos. Neste artigo, descrevemos dois surtos consecutivos de vírus sincicial respiratório causados pelos genótipos ON-1 e NA-2 em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal em São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos Uma busca prospectiva por vírus sincicial respiratório foi realizada após o diagnóstico do caso índice e outros quatro recém-nascidos sintomáticos na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Amostras de aspirado nasofaríngeo de todos os pacientes da unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal foram testadas para 17 vírus respiratórios com reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa em tempo real. A genotipagem realizada utilizando sequenciamento de nucleotídeos. Resultados De maio a agosto de 2013, foram detectados dois surtos diferentes na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Vinte e quatro crianças foram infectadas com vírus sincicial respiratório-A (10 e 14 com os genótipos ON-1 e NA-2, respectivamente). A média da idade dos lactentes era de 10 dias, o peso médio ao nascer foi de 1961 g e a idade gestacional média de 33 semanas. Fatores de risco (doença cardíaca, doença pulmonar e prematuridade) estavam presentes em 80% e 85,7% dos bebês nos grupos ON-1 e NA-2, respectivamente. No total, 45,8% dos lactentes eram assintomáticos e 20,8% necessitaram de ventilação mecânica. Não foram detectadas coinfecções durante os surtos. Conclusões Bebês em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal que desenvolvem sintomas respiratórios abruptos devem ser testados para vírus respiratórios, especialmente o vírus sincicial respiratório. Mesmo na ausência de sintomas graves, a detecção de vírus sincicial respiratório pode prevenir a transmissão nosocomial através de medidas de controle de infecção. Um melhor entendimento da epidemiologia molecular do vírus sincicial respiratório é essencial para o desenvolvimento de novas vacinas e drogas antivirais contra o vírus sincicial respiratório.
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Humanos , Recién Nacido , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Infección Hospitalaria , Brasil , Brotes de Enfermedades , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio , GenotipoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the protective effects of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill (, STP) on NaSO-induced hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in cardiomyoblast H9c2 cells.@*METHODS@#The cell viability and levels of mRNA and protein expression in H9c2 cells were determined following NaSO-induced hypoxia using Hoechst staining, annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.@*RESULTS@#STP pretreatment significantly increased the viability and inhibited aberrant morphological changes in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells induced by NaSO treatment (P<0.05). In addition, STP pretreatment attenuated NaSO-induced hypoxic damage, down-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, and up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in H9c2 cells (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#STP was strongly cardioprotective in hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by preventing hypoxic damage and inhibiting cellular apoptosis. These results further support the use of STP as an effective drug for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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A lock solution composed of gentamicin sulfate (5 mg/mL) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na2, 30 mg/mL) could fully eradicate in vivo bacterial biofilms in totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAP). In this study, fabrication, conditioning and sterilization processes of antimicrobial lock solution (ALS) were detailed and completed by a stability study. Stability of ALS was conducted for 12 months in vial (25 °C ± 2 °C, 60％ ± 5％ relative humidity (RH), and at 40 °C ± 2 °C, RH 75％ ± 5％) and for 24 h and 72 h in TIVAP (40 °C ± 2 °C, RH 75％ ± 5％). A stability indicating HPLC assay with UV detection for simultaneous quantification of gentamicin sulfate and EDTA-Na2 was developed. ALS was assayed by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) needing gentamicin derivatization, EDTA-Na2 metallocomplexation of samples and gradient mobile phase. HPLC methods to separate four gentamicin components and EDTA-Na2 were validated. Efficiency of sterility procedure and conditioning of ALS was confirmed by bacterial endotoxins and sterility tests. Physicochemical stability of ALS was determined by visual inspection, osmolality, pH, and sub-visible particle counting. Results confirmed that the stability of ALS in vials was maintained for 12 months and 24 h and 72 h in TIVAP.
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Aim To verify the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of the 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBd)on cerebral ischemia / reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. Methods The model of focal cerebral ischemi-a / reperfusion in rats was established by the suture-oc-clusion method. After reperfusion,neurological score and cerebral infarction rate were assessed. Meanwhile, after pretreatment with 4-HBd for 24 h,the primary cultured cortical neuron cells were exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation / reoxygenation (OGD/ Rep). The survival rate, MDA, SOD, NO, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 concentrations were assessed. Results Pre-treatment with 4-HBd significantly decreased neurologi-cal score (P < 0. 05)and cerebral infarction rate (P <0. 01)in the cerebrum after MCAO/ R injury. Further-more,4-HBd significantly increased cell survival rate (P < 0. 05),decreased MDA content (P < 0. 05),in-creased SOD activity (P < 0. 05),decreased NO levels (P < 0. 05),decreased caspase-3 (P < 0. 05),in-creased Bcl-2 (P < 0. 05)but decreased Bax (P <0. 05)levels and therefore increased Bcl-2 / Bax ratio in the cerebrum after OGD/ R injury. Conclusions 4-HBd has significant protective effect on MCAO/ R rats, and the mechanism may be related to decreasing NO levels,Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 and reducing neuronal apoptosis.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of sodium houttuyfonate (SH) combined with EDTA-Na2 (SH/EDTA-Na2) against biofilm bacteria, and to search for an alternative antibiotics. Methods: The microdilution method and checkboard test were adopted to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), and synergistic points of SH and EDTA-Na2 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Candida albicans (CA); Time-kill (T-K) curves of three kinds of bacteria in synergistic points were determined by dilution coating method; The morphology of PA, SA, and CA was observed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Results: The MIC of PA, SA, and CA for SH was 2.048, 0.064, and 0.064 mg/mL, and MBEC was 2.048, 0.256, and 0.512 mg/mL, respectively; The MIC of PA, SA, and CA for EDTA-Na2 was 3.75, 0.938, and 0.117 mg/mL, and MBEC was 15, 3.75, and 30 mg/mL, respectively; The MIC of PA, SA, and CA for SH/EDTA-Na2 was 0.256/0.938, 0.008/0.233, and 0.008/0.029 mg/mL, and MBEC was 0.512/3.722, 0.032/0.469, and 0.064/0.938 mg/mL, respectively. Combination of the two drugs could significantly inhibit the growth and eradicate the biofilm of bacteria. The number of bacteria on carriers reduced notably under SEM, with no or little biofilm on carriers, compared with the blank control group. Conclusion: EDTA-Na2 could play a synergistic role in combination with SH against pathogens, and SH could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilm of PA, SA, and CA more powerfully in combination with EDTA-Na2.
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Present paper describes the growth and ion contents from seedlings of the mangrove Cynometra iripa Kostel. over a range of salinity, using Nacl and Na2SO4 as the major ion in a soil culture. The seedlings of C. iripa grew well at salinity levels up to 0.1M NaCl and 0.1M Na2SO4 . Growth was inhibited at salinity levels above 0.2M NaCl and 0.2M Na2SO4. Chloride decreased in Na2 SO4 treated seedlings. Proline accumulation was found to be increased with salinity in both treatments. Higher activities of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were noticed in seedlings. Effect of Cl salinity is more prominent than that of SO4 salinity. Chlorophylls, carotenoids, TAN, polyphenol and free amino acids contents are decreased after critical concentration 0.1M NaCl and Na2SO4.
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A promoting effect of Na2SiO3 on hair regrowth was investigated using an animal model of C57BL/6 mice. There were four experimental groups including distilled water (DW, a negative control), 5% minoxidil (MXD, a positive control), 50% Na2SiO3, and 100% Na2SiO3 solution. The animals were shaved with an electric clipper and then test solutions applied daily with a volume of 0.2 ml per to the dorsal skin of mice for 3 weeks. Body weight and food and water consumption were measured weekly. Photographs of hair regrowth were taken at experimental day 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as expressions of growth factors were also determined in the dorsal skin of mice. The animal body weight were not significantly changed among the experimental groups. The MXD and Na2SiO3 accelerated hair regrowth compared with DW. The elongation of hair follicles were evidently observed in MXD and 50 or 100% Na2SiO3 groups. MXD significantly increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase at day 14, compared with DW (P<0.05). But the activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were not significantly increased in Na2SiO3 groups, compared with DW. The expression of epidermal growth factor was significantly increased in MXD and Na2SiO3 groups, compared with DW (P<0.05). The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was not significantly changed by MXD or Na2SiO3 treatments. The expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 was clearly decreased in MXD and Na2SiO3 groups, compared with DW. These results indicate that Na2SiO3 may have a hair growth-promoting activity and it can be used for treatment of alopecia or boldness in humans.
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Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Fosfatasa Alcalina , Alopecia , Peso Corporal , Ingestión de Líquidos , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa , Cabello , Folículo Piloso , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Minoxidil , Modelos Animales , Silicatos , Piel , Sodio , Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , AguaRESUMEN
Accuracy of leukocytes profile assessment is influenced by several pre analytical factors, among others, the anticoagulant concentration. EDTA is one of the most frequently used anticoagulant in peripheral blood examination. Several references stated that inappropriate concentration of EDTA anticoagulant in blood sample may affect the result of leukocytes profile in peripheral blood examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences among leukocytes profile in peripheral blood examination specimens, which were prepared with excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant in different concentration. This study was conducted in Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University. Blood samples from 30 subjects were taken using vein puncture. Two millimeters blood was divided into 4 Na2EDTA-containing tubes. Before that, one drop of blood without Na2EDTA anticoagulant was used to make blood film right after vein puncture, as control. Each tubes contained different concentration of anticoagulant. The first tube contained Na2EDTA in standard concentration 2 mg/ml; the remaining tubes contained 4 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, and 8 mg/ml respectively. These samples were immediately examined using SYSMEX SE-9500 automatic cell counter to measure the total and differential leukocytes count; and were stained with Wright staining for morphological examination under the microscope. These procedures were done before 20 minutes of vein puncture. There were significant decrement of total leukocytes count, absolute differential leukocytes count and monocyte percentage following excessive Na2EDTA administration. Neutrophil percentage was found to be relatively increased and the difference was significant. Lymphocyte, eosinophil and basophil percentages were not significantly different. Morphological examination showed significant increment in irregular cytoplasm margin, vacoulation and irregular nuclei lobes following excessive Na2EDTA administration. It is concluded that excessive concentration of Na2EDTA used in blood specimen preparation, will lead to changes in leukocytes profile as the concentration increased. Standard Na2EDTA anticoagulant concentration did not alter any leukocytes count and morphology, except for irregular cytoplasm margin and irregular nuclei lobes.
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Pruebas Hematológicas , Anticoagulantes , Leucocitos , CitoplasmaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to know whether there are differences between hematology profile and morphology of erythrocytes of blood specimens which are prepared with excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant in different concentration. This study was conducted in Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University. The criteria of subject were male, age from 18 until 22 years old and healthy, ascertained from history taking and vital sign examination. Blood samples from 33 subjects were taken using vein puncture. Two millimeters blood was divided into 4 Na2EDTA-containing tubes. Before that, one drop of blood without Na2EDTA anticoagulant was used for making control blood film right after vein puncture. Each tubes contained different concentration of anticoagulant. The first tube contained Na2EDTA in standard concentration 2 mg/dl; the remaining tubes contained consecutively, 4 mg/dl, 6 mg/dl, and 8 mg/dl. Those samples were immediately examined using SYSMEX SE-9500 automatic analyzer for measuring erythrocytes hematological profile and were stained with Wright staining for morphological examination. These procedures were done before 20 minutes of vein puncture. There were significant decrease of RBC count, HGB, HCT, and MCHC and also significant increase of MCV and RDW between different concentrations of excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant. MCH did not have significant result. Morphological examination showed significant morphological changes in the form of echinocytes and appearance of ghost cells in the sample treated with excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant concentration. In conclusion, there are differences in hematological profile and morphology of erythrocytes among blood specimen which are prepared with excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant in different concentration, except for MCH. Excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant concentration will affect the blood specimen for peripheral blood examination of erythrocytes by interfering morphology and some of hematological parameters.
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Hematología , CoagulantesRESUMEN
Objective To study the protective effects of ?-asarone against the myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury (MI/RI) in cultured cardiac myocytes. Methods MI/RI model was set up with Na2S2O4, which make use of rat cardiac myocytes. The viability of cardiac myocytes (using MTT method), dehydrogenase (LDH, CK) activitices in the medium were measured. Results In MI/RI model, ?-asarone can obviously advance the viability of cardiac myocytes, and decrease the dehydrogenase (LDH, CK) activitices in the medium. Conclusion ?-asarone showed protective effects against the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in cultured cardiac myocytes.
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Periodontal regeneration therapy with bone-substituting materials has gained favorable clinical efficacy by enhancing osseous regeneration in periodontal bony defect. As bone- substituting materials, bone powder, calcium phosphate ceramic, modified forms of hydroxyapatite, and hard tissue replacement polymer have demonstrated their periodontal bony regenerative potency. Bone-substituting materials should fulfill several requirements such as biocompatibility, osteogenecity, malleability, biodegradability. The purpose of this study was to investigate biocompatibility, osteo-conduction capacity and biodegradability of Na2O, K2O added calcium metaphosphate(CMP). Beta CMP was obtained by thermal treatment of anhydrous Ca2(H2PO4)2. Na2O and K2O were added to CMP. The change of weight of pure CMP, Na2O-CMP, and K2O-CMP in Tris-buffer solution and simulated body fluid for 30 days was measured. Twenty four Newzealand white rabbits were used in negative control, positive control(Bio-Oss), pure CMP group, 5% Na2-CMP group, 10% Na2O-CMP goup, and 5% K2O-CMP group. In each group, graft materials were placed in right and left parietal bone defects(diameter 10mm) of rabbit. The animals were sacrificed at 3 months and 6 months after implantation of the graft materials. Degree of biodegradability of K2O or Na2O added CMP was greater than that of pure CMP in experimental condition. All experimental sites were healed with no clinical evidence of inflammatory response to all CMP implants. Histologic observations revealed that all CMP grafts were very biocompatible and osseous conductive, and that in K2O-CMP or Na2O-CMP implanted sites, there was biodegradable pattern, and that in site of new bone formation, there was no significant difference between all CMP group and DPBB(Bio-Oss) group. From this result, it was suggested that all experimental CMP group graft materials were able to use as an available bone substitution.