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Siddha system of medicine, one of the ancient, traditional Indian systems of medicine has unique diagnostic methods, therapeutics and treatment procedures. It has a vast range of external modalities of treatment for health management. This external management is classified into 32 types. They include minor surgical procedures and treatment procedures. These therapies are used both as mainstream and supportive therapies � both curative and prophylactic. Most of the therapies are aimed to maintain the equilibrium of the three humours (Vatham, Pitham, Kabam). Among them Nasiyam (Nasal instillation) is one of the external therapies which is a non-invasive procedure. Nasiyam is the process by which the drug is administered through nostrils. This is the treatment procedure to balance the Thirithodam in its normal level. This paper documents the efficacy of Nasiyam, methods of application, shelf life, effect of Nasiyam in treating various diseases, the list of single drug and compound drug formulations that can be used as Nasiyam, Indications and contraindications are discussed in detail. Nasiyam therapy is used to treat the diseases of vitiated Kabam such as migraine, sinusitis, bronchial asthma, nasal polyp etc.
RESUMEN
Introduction: Patola is an important plant drug used in many Ayurvedic medicinal preparations. The source plant of Patola is Trichosanthes cucumerina var. cucumerina, belonging to Cucurbitaceae family, found distributed (growing wild) throughout India especially in Bengal, Gujarat, Konkan, Deccan and Kerala. It is an extensively climbing annual herb with slightly downy or pubescent slender five angular 杅urrowed stems. It is found climbing over small trees, hedges and suitable supports. The present work is taken up with an objective to standardize Patola with detailed physical and preliminary phytochemical standards. Methods: Samples of Trichosanthes cucumerina var. cucumerina (Patola) was collected from Thellakom, Kottayam district. The plant was properly identified and authenticated by Dept of Botany, University of Kerala. The sample was shade dried and stored in an air tight container. Physicochemical, phytochemical, chromatographic and heavy metal analysis was carried out as per ICMR procedures. Result: On physicochemical evaluation water soluble extractive value was 9.07+ 0.012 and alcohol soluble extractive value was 18.72+ 0.027. Heavy metals copper, cadmium, iron and lead levels were within normal limits. HPTLC was carried out with Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid as solvent system and 3 spots were obtained. Conclusion: Patola, Trichosanthes cucumerina var. cucumerina, Phytochemicals, HPTLC, AAS.
RESUMEN
Aluminum nanoparticles (Al-NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterial in cosmetics and medical materials. For this reason, Al-NP exposure is very likely to occur via inhalation in the environment and the workplace. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism of Al-NP neurotoxicity via inhalation exposure. In this study, we investigated the effect AL-NPs on the brain. Rats were exposed to Al-NPs by nasal instillation at 1 mg/kg body weight (low exposure group), 20 mg/kg body weight (moderate exposure group), and 40 mg/kg body weight (high exposure group), for a total of 3 times, with a 24-hr interval after each exposure. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis indicated that the presence of aluminum was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the olfactory bulb (OFB) and the brain. In microarray analysis, the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activity (GO: 0043405), including Ptprc, P2rx7, Map2k4, Trib3, Trib1, and Fgd4 was significantly over-expressed in the treated mice than in the controls (p = 0.0027). Moreover, Al-NPs induced the activation of ERK1 and p38 MAPK protein expression in the brain, but did not alter the protein expression of JNK, when compared to the control. These data demonstrate that the nasal exposure of Al-NPs can permeate the brain via the olfactory bulb and modulate the gene and protein expression of MAPK and its activity.