Effects of temperatures variation between neighboring days on mortality risk in Changsha 2010-2019: a time series analysis / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objectives To analyze the features on temperature and mortality of Changsha in 2009-2019, and to explore the association between temperatures variation between neighboring days (TVN) and mortality by using time-series analysis. Methods A Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to analyse the association between TVN and mortality. Results A total of 404 328 deaths were studied in Changsha during 2010-2019，the proportion of people aged over 65 years, males respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease were 74.1761%, 58.9842%, 11.11% and 54.4671%, respectively. During the 3652-day study period, the daily mean maximum and minimum temperature were 35.8℃ -2.8℃. The TVN varied from -12.30℃ to 10.8℃,and a significant correlation was found between TVN and mortality risk, with 1.12% (RR=1.0112，95% CI：1.0061~1.0164) mortality risk increased for 1℃ rise in TVN, and the greatest effect of TVN on mortality was at 4 days lag. Based on age, gender and  group study For cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease，a 1℃ increased in TVN were associated with 2.97% and 1.52% death risk increase respectively. The effect appeared on the first day after exposure and lasted for 7 days, the maximum affection came on the fourth day. According to the analysis on age, gender and death-cause, the elderly man over 65 years old, respiratory disease people were more vulnerable to the temperature change between day by day. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive picture of the non-linear associations between temperature variation and mortality, and there is a certain lag effect. The findings on vulnerability characteristics can help improve clinical and public health practices to reduce disease burden associated with current and future abnormal weather.

Validación de un Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal para la Ciudad de México / Validation of a Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument in Mexico City

Resumen La cohesión vecinal podría ser un constructo tanto multidimensional como de un solo factor, según la población que se mida; sin embargo, su operacionalización se ha realizado en culturas individualistas o con economías de altos ingresos. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron conocer la estructura factorial de la cohesión vecinal en una población colectivista y comprobar su consistencia interna global y por factor. Se aplicó de manera individual una escala de auto-reporte tipo Likert con 48 reactivos a 513 habitantes de la Ciudad de México con edades entre 15 y 78 años, que residían en colonias de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Un análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó una estructura organizada en tres factores que explican el 54% de la varianza (α = .91), lo cual se corroboró con un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se concluye que, en la versión adaptada del Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal, se valida el modelo de tres factores (sentido de comunidad, atracción al vecindario y relaciones vecinales), y se comprueba una consistencia interna global excelente y buena para sus factores. Se sugiere el uso y baremación de esta escala en México.

Abstract Neighborhood cohesion comprises three elements: Sense of community, neighboring, and attraction to neighborhood. This theoretical structure has not always been found in empirical research and it has only been tested in individualistic cultures or in high economy countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the factorial structure of neighborhood cohesion among a collectivist population. To achieve this, a total sample of 513 residents of Mexico City was obtained; participants lived in neighborhoods with different income levels and had ages from 15 to 78 years old. Participants individually answered a self-report neighborhood cohesion instrument with a Likert scale response format that ranged from one (totally disagree) to five (totally agree). The instrument was previously translated to Spanish from the English original version and then adapted to the intended population. The sample was divided into two randomized sub-samples in order to conduct separated analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first sub-sample (n = 240), and it displayed a three-factor structure of neighborhood cohesion that explained 54% of the total variance with high internal consistency (α = .91). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the second sub-sample (n = 273); a three-factor model showed better fit indexes compared with a one factor model. Also, a modification search was conducted to obtain a model with better fit, resulting in the removal of some items. In conclusion, through the adapted version of the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument the three-factor model is validated (sense of community, attraction to neighborhood and relations with neighbors) along with an excellent global internal consistency and good for each factor. The use of this scale in Mexico is recommended, as well as obtaining norms for this population.

O unicef no brasil e as práticas vizinhas na atualidade / Unicef en brasil y prácticas vecinos hoy / Unicef in brazil and today's neighboring practices

Este artigo visa pensar, analisar e descrever as práticas do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância, na relação com um campo de vizinhança com outras intervenções de saber e poder voltadas às crianças e adolescentes, no Brasil. Para tanto, realiza uma breve história da atualidade do complexo tutelar articulado pela rede de proteção, garantia e defesa dos direitos oferecida pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância em conjunto com outras entidades, instituições, grupos, comunidades, organizações não governamentais, fundações, bancos, países, universidades, localidades e agências ligadas à Organização das Nações Unidas. Por meio de análises baseadas em Michel Foucault, de Paul Veyne, em Robert Castel e em Jacques Donzelot, analisamos estas práticas cotidianas, no campo da sociedade disciplinar, da biopolítica, da gestão de riscos e do complexo tutelar, na medida em que formam um dispositivo econômico e político que opera na relação sujeito de direitos e sujeito econômico.

Este artículo pretende pensar, analizar y describir el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para las prácticas de los niños, en relación a un campo vecino con otras intervenciones de conocimiento y poder dirigidos a niños y adolescentes en Brasil. El estudio presenta una breve historia del complejo tutelar hoy articulado por red de protección, la seguridad y la defensa de los derechos previstos por el Fondo para la Infancia de las Naciones Unidas, junto con otras organizaciones, instituciones, grupos, comunidades, organizaciones no gubernamentales organizaciones, fundaciones, bancos, países, universidades, ciudades y organismos relacionados con las Naciones Unidas. A través del análisis basado en Michel Foucault, Paul Veyne, en Robert Castel y Donzelot, analizamos estas prácticas diarias en el campo de la sociedad disciplinaria, la biopolítica, gestión de riesgos y protegemos complejo, en el que se forma un dispositivo económico y político que opera en relación sujeto de derechos y sujeto económico.

This article aims to think, analyze and describe the practices of the United Nations Fund for Children, in relation to other interventions on the fields of knowledge and power, aimed at children and adolescents in Brazil. The study presents a brief history of today's child protective services articulated by the network of protection, security and defense of rights provided by the United Nations Fund for Children together with other organizations, institutions, groups, communities, non-governmental organizations, foundations, banks, countries, universities, localities and agencies related to the United Nations. Through analyzes based on Michel Foucault, Paul Veyne, Robert Castel and Jacques Donzelot, we analyze these daily practices in the field of disciplinary society, biopolitics, risk management and safeguard of the child protective services, in the way they form an economic and political device that operates in relation to subject of rights and economic subject.

Quality Control of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To enhance the quality control in the course of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM).METHODS:The prospective and retrospective quality control were performed on application,sampling,detection and data processing,in?cluding within-ward and neighboring ward quality control.RESULTS:The work norm of quality control was estab?lished.CONCLUSION:Great emphasis ought to be given to quality control since it plays a decisive role in improving the ac?curacy and precision of TDM result.