RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, and the evident limitation in therapeutic options, alternatives to combat bacterial infections have been sought. One of these is phage therapy, which is the use of bacterial viruses to kill pathogenic bacteria responsible for the infection. These viruses called bacteriophages are very abundant organisms in the world and are harmless to humans. There are several advantages in using phage therapy, especially against multi-drug resistant pathogens, which tend to be dominated by individual strains. The advantages include fewer collateral effects such as lower disturbance of gut microbiota and less antimicrobials consumption, which itself leads to reducing antibiotic resistance rates. Unfortunately, few clinical studies have been initiated in Brazil and this area is little explored in our country. This manuscript describes clinical evidence of successful phage utilization on pathogens considered a threat in Brazil, highlighting the benefits of a possible phage utilization as an important tool to combat antimicrobial resistance in our country.
RESUMEN
Marine natural products are a significant and important source for new small molecule drug leads. In most cases, marine natural products have unique structure skeletons and stereo complexity. Their absolute configurations and biologically activities are closely related, which highlights the importance of absolute configurational assignment. The stereo-configurational evaluation of marine natural products is one of the most difficulties in determining natural structure, and also very important contents of natural products research. In this review we summarized a variety of cases with different structural types that often dictate some valuable approach to configurational assignment. Hopefully, the selected case studies could provide some inspiration to a readership with broad interests: natural products chemists and synthetic organic chemists.
RESUMEN
La intención de presentar este trabajo es la de poder discutir, algunas ideas acerca de los así llamados nuevos enfoques en psicoanálisis de niños. Intento tratar el tema como un desarrollo dentro de la ciencia psicoanalítica. Para ello recurro a la historia del psicoanálisis de niños partiendo de Freud, del historial de Juanito de la razón de esta investigación y de su publicación, que lo constituyó, como sabemos, en el precursor del análisis de niños. desde un breve pasaje por la historia de las pioneras, fundamentalmente Anna Freud y Melanie Klein, pasando por los neokleinianos, por Winnicott y la escuela francesa a un brevísimo recuerdo de la escuela Argentina de psicoanálisis de niños, cuna del psicoanálisis de niños en Latinoamérica. Recordar discutir y comparar estas teorías, su evolución y su crecimiento entiendo es lo que conduce a los así llamados nuevos enfoques. Un material clínico da cuenta de equivocaciones en el trabajo terapéutico que, por diversas razones, terminan en teorizaciones que pueden conducir erróneamente a ser considerados como nuevos enfoques.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some concepts concerning the subject of the so called new approaches in the psychoanalysis of children. I attempt to consider the subject as a development within the psychoanalytical science. The history of child psychoanalysis is reviewed starting with Freud, the clinical diary of Juanito, and the reason of investigating and publishing this case which became a forerunner in the field. After mentioning the history of the pioneers, with special consideration to the work of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein, through the work of neokleinians, Winnicott, the french school and a short reminder of the Argentine school, which has to be considered the cradle of the field in Latin America. Comparing and discussing these theories, their growth and evolution, may lead to a better understanding of the subject. The clinical material presented shows how some mistakes give rise to theoretical considerations that may wrongly be interpreted as new approaches.