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Information on the knowledge and ways of using food and medicinal plants by traditional populations, family farmers and Brazilian native population in the Amazon is essential to guarantee the food sovereignty of these groups. This study was conducted using semi-structured interviews applied to local respondents. A total of 269 species of both non-conventional food plants and medicinal plants were identified, distributed in 83 botanical families and 198 genera. The Arecaceae and Lamiaceae families had the highest species richness (11 and 7, respectively). The Shannon-Wiener (H') and Pielou (J') diversity indices were considered high (5.02 and 0.9, respectively) when compared to other ethnobotanical works. In the environment in which these families are found, these species become the only food and medicinal resources available.
La información sobre los saberes y formas de uso de las plantas alimenticias y medicinales por parte de las poblaciones tradicionales, agricultores familiares e indígenas brasileños en la Amazonía es fundamental para garantizar la soberanía alimentaria de estos grupos. Este estudio se realizó utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a encuestados locales. Se identificaron un total de 269 especies tanto de plantas alimenticiasno convencionales como de plantas medicinales, distribuidas en 83 familias botánicas y 198 géneros. Las familias Arecaceae y Lamiaceae tuvieron la mayor riqueza de especies (11 y 7, respectivamente). Los índices de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H') y Pielou (J') fueron considerados altos (5,02 y 0,9, respectivamente) en comparación con otros trabajos etnobotánicos. En el ambiente en que se encuentran estas familias, estas especies se convierten en los únicos recursos alimenticios y medicinales disponibles.
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Plantas Comestibles , Plantas Medicinales , Etnobotánica , Brasil , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Abastecimiento de AlimentosRESUMEN
Environmental laws and energy laws have always been a topic of debate among policymakers, legal scholars, and environmentalists. While environmental laws aim to protect the environment and natural resources, energy laws are designed to ensure a reliable and secure energy supply. The Indian government has implemented several laws and policies to protect the environment and promote renewable energy in recent years. This paper provides a comparative analysis of environmental laws and energy laws generally as well as in India to understand the effectiveness of the legal framework governing these areas and identify areas where improvements can be made. The Environmental Protection Act, Wildlife Protection Act, and Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act are the major environmental laws in India, while the Electricity Act, National Tariff Policy, and National Electricity Policy govern the energy sector. Despite the efforts made by the government, India still faces several environmental and energy challenges, including air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, high cost of renewable energy, and limited availability of energy storage solutions. The paper highlights the need for the Indian government to take bold steps to enforce environmental laws and promote renewable energy to ensure a sustainable and secure energy future for its citizens while protecting the environment for future generations. The paper concludes that both environmental laws and energy laws are important for ensuring a sustainable future, and that there is a need to strike a balance between the two.
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Even though the ethnic groups Mochó and Kakchikel of the Sierra Mariscal, Chiapas, Mexico, have formal medical services, they still preserve and use medicinal plants. This research had the aim to identify their conservation practices, by using ethnographic and ethnobotanical methods with direct interviews, participatory observation and a questionnaire; furthermore, a Jaccard Ìs similarity index for plant species was estimated. Both groups (97% each) use medicinal plants for various reasons and obtain them mainly from their agroecosystems. Within the Kakchikel territory, 53% are native plants, 43% introduced, while 4% does not have a report; within the Mochó territory 56% are native plants and 44% introduced ones. The similarity index showed 0.33 of shared taxonomic species within both territories (33 out of 131 of total). The Kakchikel use more conservation practices than the Mochó ethnic group, to have their medicinal plants ready available, mainly from their agroecosystems.
Aun teniendo servicios médicos oficiales, integrantes de las etnias Mochó y Kakchikel de la Sierra Mariscal, Chiapas, México, usan y conservan plantas por sus propiedades medicinales. Para identificar esas actividades se utilizó la metodología etnográfica y etnobotánica, aplicando entrevistas dirigidas, observación participante, un cuestionario y se determinó la similitud taxonómica de Jaccard. En ambos grupos étnicos el 97% recurren a las plantas medicinales y las obtienen mayormente de sus agroecosistemas. Existen en el territorio Kakchikel un 53% de plantas nativas, 43% introducidas y el 4% no tiene reporte; mientras que en el territorio Mochó, se encontró un 56% de plantas nativas y 44% introducidas. Se encontró una similitud de especies taxonómicas del 0.33 entre ambos territorios, 33 de un total de 131. La etnia Kakchikel prioriza más que los Mochó la atención a las plantas medicinales para conservarlas y tenerlas a la mano principalmente de sus agroecosistemas.
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Plantas Medicinales , Pueblos Indígenas , Medicina Tradicional , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Ecosistema , MéxicoRESUMEN
Abstract: In this study, we propose an indicator of air pollution exposure to identify potential hazardous areas for human health in the Amazon and Central-West Regions of Brazil from 2010 to 2019. This indicator aggregates both concentrations and time of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), according to the current limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). We used daily PM2.5 averages obtained from the Brazilian Health Integrated Environmental Information System (SISAM) to calculate the percentages of days with PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the limit of 15µg/m³ per year and per month. From 2010 to 2019, the months from August to October presented the largest areas and the highest percentages of days with unacceptable pollution concentration values, harmful to human health. These areas were concentrated in the Arc of Deforestation. Therefore, 60% of the residents of the Amazon and Central-West regions were subjected to inadequate air quality for approximately six months per year. The proposed indicator is reproducible and appropriate to monitor areas of exposure and risk for human health.
Resumo: Este estudo propõe um indicador de exposição à poluição do ar para identificar potenciais áreas de risco para a saúde humana na região amazônica e no Centro-oeste do Brasil de 2010 a 2019. Esse indicador agrega as concentrações e o tempo de exposição à partículas finas de poluição (PM2.5), de acordo com o limite atual recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Foram utilizadas médias diárias de PM2.5 obtidas do Sistema de Informações Ambientais Integrado a Saúde (SISAM) para o cálculo dos percentuais de dias cujas concentrações ultrapassaram o limite de 15μg/m³ por ano e por mês. De 2010 a 2019, os meses de agosto a outubro apresentaram as maiores áreas e os maiores percentuais de dias com valores de concentração inaceitáveis para a saúde humana. Tais áreas estavam concentradas na região do arco do desmatamento. Além disso, 60% dos moradores da região amazônica e do Centro-oeste eram expostos a uma qualidade inadequada do ar por aproximadamente seis meses por ano. O indicador proposto é reprodutível e adequado para monitorizar as áreas de exposição e de risco para a saúde humana.
Resumen: Este estudio propone un indicador de exposición a la contaminación del aire para identificar posibles áreas de riesgo para la salud humana en la región amazónica y el Medio Oeste de Brasil de 2010 a 2019. Este indicador agrega las concentraciones y el tiempo de exposición a partículas finas de contaminación (PM2.5), de acuerdo con el límite actual recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se utilizaron los promedios diarios de PM2.5 obtenidos del Sistema Integrado de Información Ambiental en Salud (SISAM) para calcular el porcentaje de días cuyas concentraciones superaron el límite de 15μg/m³ por año y por mes. En la década de 2010 a 2019, los meses de agosto a octubre tuvieron las áreas más grandes y los porcentajes más altos de días con valores de concentración inaceptables para la salud humana. Tales áreas se concentraron en la región del arco de la deforestación. Además, el 60% de los residentes de la región amazónica y el Medio Oeste estuvieron sujetos a una calidad del aire inadecuada durante aproximadamente seis meses al año. El indicador propuesto es reproducible y adecuado para monitorizar las áreas de exposición y de riesgo para la salud humana.
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Resumo Dos letrados que pensaram a economia portuguesa no século XVII, talvez Duarte Ribeiro de Macedo seja o mais conhecido. Formado em direito e em filosofia, Macedo escreveu diferentes discursos sobre a introdução de manufaturas e o maior aproveitamento dos recursos naturais encontrados nas colônias portuguesas. Em seu "Discurso sobre os gêneros para o comércio, que há no Maranhão e Pará" (1633), apresentou 37 gêneros de elevado potencial econômico e que estariam disponíveis no Maranhão e no Pará. Este trabalho se dedica à transcrição desse manuscrito inédito e à apresentação das propostas de Macedo acerca das potencialidades econômicas maranhenses.
Abstract Duarte Ribeiro de Macedo may be the best-known scholar that contemplated the Portuguese economy in the seventeenth century. Macedo had degrees in law and philosophy, and wrote various texts on the introduction of manufacturing and best way to utilize the natural resources found in Portugal's colonies. In Discurso sobre os gêneros para o comércio, que há no Maranhão e Pará [Discussion on the genera in Maranhão and Pará for trade] (1633), he introduces 37 plants with superior economic potential that were available in Maranhão and Pará. Here this groundbreaking manuscript is transcribed, and Macedo's suggestions about the economic potential of Maranhão are introduced.
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Comercio , Explotación de Recursos Naturales , Economía , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XVIIRESUMEN
This paper summarizes the current situation and problems of the research on the theory of "Taibai Seven Medicines" through literature summary and surveys. Although the "Four Beams and Eight Pillars" theory of compounding has a long history, the current research progress of "Taibai Seven Medicines" is mostly focused on plant resources. There lacks researches on the theory of compounding, or development of compounding and large varieties based on "Taibai Seven Medicines". We call for the inheritance and protection of folk experience, and hope that the "Four Beams and Eight Pillars" theory can guide the application and development of the seven Taibai medicines. Therefore, increasing the research on the theory and teaching in undergraduate courses formulary in Chinese medicine are necessary in our province.
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Objective:To understand the reserves of wild resources and artificial cultivation of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. in Guangxi, so as to provide basis for the conservation, rational development and utilization of germplasm resources of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. in Guangxi. Methods:By using literature retrieval and field investigation methods to analyze of geographic distribution, growing environment and community of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. in Guangxi. Results:Wild Curcuma aromatica Salisb. has strong adaptability and is growing in limestone mountains, earthen hills and plains. It usually grows at the foot of mountains or the edge of gullies or on the farmland or along the roads. It has a strong adaptability to altitude, soil type. The habitat of wild Curcuma aromatica Salisb. has been destroyed by human reclamation. Conclusion:The geographical distribution, growing environment and community of wild resources of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. in Guangxi were known, which provids the reference for the conservation, development and utilization of Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
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Objective:To investigate the medicinal plant resources in Saertu District, Heilongjiang Province so as to provide scientific foundation for the protection rational development and utilization of wild medicinal plant resources in this region.Methods:According to the technical specification requirements of the fourth national census of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) resources, the wild medicinal plant resources in Saertu area were analyzed.Results:A total of 36 samples were completed, in this survey among which contains a total of 166 species of wild medicinal plant resources, belonging to 118 genera of 45 families, including 37 species of key medicinal materials.Conclusion:The TCM resource in Saertu is relatively scarce, and the species and resource distribution of TCM in this region have been basically found out, which can provide reliable information for the establishment of TCM resource protection zones in Saertu and expanded to the entire province.
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Introducción: El derecho a un medio ambiente sano posibilita a las personas desarrollarse y vivir de manera satis-factoria. Desafortunadamente, la actividad humana ha impactado en el ambiente y no siempre de forma positiva, y uno de los aspectos perjudiciales para el medio ambiente son los desechos o residuos sólidos y su inadecuado manejo, tratamiento y disposición. Objetivo: Caracterizar el impacto ambiental y riesgos potenciales generados en los rellenos sanitarios. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre el impacto ambiental y los riesgos potenciales en los relle-nos sanitarios, obtenida en bases de datos como Ovid, Proquest, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar, Scopus, Redalyc y Pubmed. Desarrollo y discusión: Los rellenos sanitarios constituyen riesgos potenciales de contingencias que afectan la salud, como enfermedades (respiratorias, cutáneas o gastrointestinales) y accidentes (cortaduras, pinchazos o quemaduras) y daños en el ambiente, como sobrecalentamiento y contaminación atmosférica derivados de la inadecuada disposición de desechos. Entre los factores de riesgo se identifican gases, lixiviados contaminados, material electrónico, olores, incendios, contaminación del agua subterránea por lixiviados, cambio climático global y el incumplimiento de normas en la construcción de rellenos sanitarios. Conclusión: Se advierte un impacto negativo para el medio ambiente y la salud de la población derivado de la inadecuada eliminación de desechos sólidos en los rellenos sanitarios.
Introduction: The right to a healthy environment enables people to develop and live satisfactorily. Unfortunately, human activity has impacted the environment and not always in a positive way, one of the harmful aspects for the environment is the generation of waste products or solid waste and the inadequate, handling, treatment and disposal of them. Objective: To characterize the environmental impact and potential risks generated in landfills. Methodology: A narrative review of the literature regarding the environmental impact and potential risks in landfills was carried out, obtained from databases such as Ovid, Proquest, SciELO, Science-Direct, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar, Scopus, Redalyc, Pubmed. For the information search, the keywords were considered and for their choice the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Development and Discussion: Landfills demonstrate potential risks of contingencies that affect health, such as diseases (respiratory, cutaneous, gastrointestinal) and accidents (cuts, punctures, burns) and damage to the environment such as overheating and air pollution derived from the in-adequate disposal of waste. Risk factors identify gases, contaminated leachate, electronic material, odors, fires, groundwater contamination by leachate, global climate change and non-compliance with landfill construction. Conclusion: There is a negative impact on the environment and the health of the population derived from the inadequate disposal of solid waste in landfills.
Introdução: O direito a um ambiente saudável permite que as pessoas se desenvolvam e vivam de forma satisfatória. Infelizmente, a atividade humana teve impacto sobre o meio ambiente e nem sempre de forma positiva, e um dos aspetos prejudiciais para o meio ambiente são os resíduos sólidos e seu manejo, tratamento e disposição inadequados. Objetivo: Caracterizar o impacto ambiental e os potenciais riscos gerados nos aterros sanitários. Métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura sobre o impacto ambiental e os potenciais riscos nos aterros sanitários, obtida de bancos de dados como Ovid, Proquest, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar, Scopus, Redalyc e Pubmed. Desenvolvimento e discussão: Os aterros sanitários constituem riscos potenciais de contingencias que afetam a saúde, tais como doenças (respiratórias, cutâneas ou gastrointestinais) e acidentes (cortes, furos ou queimaduras) e danos ao meio ambiente, tais como superaquecimento e poluição atmosférica derivados da inadequada disposição dos resíduos. Os fatores de risco incluem gases, lixiviado contaminado, material eletrônico, odores, incêndios, contaminação de águas subterrânea por lixiviado, mudança climática global e não conformidade com as normas na construção de aterros sanitários.Conclusão: Há um impacto negativo sobre o meio ambiente e a saúde da população devido ao descarte inadequado de resíduos sólidos em aterros sanitários.
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Ambiente , Asunción de Riesgos , Rellenos Sanitarios , Factores de Riesgo , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
This paper collects information on the species resources of medicinal plants in Laos through various methods such as literature collation and analysis, sample line survey, visits and surveys, and initially obtains the medicinal plant resources in Laos, the use of folk herbs, and traditional medicine knowledge archives. It is found that Laos is rich with wild medicinal plant resources. There are 2 165 species (including varieties) belonging to 1 014 genera of 214 families, including 57 species belonging to 40 genera of 29 families of ferns, 32 species belonging to 17 genera of 8 families of gymnosperms, and 2 076 species belonging to 957 genera of 177 families of angiosperms. And, there are 108 kinds of medicinal materials currently circulatingin the market. Herbal resources is widely used in Laos, and many fresh herbs in the market have the special effects of relieving cough and promoting salivation, eliminating dampness, dispelling summer heat, nourishing yin and cooling blood.The medicinal materials for alleviating rheumatism and strengthening waist and knees in the market are with good prospects for development and utilization, so the development and management should be strengthened. China and Laos can conduct in-depth research and strengthen experience exchanges on traditional medicine experience.
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Objetivo: Conhecer o que vem sendo descrito sobre a saúde, sustentabilidade e meio ambiente. Métodos: Revisão integrativa realizada de março a abril de 2019. Os termos: saúde, sustentabilidade e meio ambiente. Os filtros: ser editado nos últimos 5 anos; estar relacionado com a conservação de recursos naturais; estar disponibilizado na íntegra e ser artigo científico. Análise utilizada foi de conteúdo, orientada por Bardim. Resultados: Foram selecionados 13 artigos, com seu conteúdo organizado nas categorias: Abrangência da saúde, que retrata a multiplicidade de fatores que interferem na saúde. Olhando para a sustentabilidade, que traz a perspectiva do desenvolvimento social a partir da reutilização dos recursos. E, Questões que influenciam o meio ambiente, apresentando o indivíduo como parte da natureza. Conclusão: Foi demostrando a importância de cada tema, a ligação natural dos mesmos, e como se cuidando de um, automaticamente se tem o reflexo nos outros
Objective:This research aims at knowing what has been described about health, sustainability and environment. Method:This integrative review was conducted from March to April 2019. The terms selected according the DeCS: health, sustainability and environment. The filters used are the following: have been edited in the last 5 years; have been related with the conservation of natural resources; have been available entirely and have been scientific article. Results: It has been found 13 articles, been its content organized in the following categories: Range of health, which describes the multiplicity of factors that interfere in health. Looking at the sustainability, which brings the perspective of social development from the reutilization of the resources. In addition, Issues which influence the environment, presenting the individual as part of nature. Conclusion: The results have allowed the constitution of a framework of knowledge about health, sustainability and environment
Objetivo: conocer lo que viene siendo descripto sobre la salud, sustentabilidad y medio ambiente. Métodos: Esta revisión integrativa fue realizada de marzo a abril de 2019. Los términos seleccionados conforme el DeCS: salud, sustentabilidad y medio ambiente. Los filtros utilizados: ser editado en los últimos 5 años; estar relacionado con la conservación de recursos naturales; estar disponible en la íntegra y ser artículo científico. Resultados: Fueron encontrados 13 artículos, siendo su contenido organizado en las categorías: Inclusión de la salud, que retrata la multiplicidad de factores que interfieren en la salud. Mirando hacia la sustentabilidad, que trae la perspectiva del desarrollo social a partir de la reutilización de los recursos. Y, cuestiones que influencian el medio ambiente, presentando el individuo como parte de la naturaleza.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Condiciones Sociales , Salud/tendencias , Naturaleza , Ambiente , Desarrollo Sostenible/tendencias , Calidad de Vida , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/tendencias , Recursos en SaludRESUMEN
Abstract Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.
Resumo A Laguna Santa Elena, um corpo de água doce localizado no centro-sul do Chile, é um ativo ambiental usado como recurso hídrico pelos setores agrícola e turístico e é o habitat de uma ampla variedade de avifauna endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi atribuir um valor monetário a esse corpo lacustre, utilizando a metodologia da AMUVAM (Análise Multicritério de Valores Ambientais Ativos). As informações foram coletadas por meio da aplicação de pesquisas a um painel de especialistas envolvidos no uso do recurso ambiental. O resultado obtido com o método AMUVAM corresponde a US$ 17.780.686, que representam um valor estimado do valor econômico total (VT) do ativo ambiental. Este estudo, pioneiro na região, apoiará a tomada de decisões, permitindo um gerenciamento adequado desse recurso hídrico crítico.
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Lagos , Ecosistema , Chile , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , AgriculturaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Human-induced climate change has been an increasing concern in recent years. Nephrology, especially in the dialysis setting, has significant negative environmental impact worldwide, as it uses large amounts of water and energy and generates thousands of tons of waste. While our activities make us responsible agents, there are also several opportunities to change the game, both individually and as a society. This call-to-action intends to raise awareness about environmentally sustainable practices in dialysis and encourages this important discussion in Brazil.
RESUMO A mudança climática induzida pela atividade humana tem sido foco de preocupações crescentes nos últimos anos. A nefrologia, particularmente a diálise, produz significativos impactos ambientais em todo o mundo em virtude da grande utilização de água e energia e da geração de milhares de toneladas de resíduos. Embora nossas atividades nos tornem agentes responsáveis, há várias oportunidades para mudar esse cenário, tanto individualmente como em sociedade. O presente artigo pretende ampliar a conscientização sobre práticas ambientalmente sustentáveis em diálise e estimular essa importante discussão no Brasil.
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Humanos , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud/métodos , Diálisis Renal/métodos , Diálisis Peritoneal/métodos , Concienciación/fisiología , Cambio Climático/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil/epidemiología , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/estadística & datos numéricos , Personal de Salud/ética , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , AmbienteRESUMEN
Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar o consumo de água e energia em quatro configurações do ciclo (número de pulsos na fase de condicionamento, tempo de secagem e valor de ajuste da profundidade do vácuo) para esterilização a vapor. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de quatro diferentes configurações de ciclo: na configuração A, os pulsos de vácuo da fase de condicionamento foram ajustados no total de três, com a profundidade de vácuo em 90 mbar e o ponto positivo de pressão em 1500 mbar. A fase de secagem foi ajustada em 45 minutos com a profundidade de vácuo em 90 mbar. Os consumos de água e energia foram medidos durante toda a fase de condicionamento e a cada 15 minutos durante a fase de secagem. Na configuração B, a profundidade de vácuo na fase de condicionamento foi de 150 mbar e os outros parâmetros foram idênticos aos da configuração A. Nas configurações C e D, o número de pulsos de vácuo foi ajustado no total de cinco, com o ponto positivo de pressão em 1500 mbar nas duas configurações e a profundidade de vácuo de 90 mbar e 150 mbar, respectivamente. Resultados: A água consumida durante a fase de secagem teve grande impacto sobre o consumo total de água durante todo o ciclo. Conclusão: Este estudo evidenciou que o aumento do tempo de secagem para solucionar pacotes molhados aumenta o consumo de água, um recurso natural escasso, que deve ser utilizado como última opção para obter pacotes secos ao fim do ciclo.
Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio tiene el objetivo de comparar el consumo de agua y energía en cuatro configuraciones del ciclo (número de pulsos en la fase de acondicionamiento, tiempo de secado y valor de ajuste de la profundidad del vacío) para esterilización a vapor. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de cuatro diferentes configuraciones de ciclo: en la configuración A, los pulsos de vacío de la fase de acondicionamiento se ajustaron en el total de tres, con la profundidad de vacío en 90 mbar y el punto positivo de presión en 1500 mbar. La fase de secado se ajustó en 45 minutos con la profundidad de vacío en 90 mbar. Los consumos de agua y energía fueron medidos durante toda la fase de acondicionamiento y cada 15 minutos durante la fase de secado. En la configuración B, la profundidad de vacío en la fase de acondicionamiento fue de 150 mbar y los otros parámetros fueron idénticos a los de la configuración A. En las configuraciones C y D, el número de pulsos de vacío se ajustó en el total de cinco, con el punto positivo de presión en 1500 mbar en las dos configuraciones y la profundidad de vacío de 90 mbar y 150 mbar, respectivamente. Resultados: El agua consumida durante la fase de secado tuvo un gran impacto en el consumo total de agua durante todo el ciclo. Conclusión: Este estudio evidenció que el aumento del tiempo de secado para solucionar paquetes mojados aumenta el consumo de agua, un recurso natural escaso, que debe ser utilizado como última opción para obtener paquetes secos al final del ciclo.
Abstract Objective: This study aims to compare water and power consumption in four cycle configurations (number of pulses in the conditioning phase, drying time, and vacuum depth set point) for steam sterilization. Methods: A descriptive study of four different cycle configurations: In configuration A, conditioning phase vacuum pulses were set to a total of three, with a lower vacuum set point of 90 mbar and a higher pressure set point of 1500 mbar. The drying phase was set for 45 minutes with a vacuum level of 90 mbar. Water and power consumption were measured during the entire conditioning phase, and every 15 minutes during the drying phase. In configuration B the conditioning phase vacuum set point was adjusted to 150 mbar and the other parameters were identical to configuration A. On configurations C and D, the quantity of vacuum pulses was set to five, with higher pressure adjusted to 1500 mbar in both configurations. The lower vacuum set point was adjusted to 90 mbar in configuration C and to 150 mbar in configuration D. Results: Water consumption at the drying phase had the most impact on the total water consumption for the entire cycle. Conclusion: This study shows that increasing drying time to solve wet packs will increase water consumption, a scarce natural resource, and should be the last option to achieve dry loads at the end of the cycle.
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Vapor , Esterilización , Ingestión de Líquidos , Equipos y Suministros de Hospitales , Epidemiología DescriptivaRESUMEN
China is highly rich of medicinal plants. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history and is important traditional resources in China. As one of the important strategic resources and the link among all the countries along the ancient "Silk Road", TCM has played important role in economy, politics, society and ecology. With the initiative of the "Belt and Road" in recent years, many natural resources of TCM now are facing the risk of extinction due to more and more frequent trade between China and other countries, also the increase of export has influenced to the stock of TCM. In order to prevent the loss of the resources, strengthen the protection and sustainable use of TCM, our study provided the strategies to the natural resources of TCM's entry-exit supervision from nine aspects, like law and regulation system, based on the analysis of current supervision status quo.
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China , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Ecología , Medicina Tradicional China , Plantas MedicinalesRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: to report the experience of research phases on promoting sustainable development based on social technologies with palm fiber artifacts in a vulnerable community. Method: this is an experience report that describes the phases of a multiprofessional project that sought sustainable development, and was conducted with inhabitants from a vulnerable community. Results: the actions were developed in four phases: exploratory, planning, implementation and evaluation. These phases encompassed a situational diagnosis, planning and performing health education workshops, training meetings, production of handcrafted window shutters with insulation and acoustic comfort. The most emphatic result was the possibility of a new source of income. Final Considerations: the project actions favored the individual and collective empowerment of the participants regarding their health, especially considering the recovery of self-esteem, valuation of traditional knowledge and a new source of income.
RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência das fases de uma pesquisa sobre desenvolvimento social, sustentabilidade e promoção da saúde. Método: trata-se de um relato de experiência no qual se discorre a respeito das fases de um projeto de pesquisa desenvolvido por um grupo de profissionais e alunos de enfermagem, engenharia e arquitetura para o desenvolvimento social, a promoção da saúde e da sustentabilidade de uma comunidade vulnerável. Resultados: a pesquisa se deu em quatro fases - exploratória (diagnóstico, aproximação e identificação das potencialidades humanas e ambientais); planejamento (das ações a partir das demandas dos participantes); implementação (construção do espaço para execução das atividades do projeto); e avaliativa (avaliação das três fases citadas a fim de manter ou modificar ações). Considerações finais: as ações do projeto favoreceram o empoderamento individual e coletivo dos participantes do projeto no que tange à saúde, sobretudo em aspectos relacionados ao resgate da autoestima, à valorização do saber tradicional e à fonte de renda.
RESUMEN Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de las fases de una investigación sobre desarrollo social, sostenibilidad y promoción de la salud. Método: se trata de un informe de experiencia en el que discurren las fases de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado por profesionales y estudiantes de Enfermería, Ingeniería y Arquitectura para el desarrollo social, promoción de la salud y la sostenibilidad comunitaria de la comunidad vulnerable. Resultados: la investigación se dio en cuatro fases: exploratoria (diagnóstico, aproximación e identificación del potencial humano y ambiental), planificación (se planeó las acciones a partir de las demandas de los participantes), implantación (construcción del espacio para la ejecución de las actividades del proyecto) y evaluación (evaluación de las tres fases citadas para mantener o modificar acciones). Consideraciones finales: De las acciones del proyecto favoreció el empoderamiento individual y colectivo de los participantes en relación con la salud, especialmente en sus aspectos relacionados con el rescate de la autoestima, la apreciación de los conocimientos tradicionales y la fuente de ingresos.
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Humanos , Cambio Social , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud/normas , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Participación de la Comunidad/métodos , Promoción de la Salud/normasRESUMEN
RESUMEN Las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP), son consideradas instrumentos para conservar la biodiversidad y alcanzar el desarrollo sustentable. No obstante, su establecimiento genera inconvenientes por la exclusión de los intereses y necesidades de las poblaciones (dimensión social), lo que impide lograr dicho desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar cuál de las principales teorías económico-ambientales aborda la dimensión social del desarrollo sustentable, y por ende, problemáticas en ANP, que involucren a sus habitantes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión del estado del arte de las teorías: economía ambiental, economía de los recursos naturales, economía verde y economía ecológica, identificando los caracteres de cada una, su relación con la sustentabilidad y con las políticas que promueven, lo cual permitió advertir que, la economía ecológica es adecuada para abordar la inclusión del factor humano en las ANP, ya que contempla las perspectivas de las comunidades y escucha sus intereses y necesidades, respecto al aprovechamiento de recursos naturales.
ABSTRACT Protected Natural Areas (PNA) are considered instruments to conserve biodiversity and achieve sustainable development. However, its establishment generates inconveniences due to the exclusion of the interests and needs of the populations (social dimension), which hinders such development. The objective of this work was to determine which of the main economic-environmental theories addresses the social dimension of sustainable development and the refore, problems in PNA, which involve its inhabitants. For this, a review of the state of the art of the theories was carried out: environmental economics, natural resources economics, green economy and ecological economics, identifying the characters of each one, its relationship with sustainability and with the policies promoted by each of them. Our review indicates that the ecological economy theory is adequate to address the inclusion of the human factor in the PNA, since it considers the perspectives of the communities and listens to their interests and needs, regarding the use of natural resources.
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En este trabajo se realizan algunas reflexiones sobre los recursos sociales que facilitan la construcción de estructuras de gobernanza ambiental para la gestión de las áreas naturales protegidas ANP. Ante la presencia dominante del Estado en estos territorios, el objetivo es identificar los mecanismos sociales que pueden facilitar la vinculación de los actores sociales a favor de estructuras sociales descentralizadas. Se enfatiza en el enfoque del capital social estructural como marco de análisis de las redes y los patrones de organización social. Si bien se señala la presencia de comunidades fuertes que gestionan los recursos de las áreas naturales protegidas, se destaca la necesidad de construir estructuras sociales complejas basadas en la vinculación de actores sociales de escalas y territorialidades distintas que faciliten los procesos de gobernanza ambiental. Se presenta una visión positiva y causal en torno al capital social estructural y la gobernanza; no obstante, se identifican algunas limitantes de dicho enfoque como marco de análisis para la comprensión de las relaciones sociales en territorios complejos como las áreas naturales protegidas. Metodológicamente este trabajo responde a un proceso de revisión bibliográfica y a un análisis de tipo inductivo donde el insumo principal es la evidencia empírica obtenida en trabajos previos realizados por las autoras. El análisis del capital social estructural desde el enfoque estructural puede dar cuenta de la morfología de las relaciones, no así de los vínculos entre actores sociales como un conjunto de relaciones de conflicto, tensiones y desacuerdos; de ahí que se proponen otras perspectivas.
Some reflections on social resources that facilitate the construction of environmental governance structures for the management of protected areas (PA) are made in this paper. Given the dominant presence of the State in these territories, the objective is to identify the social mechanisms that can facilitate the linking of social actors in favor of decentralized social structures. Emphasis is placed on the approach of structural social capital as a framework for analyzing networks and patterns of social organization. Although, the presence of strong communities that manage the resources of protected natural areas is highlighted, the need to build complex social structures based on the linking of social actors of different scales and territorialities that facilitate environmental governance processes. A positive and causal vision around social capital and governance is presented. However, some limitations of this approach are identified as an analytical framework for the understanding of social relations in complex territories such as natural protected areas. Methodologically, this work responds to a process of literature review and to an inductive type analysis where the main input is the empirical evidence obtained in previous studies carried out by the authors. The analysis of the structural social capital from the structural approach can account for the morphology of relationships, but not for the links between social actors as a set of conflict relationships, tensions and disagreements, hence other perspective are proposed.
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Humanos , Gestión Ambiental , Recursos Naturales , Ecodesarrollo , Sociedad CivilRESUMEN
Objective To investigate the medicinal plant group and resource of Sect. Euthya in Paris L. in Shaanxi Province. Methods Through literature analysis and interview survey, combined with line transect method, the medicinal plant group, the natural distribution and the status of medicinal plant group and resources about Sect. Euthya in the specific county territory in Shaanxi Province were investigated.Results According to related records about the medicinal plants of Sect. Euthya in Paris L. included P. polyphylla, var. stenophylla, var. apetala, and Paris fargesii var. petiolatain in Shaanxi Province. Based on field investigation, it was found that, the medicinal plants of Sect.Euthya in Paris L.also included five variations of P.polyphylla var.latifolia,var.apperdiculata,var. thibetica, var. chinensis, and var. yunnanensis, which were new distribution records. No var. apetala was found under field investigation. Most of the rhizomes of the Sect. Euthya plants were used as Chinese materia medica Paridis Rhizoma, with wide distribution and good growth condition. The natural resources of these plants are endangered. Conclusion In this study, two species and six variations in the Sect. Euthya are identified as new distribution records. Consequently, the medicinal plant distribution record of Paris L. in Shaanxi Province is complete. The natural resources are investigated, which have laid the foundation for further research, development and protection.
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Este trabalho pretende ressaltar o conhecimento indígena tradicional ante o conhecimento eurocentrista em matéria de preservação da natureza e do patrimônio ambiental. Ante a atual crise ambiental, o resgate do conhecimento ecológico indígena aparece como uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento diante das ineficazes fórmulas de acumulação, vestígios do colonialismo. O sistema interamericano de proteção de direitos humanos tem contribuído com um reconhecimento dos direitos coletivos dos povos indígenas sobre suas terras e recursos naturais. Esse reconhecimento contém em si mesmo a aceitação dos conhecimentos ecológicos indígenas, os quais poderão contribuir para o estabelecimento de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento.
This paper aims to highlight traditional indigenous knowledge vis-à-vis Eu-rocentric knowledge regarding the conservation of nature and the preservation of the environmental heritage. Considering the environmental crisis, the validation of indigenous ecological knowledge appears to be an alternative to development in face of the ineffective recipe of accumulation of goods and other vestiges of colonialism. The Inter-American System of Human Rights has recognized the collective rights of indigenous peoples on their land and natural resources. This recognition contains in itself an acceptance of the indigenous ecological knowledge, which could contribute to a new development model.