Infecção do trato urinário por leveduras do gênero Candida ­ revisão de literatura / Urinary tract infection by yeast of the genus Candida - literature review / Infección del tracto urinario causada por levaduras del género Candida - revisión de la literatura

A ocorrência das infecções do trato urinário (ITU) causadas por leveduras do gênero Candida estão aumentando consideravelmente nas últimas décadas, sendo a Candida albicans a mais comumente diagnosticada como causadora deste tipo de infecções. Contudo, outras espécies, como exemplo da Candida tropicalis, estão emergindo como preocupantes causadores da doença. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho é revisar os aspectos relacionados com as ITU causadas por leveduras do gênero Candida. Foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados PubMed, buscando artigos sobre a epidemiologia, patogenia e tratamento das ITU causadas por leveduras do gênero Candida. As espécies de Candida são os fungos patogênicos oportunistas mais relevantes causadores de infecções nosocomiais e podem causar infecção no trato urinário, tanto inferior (ureteres, bexiga e uretra) quanto superior (rins), principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Existem alguns fatores predisponentes, como gênero feminino, idade avançada, diabetes mellitus, hospitalização prolongada, imunossupressão, gravidez, hipertensão, neutropenia, cálculos renais, infecções nosocomiais, terapia antibiótica e procedimentos, como a cateterização, que atuam como facilitadores das ITU por Candida spp. A doença pode ocorrer de forma assintomática, porém, pode evoluir para casos mais graves com comprometimento sistêmico em situações de candidemia que pode causar a morte do paciente, principalmente se tratando de indivíduos imunocomprometidos. Sendo assim, devido ao risco existente, a doença não pode ser negligenciada e um diagnóstico preciso e um tratamento adequado devem ser estabelecidos.

The occurrence of urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by yeasts of the genus Candida has increased considerably in recent decades, with Candida albicans being the most commonly diagnosed as causing this type of infections. However, other species, such as Candida tropicalis, are emerging as worrisome causes of the disease. In this sense, the objective of the present paper is to review the aspects related to the UTI caused by yeasts of the genus Candida. A search was carried out in the PubMed database, searching for articles on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of UTI caused by yeasts of the genus Candida. Candida species are the most relevant opportunistic pathogenic fungi that cause nosocomial infections and can cause both lower (ureters, bladder and urethra) and upper (kidneys) urinary tract infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There are some predisposing factors, such as female gender, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, prolonged hospitalization, immunosuppression, pregnancy, hypertension, neutropenia, kidney stones, nosocomial infections, antibiotic therapy and procedures, such as catheterization, that act as facilitators of UTI by Candida spp. The disease can occur asymptomatically, however, it can progress to more severe cases with systemic involvement in situations of candidemia that can cause the death of the patient, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, due to the existing risk, the disease cannot be neglected and an accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment must be established.

La aparición de infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) causadas por levaduras del género Candida ha aumentado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. Candida albicans es la infección por levaduras más comúnmente diagnosticada. Sin embargo, otras especies, como la Candida tropicalis, están surgiendo como causa preocupante de la enfermedad. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar los aspectos relacionados con la ITU causada por levaduras del género Candida. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed, buscando artículos sobre la epidemiología, la patogénesis y el tratamiento de la ITU causada por levaduras del género Candida. Las especies de Candida son los hongos patógenos oportunistas más relevantes que causan infecciones nosocomiales y pueden provocar infecciones del tracto urinario inferior (uréteres, vejiga y uretra) y superior (riñones), especialmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Existen algunos factores predisponentes, como el sexo femenino, la edad avanzada, la diabetes mellitus, la hospitalización prolongada, la inmunosupresión, el embarazo, la hipertensión, la neutropenia, los cálculos renales, las infecciones nosocomiales, la terapia con antibióticos y los procedimientos como el cateterismo, que actúan como facilitadores de la ITU por Candida spp. La enfermedad puede presentarse de forma asintomática, pero puede evolucionar a casos más graves con afectación sistémica en situaciones de candidemia que pueden causar la muerte del paciente, especialmente en individuos inmunodeprimidos. Por lo tanto, debido al riesgo existente, no se puede descuidar la enfermedad y se debe establecer un diagnóstico preciso y un tratamiento adecuado.

Diagnósticos de enfermagem em recuperação pós-anestésica: intervenções e resultados segundo linguagens padronizadas / Nursing diagnoses in post-anesthetic recovery: outcomes and interventions according to standardized languages

Introdução: os sistemas de classificação com linguagens padronizadas se estabelecem em um conjunto de conhecimentos estruturados, conceitos fundados de forma lógica e coerente, com base em suas similaridades. Nesse sentido, identificar um perfil junto a populações pode cooperar para uma melhor definição e compreensão situacional para aquela unidade e/ou pacientes. Objetivos: realizar mapeamento cruzado entre os diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I com os registros manuais de enfermagem em sala de recuperação pós-anestésica; e propor intervenções e resultados, segundo linguagens padronizadas. Método: estudo exploratório, retrospectivo com análise estatística descritiva de registros de enfermagem de 187 pacientes que estiveram hospitalizados no período de junho a julho de 2018, em sala de recuperação pós-anestésica de um hospital oncológico. O mapeamento cruzado foi realizado em três etapas: identificação dos indicadores dos diagnósticos; proposição de intervenções e atividades; e indicadores de resultados. Os dados foram analisados e descritos em frequências absoluta e relativa. Resultados: dos 13 domínios da NANDA-I, cinco foram representados; identificaram-se cinco diagnósticos de risco e 11 com foco no problema; observou-se 100% de frequência para os diagnósticos de: Risco de aspiração; Risco de infecção; Risco de queda; Capacidade de transferência prejudicada; Mobilidade no leito prejudicada; Integridade da pele/tissular prejudicada e Conforto prejudicado. Conclusões: para os 16 diagnósticos de enfermagem mapeados, foram selecionadas 22 intervenções e 58 atividades; 23 resultados e 48 indicadores de resultados.

Introduction: the classification systems with standardized languages are established in a set of structured knowledge, concepts founded in a logical and coherent way, based on their similarities. In this sense, identifying a profile with the populations can cooperate for a better definition and situational understanding for that unit and/or patients. Objectives: to perform cross-mapping between the nursing diagnoses of NANDA-I with the manual nursing records in the post-anesthetic recovery room; and, to propose interventions and outcomes, according to standardized language. Method: exploratory, descriptive and retrospective analysis of the nursing records of 187 patients hospitalized from June to July 2018, in the post-anesthetic recovery room of an oncology hospital. Cross-mapping was carried out in three stages: identification of diagnostic indicators; proposition of interventions and activities; and outcomes indicators. The data were analyzed and described in absolute and relative frequencies. Results: of the 13 NANDA-I domains, five were highlighted; were identified five risk diagnoses and 11 focused on the problem; 100% frequency was observed for the diagnoses of: Aspiration, infection and falling risk; Impaired transfer capacity; Impaired bed mobility; Impaired skin/tissue integrity and impaired comfort. Conclusions: from the 16 nursing diagnoses mapped, were selected 22 interventions and 58 activities; 23 results and 48 outcomes indicators.

Utilidad de la tomografía por emisión de positrones/ tomografía computada (PET/CT) en pacientes con diagnóstico de meduloblastoma / Usefulness of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) in Patients Diagnosed with Medulloblastoma

Resumen: La tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computada (PET/CT) por sus siglas en inglés, es una modalidad de imagen única que proporciona evidencia in vivo de actividades tanto bioquímicas como fisiológicas en diferentes órganos y estructuras del cuerpo. El meduloblastoma es el tumor maligno más frecuente del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en pacientes pediátricos, por este motivo el PET/CT juega un papel importante en el manejo de estos pacientes ya que proporciona información sobre el grado y extensión del tumor, así como a determinar el sitio adecuado para la toma de biopsia, valorar la respuesta al tratamiento y determinar el pronóstico del paciente. Existen diferentes radiofármacos para la evaluación de los tumores de sistema nervioso central, pero se ha estudiado que el 18F-FDG (flúor-2-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glucosa) y el 68Ga-DOTA-NOC (68Ga-DOTA0-1NaI3-octreotide) nos ayudan a evaluar y dar seguimiento a pacientes con diagnóstico de meduloblastoma. El meduloblastoma tiene una sobreexpresión de transportadores de glucosa, principalmente tipo 1 y sobreexpresión de receptores de somatostatina predominantemente tipo 2, lo cual permite que exista una gran afinidad por estos radiofármacos.

Abstract: PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography, for its acronym in English) is a unique imaging method that provides in vivo evidence of both biochemical and physiological activities of the brain, spinal cord and tumors that involve these structures. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS) in pediatric patients, so PET/CT plays an important role as it provides information on the grade and extent of the tumor, as well as to determine the appropriate site for the biopsy, assessing the response to the treatment and the patient's prognosis. There are different radiopharmaceuticals for the evaluation of central nervous system tumors, but 18F FDG (Fluor-2-fluoro-2-desoxy-D-glucose) and 68Ga-DOTA-NOC (68Ga-DOTA0-1NaI3-octreotide) have been studied to help us evaluate and follow up patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma has an overexpression of glucose transporters, mainly type 1, and an overexpression of predominantly type 2 somatostatin receptors, which allows a high affinity for these radiopharmaceuticals.

Uso de lenguaje estandarizado en prácticas formativas de enfermería. Pereira 2011-2015 / Use of standardized language on nursing apprenticeships. Pereira 2011-2015 / Uso da linguaje padronizada em práticas formativas de enfermagem (Pereira 2011-2015)

Objetivo: Caracterizar el uso del lenguaje estandarizado en el registro del Proceso de Enfermería a la población atendida durante las prácticas formativas en una Institución Universitaria de Pereira Colombia, durante los años 2011 a 2015. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo autorizado por el comité de Ética Institucional. Se ordenaron según frecuencia 30.020 diagnósticos enfermeros, registrados durante los años 2011 a 2015 en el sistema de información de prácticas formativas de enfermería. Se seleccionaron los diagnósticos más frecuentes, sus resultados esperados e intervenciones hasta completar el tamaño de muestra con un NC=95% y error de precisión=1%. La muestra correspondió a 7276 registros que incluyeron 15 diagnósticos presentes en 4731 personas atendidas. Variables: Características de la población atendida, tipo de práctica formativa y Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE) con taxonomía NANDA-I, NOC y NIC. Resultados: Predomina la atención a la población femenina (57,4%), principalmente adultos (72%), régimen subsidiado (68%). Las prácticas se realizan principalmente en áreas clínicas (84%) de instituciones hospitalarias estatales (68%). Se priorizaron diagnósticos 'reales´ (69,3%) relacionados con los dominios: 'Seguridad/Protección´ (22,8%), 'Eliminación/Intercambio´ (21,0%) y 'Actividad/ Reposo´ (21,0%). NOC más frecuentes en dominios ´Salud fisiológica (63,0%) y 'Salud funcional '(16,8%). NIC relevantes en campos de 'Seguridad '(27,4%), ´Fisiológico complejo '(26,8%) y 'Fisiológico básico '(24,5%). Conclusiones: Coherencia en la aplicación de las fases del PAE. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes correspondieron a problemas de salud clínicos, fisiológicos y funcionales. Se requiere fortalecer la formulación y registro de diagnósticos de 'Percepción/cognición´ y resultados del dominio 'Psicosocial´ que orienten intervenciones educativas en familias y comunidades.

Objective: Characterize the use of standardized language in the nursing records of an attended population during internships in a University of Pereira, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study authorized by the Institutional Ethics Committee. According to frequency, 30,020 nursing diagnoses registered in the information system of nursing internships from 2011 to 2015 were organized. The most frequent diagnoses, their expected results and interventions were selected until completing a sample size of NC=95% and an error precision=1%. The sample corresponded to 7276 records that included 15 diagnoses present in 4731 of the people attended. Variables: characteristics of the attended population, type of internship and Nursing Process with NANDA-I, NOC and NIC taxonomy. Results: Care predominates on female population (57.4%), mainly adults (72%), of subsidized regime (68%). The practices were mainly performed on clinical areas (84%) of State healthcare institutions (68%). 'Real' diagnoses were prioritized (69.3%) relating to the domains: 'Security/Protection' (22.8%), 'Elimination/Exchange' (21.0%), 'Activity/Rest' (21.0%). The most frequent NOC domains 'Physiological health' (63.0%) and 'functional health' (16.8%). Relevant NIC domains on areas of 'security' (27.4%), 'complex physiological' (26.8%) and 'basic physiological' (24.5%). Conclusions: Coherence in the application of the Nursing Process phases. The most frequent diagnoses corresponded to clinical physiological and functional health problems. It is required to strengthen the formulation and diagnoses records of 'Perception/Cognition' and the results of the 'Psychosocial' domain to orientate educative interventions on families and communities.

Objetivo: Caracterizar o uso da linguagem padronizada no registro do Processo de Enfermagem à população atendida durante as práticas formativas numa Instituição Universitária de Pereira na Colômbia, durante os anos 2011 a 2015. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo autorizado pelo comité de Ética Institucional. Ordenaram-se segundo frequência 30.020 diagnósticos de enfermagem, registrados durante os anos 2011 a 2015 no sistema de informação de práticas formativas de enfermagem. Selecionaram-se os diagnósticos mais frequentes, seus resultados esperados e intervenções até completar o tamanho de amostra com um NC=95% e erro de precisão=1%. A amostra correspondeu a 7.276 registros que incluíram 15 diagnósticos presentes em 4.731 pessoas atendidas. Variáveis: Características da população atendida, tipo de prática formativa e Processo de Atendimento de Enfermagem (PAE) com taxonomia NANDA-I, NOC e NIC. Resultados: Predomina o atendimento à população feminina (57,4%), principalmente adultos (72%), regímen subsidiado (68%). As práticas se realizam principalmente em áreas clínicas (84%) de instituições hospitalares estaduais (68%). Priorizaram-se diagnósticos 'reais´ (69,3%) relacionados com os domínios: "Seguridade/Proteção" (22,8%), 'Eliminação/Trocas" ´(21,0%) e "Atividade/ Repouso" (21,0%). NOC mais frequentes em domínios "Saúde fisiológica" (63,0%) e "Saúde funcional" (16,8%). NIC relevantes em campos de "Segurança" (27,4%), "Fisiológico complexo" (26,8%) e "Fisiológico básico" (24,5%). Conclusões: Coerência na aplicação das fases do PAE. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes corresponderam a problemas de saúde clínicos, fisiológicos e funcionais. Reque-se fortalecer a formulação e registro de diagnósticos de "Percepção/cognição" e resultados do domínio "Psicossocial" que orientem intervenções educativas em famílias e comunidades.

Ensayo de la aplicación de los diagnósticos enfermeros de la nAnDA (nOC nIC) en los planes de cuidado de enfermería de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / essay about the application of nAnDA nursing diagnoses (nOC nIC) for the nursing health care planification for Alzheimer's disease

El presente ensayo se elaboró con fines didácticos a partir de la taxonomía diagnóstica de la NANDA, de la clasificación de intervenciones de enfermería y de la clasificación de los criterios utilizados para evaluar las intervenciones de enfermería que son aplicadas a las personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer, con el fin de identificar si este ejercicio permite orientar la práctica de enfermería en el desarrollo de planes de cuidado

This paper was elaborate for educational purposes from the diagnostic NANDA taxonomy, from the classification of nursing interventions and the classification of the used criteria to evaluate nursing interventions that are applied to people with Alzheimer's disease, in order to identify whether this exercise allows to orientate nursing practice in the development of health care plans

Proceso de Atención de Enfermería a una lactante con neumonía basado en patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon / Nursing Care Process on an infant suffering from pneumonia based on the Marjory Gordon Functional Patterns

El Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE) que se presenta tiene como objetivo: Identificarlas necesidades alteradas, corregir, mantener y rehabilitar al paciente por medio de la aplicación de conocimientos y procedimientos, con la finalidad de que este recobre en el menor tiempo posible su salud, en este caso una lactante con neumonía. Hoy en día, la neumonía es la causa principal de muerte de niños menores de 5 años en todo el mundo, su principal afectación son los alvéolos pulmonares, lo que compromete el patrón respiratorio. Esta enfermedad si no es tratada oportunamente puede tener complicaciones como: fallo respiratorio agudo, absceso pulmonar, insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva. Es entonces cuando el personal de Enfermería juega un papel importante en la ejecución de intervenciones, que ayuden a mantener la permeabilidad y la estabilidad de la vía aérea. Se identificaron las necesidades prioritarias con base en los 11 patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon; se diseñó un plan de cuidados individualizado encaminado al mantenimiento del patrón respiratorio, para este se utilizaron las taxonomías: NANDA, NIC y NOC. Los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios, se logró disminución de la dificultad respiratoria, mejoría en la permeabilidad de la vía aérea, mantenimiento de la frecuencia cardiaca y prolongación de periodos de sueño; sin embargo debido a que la paciente presentaba una desnutrición severa con evolución de 6 meses, no pudo modificarse ese patrón y aunado a la gravedad del padecimiento falleció.

The Nursing Attention Process (NAP) aims to identify altered needs, and correct, maintain and rehabilitate the patient through the use of knowledge and procedures, so that he/she can be healthy as soon as possible. In this study, the patient was an infant suffering from pneumonia. Currently, pneumonia is the world's principal cause of death in children younger than 5 years old. Indeed, consequences of not treating this illness on time include acute respiratory arrest, lung abscesses, and congestive cardiac insufficiency. Here, is when the nursing staff has a crucial role at maintaining the permeability and stability of the respiratory airways of these patients. Priority needs were identified through the 11 functional pattern of Marjory Gordon. An individualized care plan was designed and aimed to the maintenance of the child's respiratory patterns. NANDA, NIC and NOC taxonomies were used. Satisfactory results included a decrease in the respiratory difficulty, an improvement in the airway permeability, the maintenance of the cardiac rate, and the improvement of sleep time. However, due to a 6 month previous malnutrition, and the complications of this illness, unfortunately this patient died.

Proceso de atención de Enfermería a pacientes con gangrena de Fournier / Nursing attention process in a Fournier gangrene patient

La gangrena de Fournier es un complejo no muy común y potencialmente letal descrito por Baurienne en 1764, y posteriormente por A. L. Fournier en 1883, como un proceso gangrenoso de causa desconocida; ha adoptado varios nombres como: gangrena idiopàtica, erisipela gangrenosa y gangrena estreptocócica del escroto. Es una patología que ha sido descrita en hombres y mujeres, con alta morbimortalidad especialmente entre los pacientes de 40 a 70 años, que tienen factores predisponentes como (diabetes mellitus y alcoholismo crónico), su incidencia es de 1 en 7,500 casos. Se caracteriza por el inicio abrupto de una infección necrotizante de los tejidos blandos de la región genital y perirectal, progresiva, que compromete tejidos circundantes. El personal de Enfermería en el desarrollo de su función asistencial y en búsqueda de resolver las necesidades humanas de los pacientes, emplean una metodología propia como el Proceso Atención de Enfermería (PAE) y la implementación del Plan de Cuidados de Enfermería (PLACE), como método sistemàtico y organizado para brindar cuidado individualizado y holístico, este proporciona una directriz en el cual se utilizan las competencias, el conocimiento y habilidades. El objetivo fue identificar las necesidades humanas afectadas de un paciente con gangrena de Fournier a través de la valoración de los patrones funcionales, y mejorar la calidad del cuidado empleando la taxonomía NANDA, NOC , NIC.

Fournier gangrene is a complex, not common, but potentially fatal necrotizing infection which was first described by Baurienne in 1764, and later by J. A. Fournier in 1883 as a gangrenous process of unknown etiology. It has been named also as idiopathic gangrene, gangrenous erysipelas, and scrotum streptococcal gangrene. It is both a male and female pathology with a high mortality rate, especially among patients over 40 years old with predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus and chronic alcoholism. Its incidence is 1 in 7 500 cases. It is characterized by a sudden necrotizing infection of the soft tissues of the genital and perirectal areas, which progressively compromises other surrounding tissues. The nursing staff in the development of their caring role and solve human needs of patients have a right to use a proprietary methodology as the Nursing Care Process (SAP), and the implementation of the Nursing Care Plan (PLACE by its Spanish initials), as organized, systematic approach to provide individualized, holistic care, this provides a guideline that uses the skills, knowledge and abilities. Objective: To identify human needs of a patient affected with Fournier's gangrene through the assessment of functional patterns and improve the quality of care using the taxonomy NANDA, NOC, NIC.

Autocuidado para el control de la hipertensión arterial en adultos mayores ambulatorios: una aproximación a la taxonomía NANDA-NOC-NIC / Self-Care for hypertension in elderly outpatients, an approach to the NANDA-NOC-NIC taxonomy

El uso de un lenguaje común es una característica que distingue a los profesionales. Así, la conformación y el uso de un lenguaje técnico coadyuva al desarrollo gremial, en este sentido hacer uso de las teorías del cuidado y de clasificaciones validadas por asociaciones internacionales de profesionales sintetizan y facilitan la comprensión y el avance del conocimiento. Cuando los profesionales de enfermería aplican teorías y clasificaciones para discutir sobre la gestión del cuidado, el nivel de comunicación mejora y los pacientes se ven beneficiados con la continuidad de su tratamiento. El propósito de éste trabajo, es mostrar de manera explícita como se puede vincular la teoría del autocuidado de Orem, con los diagnósticos de enfermería propuestos por la Asociación Norteamericana de Diagnósticos de Enfermería; la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería; y la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería. Con base en lo anterior, se proponen cuatro esquemas que pueden ser aplicables al cuidado de adultos mayores ambulatorios con hipertensión arterial.

A characteristic among professionals is the use of common language. Therefore the conformation of a technical language usage contributes to professional development, in this way, the use of care theories and classifications validated by international professional associations summarize and facilitate the comprehension and advance of knowledge. When nursing professionals apply theories and classifications to discuss about care management, the level of communication improves and patients get favored with the continuity of their treatment. The purpose of this paper work is to show in an explicit manner how Orem's theory of self care can be linked with nursing diagnosis purposed by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, the Nursing Outcomes Classification and the Nursing Interventions Classification. Based on previous said, five diagrams are suggested to be applied in the care of elderly outpatients with high blood pressure.

Proceso enfermero a un adulto joven con miocardiopatía dilatada basado en el modelo de Virginia Henderson / Nursing process in young adult with dilated myocardiopathy based on Virginia Henderson model", "_i": "

El presente estudio de caso tuvo como objetivo proporcionar cuidados especializados de enfermería cardiovascular, aplicando la metodología del proceso enfermero en base al modelo teórico de Virginia Henderson a una persona con miocardiopatía dilatada, buscando el logro del nivel máximo de independencia en la satisfacción de sus necesidades durante su estancia hospitalaria. Estudio de tipo prospectivo, observacional, cuasi-experimental; se realiza una evaluación pre y post a las intervenciones de enfermería. Derivado de la valoración exhaustiva realizada a la persona con miocardiopatía dilatada, se obtuvieron cinco diagnósticos de enfermería reales y tres de riesgo elegidos de la taxonomía NANDA 2007-2008, en base a ellos se implementó el plan de cuidados. Las intervenciones que se ejecutaron basadas en el NIC fueron evaluadas a través de la escala de medición Likert establecida en el indicador del NOC elegido para cada plan, logrando los objetivos establecidos para alcanzar la independencia de la persona. Las evaluaciones focalizadas mostraron la eficacia de las intervenciones establecidas en el plan de cuidados y el cumplimiento del objetivo establecido llevando a la persona a la resolución de su dependencia.

The case of study aimed at providing skilled nursing care cardiovascular, applying the methodology of the nursing process based on the theoretical model of Virginia Henderson to a person with dilated cardiomyopathy, seeking to attain the maximum level of independence in the satisfaction of their needs during their hospital stay. This study was prospective, observational, quasi-experimental, since is realized a pre and post evaluation of nursing interventions. On the basis of the comprehensive assessment conducted at the person with dilated cardiomyopathy showed five real nursing diagnoses and three of risk of NANDA taxonomy 2007-2008 (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association), to which they implement their plan of care. The interventions were implemented based on the NIC which were assessed using Likert scale of measurement, and established in the selected NOC indicator for each plan, achieving the targets set for the attainment of person independence. Focused assessments showed the effectiveness of established interventions in the care plans, and the fulfillment of the target being the person to the resolution of their dependency

Factores situacionales que influyen en el aprendizaje de la taxonomía noc en alumnos de enfermería / Situational factors affecting the learning of the taxonomy noc nursing students

Introducción. En el caso de la enseñanza en enfermería en la FES Zaragoza, esta implementa la utilización de la taxonomía noc, por lo cual identificar cuáles son los factores que influyen en su aprendizaje, le permitirá al docente incrementar la significancia de su enseñanza. Objetivos: Identificar los factores situacionales que influyen en el aprendizaje de la taxonomía noc en alumnos de Enfermería y establecer la relación que existe entre estos factores y el aprendizaje de la taxonomía. Metodología: Estudio transversal y correlacional, con un muestreo estratificado por conglomerados, con un total de 224 alumnos; mediante un instrumento, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.984, que midió la percepción del alumno sobre los factores situacionales que influyen en su aprendizaje. El análisis incluyó medidas de tendencia central y pruebas de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: La dimensión mejor evaluada fue "Las relaciones interpersonales" con el 89.4% de los alumnos que lo calificó como adecuado. La dimensión "Habilidades Docentes", obtuvo un valor de rp = 0.939 y un grado sig. 0.000 por lo cual se puede decir que tiene una relación positiva muy fuerte. Discusión: La literatura refiere a las "Relaciones Interpersonales" como uno de los factores principales en el aprendizaje; a diferencia del presente estudio donde se identificô a las "Habilidades Docentes" como factor principal. Conclusiones: Las habilidades docentes es el factor que más influye para el aprendizaje de la taxonomía noc; conjuntamente con una adecuada retroalimentación de los aprendizajes, se puede incrementar la significancia en el aprendizaje que tiene para el alumno de enfermería.

Introduction: The results are encouraging assurance programs and quality improvement. In the case of nursing education in the fes Zaragoza, this implements the use of noc taxonomy, and therefore identify the factors that influence their learning, will allow the teacher to increase the significance of his teaching. Objectives: To identify the situational factors that influence learning noc taxonomy in nursing students and establish the relationship between these factors and learning taxonomy. Methodology: A cross-sectional and correlational, with a stratified cluster sampling, with a total of 224 students in third and fourth year of the race by an instrument of 53 items, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.984, which measured student perception on situational factors that influence their learning. The analysis included measures of central tendency and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Predominantly female with 83.5%. The best dimension evaluated was "interpersonal relations" with 89.4% of students who called it right. Dimension "Teaching Skills", obtained a value of rp = 0.939 and an actual sig. 0.000 so it can be said to have a very strong positive relationship. Discussion: The literature refers to "interpersonal relations" as one of the key factors in learning, unlike the present study which identified the "Teaching Skills" as a major factor. Conclusions: The teaching skills is the main factor for learning noc taxonomy, together with adequate feedback of learning, can increase the significance it has for the nursing student.

Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs for radionuclide imaging and therapy in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) are a rare type of cancer that can arise from the diffused endocrine system, located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (carcinoids) and in the pancreas (insular tumors). Approximately 2% of all malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal system are GEP-NETs which can express somatostatin receptors. 111In-pentetreotide (octreoscan) and 68Ga-DOTA NOC (68Ga-labelled [1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid]-1-Nal3-Octreotide) are the commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for imaging. Once localized using 68Ga DOTA NOC or octreoscan, these tumours can be successfully targeted with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues. This review focuses on common nuclear medicine procedures used in both imaging and treatment of these tumors.

Perception of Nurse Experts on the Contribution of Nursing Interventions to NOC Nursing Outcomes in General Hospitals in Korea / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of nurse experts on the contribution of nursing interventions to Nursing Outcomes Classification NOC nursing outcomes. A nursing outcome is a nursing-sensitive patient outcome primarily affected by nursing interventions. As one of the standardized language systems of nursing outcomes, the NOC must be examined for applicability before it is used in Korea. Data were collected in February and March 2003 using a 5-point Likert scale. For data collection, 230 quality improvement (QI) or quality assurance (QA) nurses from general hospitals in Korea were asked to rate the extent that nursing interventions contribute to each of the NOC nursing outcomes (2000) in their hospitals. Ninety-six nurses from 63 hospitals responded and the response rate was 41.7%. Mean scores for perception of contribution of nursing interventions to each of the NOC nursing outcomes ranged from 2.18 to 4.54. Vital Signs Status had the highest score (M=4.54), and Abuse Recovery: Financial, the lowest score (M=2.18). Of the seven NOC domains, the mean score was highest for Physiologic Health (M=3.91) and lowest for Community Health (M=2.92). Of the 29 NOC classes, the mean score for perceived contribution was highest for Metabolic Regulation (M=4.32) and lowest for Community Well-Being (M=2.92). Participants perceived that nursing interventions in general hospitals in Korea contributed, at least to a certain extent, to most of the NOC nursing outcomes. Based on these results, NOC should have relatively good applicability in Korea.

Validation of Nursing Care Sensitive Outcomes related to Knowledge / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the importance and sensitivity to nursing interventions of four nursing sensitive nursing outcomes selected from the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Outcomes for this study were "Knowledge: Diet", "Knowledge: Disease Process", "Knowledge: Energy Conservation", and "Knowledge: Health Behaviors". METHOD: Data were collected from 183 nurses working in 2 university hospitals. Fehring method was used to estimate outcome and indicators' content and sensitivity validity. Multiple and stepwise regression were used to evaluate relationships between each outcome and its indicators. RESULT: Results confirmed the importance and nursing sensitivity of outcomes and their indicators. Key indicators of each outcomes were found by multiple regression. "Knowledge: Diet" was suggested for adding new indicators because the variance explained by indicators was relatively low. Not all of the indicators selected for stepwise regression model were rated for highly in Fehring method. The R2 statistics of the stepwise regression models were between 18 and 63% in importance by selected indicators and between 34 and 68% in contribution by selected indicators. CONCLUSION: This study refined what outcomes and indicators will be useful in clinical practice. Further research will be required for the revision of outcome and indicators of NOC. However, this study refined what outcomes and indicators will be useful in clinical practice.

Standardization and Validity study of Korean Nomenclature of NOC / 성인간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of the standardized Korean nomenclature of Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), developed by Johnson &Maas at the University of Iowa. The four phases of the study were: (1) translation of the NOC into Korean by the research team, (2) four nursing professors and eight nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed each nomenclature taking into consideration definitions and nursing activities. The modified Delphi method was used to determine the most appropriate nomenclature for each term; (3) Twenty four academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) the team determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each class of the NOC. The mean validity score of 190 items was 4.54, but several nursing outcome had a score lower than 4.0. They included 'adherence behavior(3.3)', 'ambulation : walking(3.57)', 'transfer performance (3.57)', 'caregiving endurance potential(3.57)'.