Utilization of dapsone and hemoglobin in the epithelial skin regeneration therapy of cutaneous loxoscelism: A case report and integrative literature review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Loxosceles spp are arthropods found worldwide. Its bite may produce cutaneous loxoscelism (necrotic or edematous) or cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Depending on their severity and location, cutaneous forms are managed with local cold application and systemic administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids, antibiotics, polymorphonuclear inhibitors, and analgesics. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to report a case of cutaneous loxoscelism and to identify the main dermatological manifestations associated with the Loxosceles spp bite. DESIGN AND SETTING: This case report and literature review was conducted in a Mexican university. METHODS: A detailed report on the medical management of a patient with cutaneous loxoscelism treated at the emergency department of a public hospital was published. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify articles reporting cutaneous loxoscelism. The following keywords were used during the database search: "loxoscelism" OR "spider bite," OR "loxosceles" OR "loxosceles species" OR "loxosceles venom" OR "loxoscelism case report" AND "cutaneous" OR "dermonecrotic arachnidism." RESULTS: A 62-year-old female patient with cutaneous loxoscelism was treated with systemic dapsone and local heparin spray. Eighteen studies with 22 clinical cases were included in this systematic review. Of the 22 patients, 12 (54.5%) were men. L. rufescens was the predominant spider species. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of dapsone and heparin for the management of cutaneous loxoscelism demonstrated success in this case, with no sequelae observed. In general, the literature review indicated favorable outcomes in patients treated with antimicrobials and corticosteroids, with continuous healing of skin lesions. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ID CRD42023422424 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023422424).

Aracnoidismo necrótico

Introducción. La mordedura por la araña Loxosceles reclusa provoca lesiones necróticas rápidamente progresivas, que llegan incluso a ocasionar amputación de la extremidad afectada, o bien dar origen a manifestaciones sistémicas, expresándose con hemólisis intravascular, coagulopatía, insuficiencia renal y raramente el fallecimiento del paciente. El uso de la dapsona en los casos de afección local ha logrado limitar la lesión necrótica y evitar pérdida de la extremidad. Se presenta el caso clínico de una lactante que presentó lesión necrótica con adecuada respuesta a la terapia con dapsona. Caso clínico. Lactante femenina de 9 meses de edad, llevada al servicio de urgencias del Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso del Estado de Oaxaca, con un cuadro clínico de 48 horas de evolución caracterizado por vesícula en pierna derecha; 24 horas después presentó mancha eritematosa, además de dolor intenso, limitación para la movilización de la extremidad afectada y edema. A la exploración física se observó taquicárdica, en tercio medio de pierna derecha lesión eritematosa de bordes mal definidos, vesículas con tendencia a confluir sobre la zona eritematosa, con aumento del calor local, y el tercio distal frío y pulsos periféricos palpables. Se inició manejo con dicloxacilina y amikacina con diagnóstico presuntivo de celulitis. Un día después el área se tornó violácea, con flictenas y la parte central denudada, que abarcaba un diámetro de 10 cm. Y por sospecha de aracnoidismo necrótico se administró dapsona. Requiriendo desbridación, se encontró abundante material de tejido necrosado, que abarcó hasta planos profundos. La evolución fue satisfactoria, conservándose la extremidad. Conclusión. Ante pacientes que presenten lesiones necróticas, rápidamente progresivas con o sin afección sistémica, considerar la posibilidad en el diagnóstico diferencial de loxoscelismo y aracnoidismo dermonecrótico.

Introduction. The bite for the spider Loxosceles reclusa causes lesions quickly progressive necrotics that end up even causing amputation of the affected extremity, or to give origin to systemic manifestations, being expressed with intravascular hemolysis, coagulopathy, renal failure and rarely the patient's death. The use of the dapsone in the cases of local affection has been able to limit the necrotic lesion and to avoid loss of the extremity. The clinical case of an infant is presented that presented necrotic lesion with appropriate response to the therapy with dapsone. Case report. Female infant of 9 months of age, seen in the Emergency Department of the General Hospital Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso of the State of Oaxaca, with a clinical picture of 48 hours of evolution characterized by vesicle in right leg; 24 hours later it presented erythematous, besides intense pain, limitation for the mobilization of the affected extremity and edema. To the physical exploration tachycardia was observed, in half third of leg right erythematous lesion of not well defined borders, vesicles with tendency to converge, with increase of the local heat, and the third cold distal and palpable pulses. Handling began with dicloxacilin and amikacin with presumptive diagnosis of cellulitis. One day later the area you went violaceous, with phlyctenas and the denuded central part that it embraced a diameter of 10 cm. With the suspicious of necrotic arachnidism dapsone was administered, requiring debridement until deep planes. The evolution was satisfactory, being conserved the extremity. Conclusion. In patients that present necrotic lesions, quickly progressive with or without systemic affection, to consider the possibility in the differential diagnosis of loxoscelism and necrotic arachnidism.