Prevalência e Fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco em acadêmicos da saúde em Goiânia, Goiás / Prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health students in Goiânia, Goiás

Introdução: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar e identificar a prevalência e fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco entre acadêmicos da saúde. Métodos: A pesquisa contou com 407 acadêmicos dos cursos de Biomedicina, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Farmácia, Fisioterapia e Nutrição de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de maio de 2020, por um formulário eletrônico, disponibilizado em e-mail institucional, grupos de estudos e redes sociais. O procedimento ocorreu após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, cujo parecer 3.966.951. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes (79,6%) eram do sexo feminino, solteiros (75,2%) com idade média de 25,32 anos. O consumo de tabaco foi confirmado por 10,8% participantes. Quanto ao consumo de produtos derivados de tabaco 24,1% dos entrevistados já consumiram produto de tabaco, 8,6% assumiram tabagismo ocasional, e 4,2% tabagismo ativo. Conclusões: A associação entre tabagismo e as variáveis sociodemográficas demonstrou que alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 5,25 [IC:1,34-20,22] p=0,017), homens (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91]), estudantes turno matutino (OR: 1,96 [IC:1,02-3,78] p=0,04) e que residem com tabagistas (OR:4,44 [IC: 2,24-8,80]) apresentaram maiores chances de serem tabagista. A associação em relação ao consumo de derivados do tabaco, os homens apresentaram maiores prevalências de consumo de derivados de tabaco (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91] p=0,045) bem como, alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 6,40 [IC:2,31-17,7] P<0,01), que estudam no turno Noturno (OR:1,85 [IC:1,16-8,82] p=0,009) e entre os que residem com tabagistas (OR: 4,49 [IC:2,24-8,80] p<0,001).

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate and identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health academics. Methods: The survey involved 407 students from Biomedicine, Physical Education, Nursing, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Nutrition courses at a Higher Education Institution. Data collection was carried out in May 2020, through an electronic form, available in institutional email, study groups and social networks. The entire procedure took place after approval by the Ethics Committee. Results: Most participants (79.6%) were female, single (75.2%) with a mean age of 25.32 years. Tobacco consumption was confirmed by 10.8% of the participants. As for the consumption of tobacco products, 24.1% of the interviewees had already consumed some tobacco product, 8.6% assumed occasional smoking, and 4.2% active smoking. Conclusions: The association between smoking and sociodemographic variables showed that Pharmacy students (OR: 5.25 [CI:1.34-20.22] p=0.017), men (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91]), morning shift students (OR: 1.96 [CI:1.02-3.78] p=0.04) and those who live with smokers (OR:4.44 [CI : 2.24-8.80]) were more likely to be smokers. The association in relation to the consumption of tobacco derivatives, men had a higher prevalence of consumption of tobacco derivatives (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91] p=0.045) as well as Pharmacy students (OR: 6.40 [CI:2.31-17.7] P<0.01), those who study the night shift (OR:1.85 [CI:1.16-8.82] p=0.009 ) and among those who live with smokers (OR: 4.49 [CI:2.24-8.80] p<0.001).

Neuroprotective mechanism of nicotine in a mouse model of rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Studies have found that nicotine can activate the dopamine system,slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease,but the specific mechanism is still unclear.Research on the neuroprotective mechanism of nicotine in animal models of Parkinson's disease is lacking. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of nicotine on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in mice. METHODS:Twenty-eight C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into vehicle group,rotenone group,autophagy agonist group and nicotine group,with seven mice in each group.Dopaminergic nerve damage was induced by rotenone in C57BL/6 mice,and the autophagy agonist(rapamycin)or nicotine was given before modeling.The spatial exploration function of the mice was observed by open field test.Western blot and Q-PCR were used to detect the expression of α-synuclein,autophagy related factors Beclin-1 and P62,and apoptosis-related factors Bax,Bcl-2 and Cleaved-caspase3 in the nigra of each group.The deposition of mitochondria,autophagosomes and lipofuscin in nigra cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy.The survival of neurons was observed by Nissl staining.The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was observed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The open field test showed that the distance,average speed and time of movement were reduced in the rotenone group compared with the solvent group.Compared with the rotenone group,the exercise distance,average speed and exercise time of mice were increased in the nicotine group and autophagy agonist group(P＜0.05).The results of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that the mean fluorescence intensity and mean absorbance value of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rotenone group decreased compared with that in the solvent group.Compared with the rotenone group,the mean fluorescence intensity and mean absorbance value of tyrosine hydroxylase were increased in the nicotine group and autophagy agonist group.Western blot and Q-PCR results showed that compared with the solvent group,the expressions of α-synuclein and P62 in the rotenone group were increased,while Beclin-1 expression was decreased(P＜0.05);compared with the rotenone group,the expression of α-synuclein and P62 decreased in the nicotine group and autophagy agonist group,and the expression of Beclin-1 increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the solvent group,the expressions of Bax and Cleaved caspase3 were increased and Bcl-2 expression was decreased in the rotenone group(P＜0.05);compared with the rothenone group,the expressions of Bax and Cleaved-caspase3 were decreased and the expression of Bcl-2 was increased in the nicotine and autophagy agonist groups(P＜0.05).To conclude,nicotine may have a dopaminergic neuroprotective effect on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mouse models by improving autophagy dysfunction and reducing apoptosis.

Working Hours and Personal Protective Equipment Effect on Blood Cholinesterase Levels of Tobacco Plantation Workers

@#Introduction: Tobacco production is increasing in certain regions of Indonesia due to its high economic value. Tobacco and its products can have harmful effects on the health of consumers, producers and processing workers. Analysis of blood samples has shown that tobacco farmers are at risk of developing occupational diseases related to pesticide exposure and nicotine absorption through the epidermis of wet tobacco leaves. The aim of this study was to compare blood cholinesterase levels in tobacco plantation workers in relation to their working hours and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in ten subdistricts in Jember district, Indonesia, and included 50 participants selected using proportional sampling. Spearman’s test was used to analyse the relationship between variables. Results: The significance value of the relationship based on Spearman’s test between working hours and blood cholinesterase levels of tobacco farmers in Jember was 0.058 > α (0.05). Meanwhile, the significance value of the relationship between working hours and complete blood count, specifically mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), was 0.00 < α (0.05), and between PPE use and blood cholinesterase levels was 0.035 < α (0.05). Conclusion: Working hours were not associated with blood cholinesterase levels, but were associated with blood MCHC levels. Meanwhile, the use of PPE was found to be associated with cholinesterase levels in tobacco farmers.

Influencing factors for nicotine dependence among smoking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the nicotine dependence of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who smoke and analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide insights into targeted smoking cessation interventions for smoking COPD patients.@*Methods@#The smoking COPD patients were selected from three hospitals in Lanzhou City using the convenience sampling method from October 2022 to April 2023. Demographic data, smoking status, and willingness to quit smoking were collected using questionnaire surveys. Nicotine dependence was assessed according to Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The influencing factors of nicotine dependence in smoking COPD patients were analyzed using a multiple linear regression model.@*Results@#A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, and 171 valid questionnaires were collected, with a response rate of 85.50%. The median age was 48.00 (interquartile range, 10.00) years. There were 158 males, accounting for 92.40%; 53 cases with a college degree or above, accounting for 30.99%. The median smoking duration was 15.00 (interquartile range, 11.00) years. There were 73 patients (42.69%) smoking 21 to 30 cigarettes per day, and 159 patients (92.98%) with the willingness to quit smoking. The median nicotine dependence score was 3.00 (interquartile range, 1.00) points. There were statistically significant differences in nicotine dependence scores among smoking COPD patients with different ages, educational levels, occupations, interpersonal relationships, smoking duration, daily cigarette consumption, awareness of smoking hazards and willingness to quit smoking (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that nicotine dependence was related with educational level (β=-0.251), interpersonal relationship (β=-0.246), smoking duration (β=0.038), daily cigarette consumption (β=0.518) and willingness to quit smoking (β=-0.173) among smoking COPD patients (all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The nicotine dependence among smoking COPD patients was influenced by educational level, interpersonal relationships, smoking duration, daily cigarette consumption and willingness to quit smoking.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de cigarro eletrônico por estudantes universitários / Prevalence and factors associated with electronic cigarette use by university students / Prevalencia y factores asociados al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos por estudiantes universitarios

Este estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência do uso do cigarro eletrônico e a associação com fatores preditores. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, analítico, com amostra probabilística de universitários matriculados em um Centro Universitário de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil no segundo semestre de 2022. A variável dependente referiu-se ao uso do cigarro eletrônico. As variáveis independentes referiram a fatores sociodemográficas, laborais e comportamentais. A associação entre as variáveis investigadas e a prevalência do uso do CE foi verificada pela análise bivariada e a regressão de Poisson. Foram entrevistados 730 universitários, com a média de idade de anos 22,56 (±6,25). Destes, 21,8 % faziam o uso cigarro eletrônico e após a análise multivariada manteve-se associado ao desfecho não ter companheiro (RP= 3,31; IC95% 1,04-10,48), morar com amigos/sozinho (RP=1,53; IC95% 1,07-2,18), ter histórico de usuários de cigarro eletrônico na residência (RP= 1,76; IC95%: 1,17- 1,89), consumir bebida alcoólica (RP= 3,07; IC95%: 1,72-5,49) e não praticar atividade física (RP= 3,37; IC95% 2,35-4,83). Conhecer sobre o cigarro eletrônico foi fator protetor (RP= 0,31 IC95% 0,20-0,46). Registrou-se elevada prevalência do uso do cigarro eletrônico, e manteve associados a fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais. Esses achados chamam a atenção para a necessidade de novas medidas regulatórias, a fim de reduzir o uso desse dispositivo.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette use and the association with predictors. This is a cross-sectional, analytical study with a probabilistic sample of university students enrolled in a University Center of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil in the second half of 2022. The dependent variable referred to the use of electronic cigarettes. The independent variables referred to sociodemographic, labor and behavioral factors. The association between the variables investigated and the prevalence of EC use was verified by bivariate analysis and Poisson regression. A total of 730 university students were interviewed, with a mean age of 22.56 (±6.25). Of these, 21.8% used electronic cigarettes and after multivariate analysis, it remained associated with the outcome of not having a partner (PR= 3.31; CI95% 1.04-10.48), living with friends/alone (PR=1.53; CI95% 1.07-2.18), having a history of e-cigarette users in the residence (PR= 1.76; CI95%: 1.17- 1.89), alcohol consumption (PR= 3.07; CI95%: 1.72-5.49) and not practicing physical activity (PR= 3.37; IC95% 2.35-4.83). Knowing about electronic cigarettes was a protective factor (PR= 0.31 CI95% 0.20-0.46). There was a high prevalence of e-cigarette use, and it was associated with sociodemographic and behavioral factors. These findings draw attention to the need for new regulatory measures in order to reduce the use of this device.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos y la asociación con predictores. Se trata de un estudio analítico transversal con una muestra probabilística de estudiantes universitarios matriculados en un Centro Universitario de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil, en el segundo semestre de 2022. La variable dependiente se refería al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Las variables independientes se refirieron a factores sociodemográficos, laborales y conductuales. La asociación entre las variables investigadas y la prevalencia de uso de CE fue verificada por análisis bivariado y regresión de Poisson. Fueron entrevistados 730 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad promedio de 22,56 (±6,25). De estos, 21,8% utilizaron cigarrillos electrónicos y después del análisis multivariado, se mantuvo asociado con el resultado de no tener pareja (RP= 3,31; IC95% 1,04-10,48), vivir con amigos/solo (RP=1,53; IC95% 1,07-2,18), con antecedentes de usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos en la residencia (RP= 1,76; IC95%: 1,17- 1,89), consumo de alcohol (RP= 3,07; IC95%: 1,72-5,49) y no practicar actividad física (RP= 3,37; IC95% 2,35-4,83). El conocimiento de los cigarrillos electrónicos fue un factor protector (RP= 0,31 IC95% 0,20-0,46). Hubo una alta prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos, y se asoció con factores sociodemográficos y de comportamiento. Estos hallazgos llaman la atención sobre la necesidad de nuevas medidas regulatorias para reducir el uso de este dispositivo.

Efetividade da aromaterapia na dependência de nicotina em trabalhadores da saúde / Effectiveness of aromatherapy in nicotine dependence in healthcare workers

INTRODUÇÃO: O tabagismo é considerado uma doença crônica de dependência da nicotina e um fator de risco para doenças graves como câncer e doenças cardiovasculares, além de ser uma das principais causas de mortes evitáveis no mundo. Os programas de controle do uso do tabaco atingiram um bom resultado nas últimas décadas, com a redução do número de fumantes. Contudo, verifica-se que o tratamento medicamentoso e comportamental não apresenta 100% de eficácia, com recaídas e efeitos colaterais para o fumante. Novos desafios foram impostos após a pandemia da COVID-19, principalmente no setor da saúde, no qual a preocupação com os impactos na saúde dos trabalhadores e das trabalhadoras ficou em evidência. Nesse cenário, foi verificada a importância de cuidar dos que mais se expuseram aos efeitos nocivos desse período, voltando o olhar não somente para transtornos a nível psíquico dessa parcela populacional, mas também para a promoção da qualidade de vida do trabalhador, principalmente do trabalhador que apresenta um comportamento de risco em saúde, como por exemplo, o trabalhador tabagista. A aromaterapia, uma Prática Integrativa e Complementar em Saúde apoiada em evidências de efetividade clínica nas mais diversas condições clínicas, foi proposta como intervenção neste grupo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da aromaterapia na dependência de nicotina em trabalhadores tabagistas. MÉTODO: Estudo piloto, clínico, randomizado, duplo-cego que utilizou dois óleos essenciais, piper nigrum e angelica archangelica, por meio de inalação, em dois grupos de trabalhadores da saúde, para avaliar o efeito desses óleos nos níveis de dependência do tabagismo. Os desfechos avaliados foram o nível de dependência de nicotina (desfecho primário), mensurado por meio do Teste de Fagerstrom, e a medida da carga tabágica (desfecho secundário) do participante. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um período de 30 dias nas dependências de um hospital universitário da cidade de Belo Horizonte/MG com uma população de 29 trabalhadores tabagistas. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do programa SPSS versão 21.0 e as mudanças nos níveis de dependência da nicotina e de carga tabágica no estudo foram avaliadas utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon emparelhado. As associações entre as variáveis categorizadas foram feitas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. A efetividade dos óleos essenciais entre os grupos foi realizada pelo Teste de Mann-Whitney. Para todos os testes, foi fixado o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os grupos aleatorizados foram semelhantes entre si na maioria das variáveis analisadas (p>0,05). Houve diminuição tanto da carga tabágica quanto no teste de dependência à nicotina após a intervenção com os óleos essenciais em ambos os grupos (p<0,05), com o grupo Angélica iniciando a pesquisa com um grau moderado de dependência no Teste de Fagerstrom e carga tabágica moderada, e ao final demonstrando uma baixa dependência e carga tabágica baixa. Da mesma maneira, o grupo Pimenta-preta exibiu uma baixa dependência de nicotina e carga tabágica baixa no teste inicial e após a intervenção, uma baixíssima dependência. Dois participantes do sexo masculino, cada um de um grupo avaliado, alcançou a abstinência. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no tamanho do efeito em relação ao tipo de óleo essencial utilizado. CONCLUSÃO: Os óleos essenciais utilizados na pesquisa foram efetivos na redução da dependência da nicotina e na diminuição da carga tabágica dos sujeitos avaliados. Não houve diferença significativa entre o efeito dos OE do grupo controle em relação ao grupo experimental.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is considered a chronic nicotine addiction disease and a risk factor for serious illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as being one of the main causes of preventable deaths worldwide. Tobacco control programs have achieved good results in recent decades, with a reduction in the number of smokers. However, drug and behavioral treatment is not 100% effective, with relapses and side effects for smokers. New challenges have been imposed following the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the health sector, where concerns about the impact on workers' health have been highlighted. In this scenario, the importance of caring for those who have been most exposed to the harmful effects of this period has been verified, looking not only at the psychological disorders of this population, but also at promoting the quality of life of the worker, especially the worker who presents a health risk behavior, such as the smoking worker. Aromatherapy, an Integrative and Complementary Health Practice supported by evidence of clinical effectiveness in a wide range of clinical conditions, was proposed as an intervention for this group. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy on nicotine dependence in workers who smoke. METHOD: A pilot, clinical, randomized, double-blind study using two essential oils, piper nigrum and angelica archangelica, by inhalation, in two groups of health workers, to evaluate the effect of these oils on levels of smoking dependence. The outcomes assessed were the level of nicotine dependence (primary outcome), measured using the Fagerstrom Test, and the measure of the participant's smoking load (secondary outcome). The study was carried out over a period of 30 days on the premises of a university hospital in the city of Belo Horizonte/MG with a population of 29 workers who were smokers. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS program version 21.0 and changes in levels of nicotine dependence and smoking load in the study were assessed using the paired Wilcoxon test. Associations between the categorized variables were made using Pearson's chi-square test. The effectiveness of the essential oils between the groups was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. A significance level of 5% was set for all tests. RESULTS: The randomized groups were similar in most of the variables analyzed (p>0.05). There was a decrease in both smoking load and nicotine dependence after the intervention with essential oils in both groups (p<0.05), with the Angelica group starting the study with a moderate degree of dependence in the Fagerstrom test and moderate smoking load, and at the end showing low dependence and low smoking load. Similarly, the Black Pepper group exhibited a low nicotine dependence and low smoking load in the initial test and after the intervention, a very low dependence. Two male participants, each from an evaluated group, achieved abstinence. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in effect size in relation to the type of essential oil used. CONCLUSION: The essential oils used in the study were effective in reducing nicotine dependence and the smoking burden of the subjects evaluated. There was no significant difference between the effect of EOs in the control group and the experimental group.

Uso del cigarrillo electronico y riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias por el uso del cigarrillo electrónico. Materiales y métodos: Revisión integrativa, basada en el análisis de artículos científicos completos en bases de datos como: PubMed, Scopus y SciELO utilizando el método PRISMA, en el periodo 2018-2023, en los idiomas inglés y español. Resultados: Se obtuvo 95 artículos científicos, de los cuales se excluyeron un total de 75 por no cumplir con los criterios de selección, quedando seleccionados 20 artículos científicos que responden a los objetivos planteados. Conclusiones: Este estudio identificó los riesgos de padecer enfermedades respiratorias por el uso del cigarrillo electrónico, siendo las más relevantes: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, neumonía, lesión pulmonar asociada al cigarrillo electrónico o al vapeo, síndrome de distrés respiratorio, hipertensión pulmonar y asma, además de acompañarse de signos y síntomas como infección de las vías aéreas, el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y el inicio de adicciones. El estudio identificó que el sexo masculino es el predominante en exponerse más al riesgo de enfermedades respiratorias y la edad oscila entre los 14 a 35 años, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública que cada año va en aumento.

Objective: To determine the risk of respiratory diseases due to the use of electronic cigarettes. Materials and Methods: Integrative review, based on the analysis of complete scientific articles in databases such as: PubMed, Scopus and SciELO, using the PRISMA method, in the period 2018-2023, in English and Spanish. Results: Of the 95 scientific articles that were obtained, 20 met the selection criteria and were selected to meet the stated objectives. The remaining 75 articles were excluded. Conclusions: This study identi fied the risks of suffering from respiratory diseases associated with the use of electronic cigarettes. The most significant risks include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, lung injury associated with electronic cigarettes or vaping, respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and asthma. Symptoms may also include signs and symptoms of respiratory infections, development of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, and the onset of addiction. The study found that males are more susceptible to respiratory diseases, with the 14-35 age group being particularly affected. This is becoming a growing public health concern.

Objetivo: Determinar o risco de doenças respiratórias devido ao uso de cigarros eletrônicos. Materiais e métodos: Revisão integrativa, baseada na análise de artigos científicos completos em bases de dados como: PubMed, Scopus e SciELO, utilizando o método PRISMA, no período de 2018 a 2023, em inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Foram obtidos 95 artigos científicos, dos quais um total de 75 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de seleção, restando 20 artigos científicos selecionados que respondem aos objetivos estabelecidos. Conclusões: Este estudo identificou os riscos de doenças respiratórias decorrentes do uso de cigarros eletrônicos, sendo as mais relevantes a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, pneumonia, lesão pulmonar associada ao cigarro eletrônico ou vaping, síndrome do desconforto respiratório, hipertensão pulmonar e asma, além de serem acompanhadas de sinais e sintomas como infecção das vias aéreas, desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular, doença gastrointestinal e início de dependência. O estudo identificou que o sexo masculino está predominantemente exposto ao risco de doenças respiratórias e a idade varia de 14 a 35 anos, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública que aumenta a cada ano.

Tobacco industry strategies to influence the regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products in Latin America and the Caribbean / Estrategias de la industria tabacalera para influir en la regulación de los productos de tabaco y nicotina novedosos y emergentes en América Latina y el Caribe / Estratégias da indústria do tabaco para influenciar a regulamentação de produtos novos e emergentes de tabaco e nicotina na América Latina e no Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To document tobacco industry strategies to influence regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products (NETNPs) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. We analyzed industry websites, advocacy reports, news media and government documents related to NETNPs, focusing on electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. We also conducted a survey of leading health advocates. We applied the policy dystopia model to analyze industry action and argument-based strategies on NETNP regulations. Results. Industry actors engaged in four instrumental strategies to influence NETNP regulation - coalition management, information management, direct involvement in and access to the policy process, and litigation. Their actions included: lobbying key policy-makers, academics and vaping associations; providing grants to media groups to disseminate favorable NETNP information; participating in public consultations; presenting at public hearings; inserting industry-inspired language into draft NETNP legislation; and filing lawsuits to challenge NETNP bans. The industry disseminated its so-called harm reduction argument through large/influential countries (e.g., Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico). Industry discursive strategies claimed NETNPs were less harmful, provided safer alternatives, and should be regulated as so-called harm reduction products or have fewer restrictions on their sale and use than those currently in place. Conclusion. Our analysis provides a better understanding of industry strategies to undermine tobacco and nicotine control. To help counter industry efforts, health advocates should proactively strengthen government capacities and alert policy-makers to industry attempts to create new regulatory categories (so-called reduced-risk products), provide misleading information of government authorizations of NETNPs, and co-opt so-called harm-reduction messages that serve the industry's agenda.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Documentar las estrategias de la industria tabacalera para influir en la regulación de los productos de tabaco y nicotina novedosos y emergentes (PTNNE) en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se analizaron los sitios web de la industria, los informes de defensa de la salud, los medios de información y los documentos gubernamentales relacionados con los PTNNE, prestando especial atención a los cigarrillos electrónicos y los productos de tabaco calentado. También se realizó una encuesta a líderes de la promoción de la salud. Aplicamos el modelo de distopía política para analizar las estrategias de acción y argumentación de la industria en relación con la regulación de los PTNNE. Resultados. Las partes interesadas de la industria recurrieron a cuatro estrategias instrumentales para influir en la regulación de los PTNNE: gestión de coaliciones, gestión de la información, participación directa y acceso al proceso de formulación de políticas, y litigios. Sus acciones incluyeron: trabajar con los principales responsables de la formulación de políticas, académicos y asociaciones de vapeo; conceder subvenciones a grupos de medios de comunicación para que difundan información favorable a los PTNNE; participar en consultas públicas; realizar presentaciones en audiencias públicas; introducir un lenguaje inspirado por la industria en la legislación sobre los PTNNE; y presentar demandas judiciales para dificultar las prohibiciones de los PTNNE. La industria difundió su argumentación, denominada de reducción de daños, en países grandes e influyentes como, por ejemplo, Argentina, Brasil y México. Las estrategias discursivas de la industria afirmaban que los PTNNE eran menos nocivos, proporcionaban alternativas más seguras y debían regularse del mismo modo que los denominados productos de reducción de daños o tener menos restricciones que las vigentes en la actualidad para su venta y consumo. Conclusión. Este análisis permite comprender mejor las estrategias de la industria para socavar el control del tabaco y la nicotina. Para contribuir a contrarrestar los esfuerzos de la industria, los defensores de la salud deberían fortalecer activamente las capacidades gubernamentales y alertar a los responsables políticos de los intentos de la industria de crear nuevas categorías reglamentarias (los denominados productos de riesgo reducido), proporcionar información engañosa sobre las autorizaciones gubernamentales de los PTNNE y apropiarse de los denominados mensajes de reducción de daños que responden a la agenda de la industria.

RESUMO Objetivo. Documentar as estratégias usadas pela indústria do tabaco para influenciar a regulamentação de produtos novos e emergentes de tabaco e nicotina (NETNPs, sigla em inglês) na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Foram analisados sites do setor, relatórios de ativistas, notícias em meios de comunicação e documentos governamentais relacionados aos NETNPs, com foco em cigarros eletrônicos e produtos de tabaco aquecido. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa com ativistas importantes na área da saúde. O modelo de distopia política foi utilizado para analisar as ações e as estratégias baseadas em argumentos do setor para a regulamentação de NETNPs. Resultados. Os agentes do setor utilizaram quatro estratégias instrumentais para influenciar a regulamentação de NETNPs: gestão de coalizões; gestão de informações; envolvimento direto e acesso ao processo de formulação de políticas; e ações legais. As ações dos agentes incluíram: trabalhar com os principais formuladores de políticas, acadêmicos e associações de cigarros eletrônicos; conceder subsídios a grupos de comunicação para disseminar informações favoráveis aos NETNPs; participar de consultas públicas; fazer apresentações em audiências públicas; inserir linguagem gerada pela indústria na legislação de NETNPs; e entrar com ações judiciais para contestar proibições de NETNPs. O setor disseminou seu argumento de "redução de danos" em países grandes e influentes (por exemplo, Argentina, Brasil e México). As estratégias discursivas do setor afirmavam que os NETNPs eram menos prejudiciais, ofereciam alternativas mais seguras e deveriam ser regulamentados como "produtos de redução de danos" ou ter menos restrições à venda e ao uso do que as atualmente em vigor. Conclusão. Nossa análise oferece uma melhor compreensão das estratégias usadas pelo setor para enfraquecer o controle do tabaco e da nicotina. Para ajudar a combater os esforços do setor, os ativistas em saúde devem fortalecer de forma proativa a capacidade dos governos e alertar os formuladores de políticas sobre as tentativas da indústria de criar novas categorias regulatórias (os chamados "produtos de risco reduzido"), fornecer informações enganosas sobre as autorizações governamentais de comercialização dos NETNPs e cooptar mensagens de "redução de danos" para atender aos interesses do setor.

Estudo de incidência de acometimentos cardiovasculares e pulmonares causados pelo cigarro eletrônico: uma revisão de escopo / Incidence study of cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders caused by electronic cigarettes: a scope review

Introdução: O uso de cigarros eletrônicos (CE) tem aumentado, mas sem um estudo aprofundado sobre seus efeitos na saúde cardiovascular e pulmonar. Uma pergunta norteadora foi elaborada: Os cigarros eletrônicos causam acometimentos cardiovasculares e pulmonares? Esta revisão de escopo pontua a existência dos acometimentos cardiovasculares e pulmonares causados pelo uso de cigarros eletrônicos. Metodologia: Bancos de dados: MEDLINE-Pubmed, LILACS e Web of Science. Descritores: "Electronic Nicotine Delivery System", "E-Cigarette Vapor", "COPD", "Lung Neoplasms", "Myocardial Infarction" e "Pneumonia". Primeira busca: 28 artigos. Critérios de Exclusão: artigos que não se encaixam na classificação de estudos primários e estudos duplicados. Busca final: 6 artigos, descritos na íntegra. Resultados: Dos artigos encontrados: 83,3% (EUA); 16,7% (Coreia do Sul); 16,7% estudo transversal; 16,7% estudo longitudinal; 33,3% ensaio clínico randomizado com pessoas; 33,3% estudos de coorte. Discussão: Os artigos demonstraram que o CE pode estar associado a acometimentos cardiovasculares, como infarto e acidente vascular, apesar de não ser tão influente quando comparado ao cigarro tradicional. Quanto aos acometimentos pulmonares, não houve consenso entre os dados dos artigos pesquisados. Conclusão: Faz-se necessária a realização de mais pesquisas sobre o tema, devido a divergência entre os dados presentes na literatura.

Introduction: The use of electronic cigarettes (EC) has increased, but without an in-depth study on their effects on cardiovascular and pulmonary health. A guiding question was formulated: Do electronic cigarettes cause cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders? This scoping review points out the existence of cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders caused by the use of electronic cigarettes. Methodology: Databases: MEDLINE-Pubmed, LILACS and Web of Science. Descriptors: "Electronic Nicotine Delivery System", "E-Cigarette Vapor", "COPD", "Lung Neoplasms", "Myocardial Infarction" and "Pneumonia". First search: 28 articles. Exclusion Criteria: articles that do not fit into the classification of primary studies and duplicated studies. Final search: 6 articles, described in full. Results: Of the articles found: 83.3% (USA); 16.7% (South Korea); 16.7% cross-sectional study; 16.7% longitudinal study; 33.3% randomized clinical trial with people; 33.3% cohort studies. Discussion: The articles showed that the EC may be associated with cardiovascular disorders, such as infarction and stroke, although it is not as influential when compared to traditional cigarettes. As for pulmonary disorders, there was no consensus among the data from the researched articles. Conclusion: More research on the topic is necessary, due to the divergence between the presented data in the literature.

Factores predisponentes a enfermedades no transmisibles en un área de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba / Predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in a health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality i: en

Introducción: Hoy en día las enfermedades no transmisibles constituyen un grave problema que afecta el estado de salud de la población, con una tendencia ascendente preocupante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles en pacientes de un área de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 286 individuos, escogidos a través de un muestreo aleatorio bietápico en el área de salud Josué País García del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2021. Las variables analizadas fueron antecedentes patológicos personales, consumo de productos del tabaco y alcohol, hábitos dietéticos y evaluación nutricional. Se utilizaron como medidas de resumen las frecuencias absolutas, el porcentaje y la tasa de prevalencia para variables cualitativas; la media aritmética y el mínimo e intervalo de confianza para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: El mayor riesgo de presentar hipertensión arterial figuró en las féminas (35,6 %) y existió alta prevalencia de fumadores en hombres (30,5 %) y mujeres (27,7 %). Asimismo, predominaron la exposición al humo de tabaco (fumadores pasivos) y el consumo de alcohol en edades tempranas (25-34 años). De los encuestados, 33,3 % resultó estar sobrepeso u obeso. Conclusiones: Los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles pudieran estar asociados con estilos de vida no saludables como el consumo de productos del tabaco y el alcohol, los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados y el sobrepeso.

Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight.

Evaluation of wound healing activity of topical nicotine in an excision wound model in rats

Background: Wound can be defined as disruption of cellular, anatomical, or functional continuity of living tissues. Nicotine causes damage to the epithelial layer of blood vessel and delays wound healing. It plays an important pathogenic role in impaired wound healing. Although in the last millennium, topical use of nicotine has been reported. It promotes collagen synthesis and, in turn, promotes wound healing. The role of topical nicotine on wound healing is controversial. Therefore, it was planned to evaluate and compare wound healing activity of various doses topical nicotine in rats. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of topical nicotine on wound healing in an excision wound model in rats. Materials and Methods: For evaluation of the wound healing effects of the nicotine, excision wound model was used. Nicotine was applied topically in a dose of 1.5 g%, 3.0 g%, and 6.0 g% petroleum base. Petroleum jelly served as control for topical nicotine. Dressing done by applying topical nicotine until (20 days) complete wound healing was observed. Parameters evaluated were surface area of wound and percentage closure. Results: Findings of this show that, on day 4, nicotine 3.0 g% and 6 g% the wound surface area were more as compared to control. On day 12, nicotine 6.0 g% showed significantly more wound surface area than control (P < 0.05). Percentage wound contraction with topical nicotine (6.0 g%) was less as compared to control on day 4, 8, and 12 (P < 0.001). On day 16, percentage wound contracture with topical nicotine (6.0 g%) contraction was significantly less as compared to control (P < 0.05). Although percentage wound contraction with topical nicotine (all preparations) and control was similar on day 20. Conclusion: Finding shows that topical nicotine impairs wound healing in a dose related pattern during initial stages of healing in an excision wound model. However, there is no delay in wound healing with any dose of topical nicotine.

Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Vaping

ABSTRACT The tobacco epidemic has been one of the biggest public health threats, and smoking is one of the world's largest preventable causes of premature death. An estimated 15.4% of all deaths in the world are attributable to tobacco smoking. The present review aims to describe addiction to tobacco smoking and vaping. Tobacco and vaping devices contain nicotine, a highly addictive drug, which explains why smoking is so prevalent and persistent. Electronic cigarettes are a group of novel nicotine or tobacco products that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Electronic cigarette devices allow for the use of other drugs, including THC, while the lax regulation may allow for the introduction of toxic compounds that can lead to acute or subacute toxicity, such as the e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury that has been linked to vitamin E acetate. In addition, regular vapers and heated tobacco devices emit toxins, although at lower concentrations than burned tobacco. However, more and more side effects have been identified. No new effective treatment for nicotine addiction has been developed recently, despite its huge adverse impact on overall health and other outcomes. As for the primary line of medications, the last one started in 2006, the varenicline, demonstrating a low interest in developing new medications against smoking, an unacceptable state of affairs, given the huge impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality.

Tratamiento del tabaquismo guiado por marcadores genéticos

Introducción: Entre las adicciones por drogas, el tabaquismo ocupa el primer lugar como causa de morbimortalidad y es factor de riesgo para seis de las ocho principales causas de muerte en el mundo. La nicotina es el principal componente adictivo del tabaco. En la terapia de reemplazo con nicotina (TRN), la vareniclina y el bupropion son los medicamentos aprobados para tratamiento del tabaquismo, pero los resultados de las clínicas de dejación del tabaquismo sugieren que aún se desconoce muchas variables influyentes en la respuesta al tratamiento. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia, la tolerabilidad y la efectividad de un programa de dejación de tabaquismo basado en nicotina o bupropion, en pacientes con dependencia al tabaco, seleccionados según los genotipos de las enzimas que metabolizan los dos fármacos. Hallazgos clínicos: Se incluyeron en esta serie 21 fumadores, 67% hombres, con edad promedio de 46,2±11,7 años. Su tabaquismo comenzó a los 17,8±6 años y llevaban fumando 28±13 años. Al inicio del estudio fumaban 17±12 cigarrillos por día (CPD), habían hecho 3,7±2 intentos de dejar de fumar y el puntaje NDSS (escala breve de evaluación de dependencia de la nicotina, por sus siglas en inglés) fue de 22±5 (punto de corte para dependencia a nicotina: 11 o más puntos). Tratamiento: Los pacientes tenían libre acceso telefónico al médico tratante y, cada semana, una consulta consistente en consejería y control del tratamiento farmacológico prescrito según los genotipos CYP2A6 (que codifica la enzima que metaboliza la nicotina) y CYP2B6 (que codifica la enzima que metaboliza el bupropion). Se empleó nicotina en parches transdérmicos de 14 mg el primer mes y luego de 7 mg el segundo mes, complementados con chicles para manejo del síndrome de abstinencia y bupropion en forma de liberación regulada por 300 mg, 1-2 veces al día. Resultados: Después de 8 semanas de tratamiento y 4 de observación, 15 sujetos (71,4%) respondieron en forma parcial/total. El consumo de CPD bajó de 17±12 al inicio del estudio, a 2,2±3,5 al final del estudio, que corresponde a una reducción de 195 cigarrillos/día. Siete de ocho pacientes tratados con bupropion (87,5%) y siete de trece tratados con nicotina (54%) tuvieron respuesta parcial/total. Solo un paciente formulado con nicotina suspendió el medicamento por intolerancia gastrointestinal (náusea y vómito). La tasa de recaídas, evaluada un mes después del tratamiento farmacológico, fue de cero. Se encontró buena correlación genotipo-fenotipo en los individuos tratados con bupropion, pero no en los tratados con nicotina. Relevancia clínica: La inclusión de marcadores farmacogenéticos para la elección de nicotina o bupropion en un programa de dejación de tabaquismo puede mejorar la adherencia, la tolerabilidad al fármaco y la efectividad del tratamiento.

Introduction: Among drug addictions, smoking ranks first as a cause of morbidity and mortality and is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death in the world. Nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco. In nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline and bupropion are the approved medications for smoking cessation, but results from smoking cessation clinics suggest that many variables influencing response to treatment remain unknown. Objective: To determine the adherence, tolerability and effectiveness of a smoking cessation program based on nicotine or bupropion, in patients with tobacco dependence, selected according to the genotypes of the enzymes that metabolize the two drugs. Clinical findings: Twenty-one smokers were included in this series, 67% men, with a mean age of 46.2 ± 11.7 years. Their smoking began at 17.8±6 years and they had been smoking for 28±13 years. At baseline, they smoked 17±12 cigarettes per day (CPD), had made 3.7±2 quit attempts, and the NDSS score it was 22±5 (cut-off point for nicotine dependence: 11 or more points). Treatment: The patients had free telephone access to the treating physician and, every week, a consultation consisting of counseling and control of the pharmacological treatment prescribed according to the CYP2A6 genotypes (encoding the enzyme that metabolizes nicotine) and CYP2B6 (coding for the enzyme that metabolizes bupropion). Nicotine was used in transdermal patches of 14 mg the first month and then 7 mg the second month, supplemented with gum to manage the withdrawal syndrome and bupropion in the form of controlled release 300 mg, 1-2 times a day. Results: After 8 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of observation, 15 subjects (71.4%) responded partially/totally. CPD consumption dropped from 17±12 at the beginning of the study to 2.2±3.5 at the end of the study, which corresponds to a reduction of 195 cigarettes/day. Seven of eight patients treated with bupropion (87.5%) and seven of thirteen treated with nicotine (54%) had a partial/total response. Only one patient receiving nicotine discontinued the medication due to gastrointestinal intolerance (nausea and vomiting). The relapse rate, assessed one month after drug treatment, was zero. Good genotype-phenotype correlation was found in individuals treated with bupropion, but not in those treated with nicotine. Clinical relevance: The inclusion of pharmacogenetic markers for the choice of nicotine or bupropion in a smoking cessation program may improve adherence, drug tolerability, and treatment effectiveness.

Adicción al tabaco y adolescencia: riesgos psicobiológicos / Psychobiological risks of tobacco during adolescence. A narrative review

Resumen La investigación moderna, tanto en humanos como preclínica, que utiliza modelos animales indica que fumar durante la edad adolescente resulta en cambios cerebrales y psicológicos a corto y largo plazo en el fumador, así como en un aumento significativo en los riesgos de desarrollar adicción al tabaco durante la vida. Por lo tanto, en la presente revisión narrativa se describirán y profundizarán los hallazgos investigativos modernos de la psicobiología de la adolescencia y los efectos del tabaco en el desarrollo, con un énfasis particular en la comprensión de los efectos psicológicos y cerebrales del consumo de tabaco durante la adolescencia, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Se considerarán de manera detallada los avances investigativos sobre la psicobiología de la adolescencia y sus riesgos en las adicciones desde los aspectos: conductual, cognitivo, reactividad al estrés y psicobiología. Sobre esta base, se revisará la investigación sobre la psicobiología de la adolescencia y la evidencia de vulnerabilidad a la adicción durante esta etapa. Al final, se abordarán los efectos del tabaco en el cerebro y conducta durante el desarrollo adolescente y vida posterior, ya que se ha encontrado evidencia relacionada con alteraciones cerebrales crónicas en los sistemas colinérgicos y regiones cerebrales asociadas con la dependencia de la nicotina. Se espera que la revisión y divulgación de esta información en el idioma español sea de valor para la comprensión de los problemas de vulnerabilidad y predisposiciones a la adicción al tabaco en el contexto de Latinoamérica.

Abstract Tobacco use and its harmful health-related problems have become one of the largest modern preventable public health issues. Current research strongly suggests that smoking during adolescence enhances addictive smoking behaviors during life, which can be related to adolescence as a critical ontogenetic period characterized by behaviors that can increase the probability of risk-related behaviors such as sensation and novelty seeking. Adolescent development is also a period of maturation of frontal and subcortical neural systems, brain changes that underlie higher impulsivity tendencies to promote adequate learning and adaptations necessary to succeed the novel challenges of the adult life, but those changes also enhance vulnerabilities to the addictive effects of drugs. Consistent with this, tobacco use affects brain development processes which underlie long-term psychobiological alterations and the enhanced risks for tobacco addiction during adult life. Thus, the present review describes current psychobiological approaches to understand general addiction processes and tobacco addiction, highlighting the behavioral and neural short-term effects of tobacco use during adolescence and its long-term effects during adulthood. Current research has advanced on four aspects for the understanding of both the psychobiology of adolescent development and the effects of drugs of abuse during this time. The first aspect is behavioral, as adolescence is related to important changes on motivational and emotional behaviors such as sensation seeking. Other important behavioral changes are social approach, a higher variety of opportunity for personal choices, and development of personal independence. Research on a second aspect has focused on cognition. A review of research is presented showing enhanced abilities during adolescence development for reading, abstract and logical thinking, and novel problem solving. Stress reactivity is the third aspect of reviewed psychobiological mechanisms. The stress biological system undergoes important changes during adolescence, including changes on stress-related hormones and neural architecture. An important issue is that exposure to early and/or chronic stressful circumstances during adolescence could be related to higher risk to the start and maintenance of addiction states, as suggested by research assessing the disruptive effects of stress on psychobiological homeostatic processes needed to maintain stable biological and emotional regulation. The fourth aspect is psychobiology. In this section research is reviewed related to the development of monoaminergic brain circuits underlying motivation, novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and addiction processes. Using as model the previous review integration, the effects of nicotine are discussed, the essential addictive component of tobacco, on the neurochemical systems underlying tobacco addiction. Following this, important research is introduced that describes psychobiological changes during adolescence and evidence of vulnerability to addiction during this life stage. Then, current research on both short-term and long-term effects of tobacco or nicotine administration during adolescence on the brain, behavior, and cognition is introduced. The current research advances and discussions on the psychobiology of addictions in general, and tobacco addiction in particular, have been possible to a large extent from the use of animal models and preclinical research, since animal models have become crucial to identify learning, motivational, emotional, and cognitive mechanisms that underlie addictive processes, and making possible to perform experimental procedures to discover the functioning and participation of biological components. One example of such components is the cholinergic system, which is activated by nicotine and is part of the neurochemical machinery on different brain areas important for both tobacco addiction and adolescence development such as the dorsal striatum, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. The present review and research divulgation written in Spanish are expected to clarify modern research on addiction and encourage current scientific education on the vulnerabilities and predispositions for tobacco abuse in Latin-American countries.

Impact of e-cigarettes use on the oral health-related quality of life among young people in metropolitan Lima / Impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima metropolitana

Aim: To determine the effects of e-cigarette use on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in young people in Metropolitan Lima. Materials and Methods: This observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed with 189 individuals (age, 18­29 years) who used electronic cigarettes. The OHIP-Sp5 instrument was used to assess OHRQOL. Results: The use of e-cigarettes was higher among male participants (47.79%) than that among the female participants (26.32%). The mean OHRQOL scores of individuals who did and did not use e-cigarettes were 3.17 (2.26) and 3.12 (2.47), respectively These scores for people who did and did not use mouthwash were 2.92 (2.34) and 3.57 (2.43), respectively. Regarding orofacial pain 2.65% participants frequently re-ported "painful discomfort" and 7.41% of the young people presented such discomfort of orofacial aspect "frequently." Conclusions: Recording e-cigarette uses and frequency in patients' medical records is important, as well as incorporating educational strategies to reduce e-cigarette consumption and avoiding harmful effects on general health.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en un total de 189 jóvenes con edades comprendidas de 18 a 29 años que son usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos. Para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral se utilizó el instrumento "OHIP-Sp5". Resultados: Se determinó que los participantes del sexo masculino (47.79%) son los que más utilizan el cigarrillo electrónico en comparación a las participantes del sexo femenino (26.32%). Se observó una calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral media de 3,17 (2,26) para los usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos, mientras que para los no usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos la media fue de 3,12 (2,47). Asimismo, para los que usan enjuagues bucales se encontró una media de 2.92(2.34), a diferencia de los que no hacían uso del mismo que presentaban peor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral con una media de 3.57(2.43). En cuanto a dolor orofacial el 2.65% de los participantes referían "molestias dolorosas" a menudo y el 7.41% de los jóvenes presentaban dicho disconfort de la apariencia orofacial "a menudo". Conclusión: El registro del uso y frecuencia del cigarrillo electrónico en la historia clínica de los pacientes es de suma importancia, así como incorporar estrategias educativas para reducir el consumo de los vapeadores y evitar efectos nocivos en la salud general.

The Effect of Nicotine Lozenge Over Teeth Bleaching During Cigarette's Addiction Treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nicotine lozenge on teeth staining with/without bleaching in animal model study. A total of 15 Wistar rats were exposed in an acrylic container to 10 cigarettes smoke three times a day for 8 minutes per time, and sacrificed after 60 days. A total of 30 incisor teeth were treated (n=10) as the following: Group-1: in-office bleaching, at-home bleaching and immersion in artificial saliva; group-2: in-office bleaching, at - home bleaching and immersion in nicotine lozenge solution and in artificial saliva; group-3: immersion in nicotine lozenge solution and in artificial. The specimens of all groups were photographed using a stereomicroscope at T1) immediately after the extraction and before any treatment; T2) after one month of the treatment; and T3) after two months of the treatment. Four equidistant points of each specimen were analyzed using CMYK shade guide. The data were analyzed one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey test for multiple comparisons with (a ≤ 0.05). In group-1, there was a significant difference of the color saturation of specimens between T1 and T2, and between T1 and T3 readings (P<0.0001). In group-2, there was a significant difference of the color saturation of specimens between T1 and T2, between T2 and T3 readings (P<0.0001). In group-3, there was a significant difference of the color saturation of specimens between T1 and T2, and between T1 and T3 readings (P<0.0001). The usage of nicotine lozenge promotes teeth lighting with/without bleaching.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de comprimidos de nicotina sobre la tinción de los dientes con/sin blanqueamiento en un estudio de modelo animal. Un total de 15 ratas Wistar fueron expuestas en un recipiente acrílico al humo de 10 cigarrillos tres veces al día durante 8 minutos por vez, y sacrificadas después de 60 días. Se trataron un total de 30 dientes incisivos (n=10) de la siguiente manera: Grupo-1: blanqueamiento en consultorio, blanqueamiento en casa e inmersión en saliva artificial; grupo-2: blanqueamiento en consultorio, blanqueamiento en casa e inmersión en solución de comprimidos de nicotina y en saliva artificial; grupo-3: inmersión en solución de nicotina en comprimidos y en artificial. Los especímenes de todos los grupos fueron fotografiados utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico en T1) inmediatamente después de la extracción y antes de cualquier tratamiento; T2) después de un mes del tratamiento; y T3) a los dos meses del tratamiento. Se analizaron cuatro puntos equidistantes de cada espécimen utilizando la guía de colores CMYK. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba ANOVA unidireccional seguida de la prueba de Tukey para comparaciones múltiples con (a ≤ 0,05). En el grupo 1, hubo una diferencia significativa de la saturación de color de las muestras entre T1 y T2, y entre las lecturas T1 y T3 (P<0,0001). En el grupo 2, hubo una diferencia significativa de la saturación de color de las muestras entre T1 y T2, entre las lecturas de T2 y T3 (P<0.0001). En el grupo 3, hubo unadiferencia significativa de la saturación de color de las muestras entre T1 y T2, y entre las lecturas T1 y T3 (P<0,0001). El uso de comprimidos de nicotina promueve la iluminación de los dientes con/sin blanqueamiento.

Risco de exacerbação de asma em adolescentes usuários de dispositivos eletrônicos de liberação de nicotina: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Risk of asthma exacerbation in adolescent users of electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a associação entreo o uso dos cigarros eletrônicos e doenças pulmonares em adolescentes. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática na base de dados PubMed. Os termos Mesh incluídos na busca foram "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems" e "Lung Diseases" e sinônimos no título e abstract, com o filtro de idade "child: birth - 18 years", para buscar artigos relacionados ao uso de cigarros eletrônicos e doenças pulmonares em adolescentes. Os critérios de elegibilidade consistiram em: usuários adolescentes, exposição ao cigarro eletrônico e doença pulmonar como desfecho. Os artigos foram selecionados por uma revisão pareada de maneira independente, primeiramente com a leitura dos títulos e resumos, seguida da leitura integral dos artigos selecionados, os quais foram analisados pela ferramenta New Castle-Ottawa quanto sua qualidade, e receberam entre 5 e 7 estrelas. Os dados encontrados foram extraídos para a realização da metanálise. Inicialmente foram encontrados 61 artigos, sendo seis considerados elegíveis, todos transversais e com aplicação de questionários. Na metanálise foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre o uso de cigarro eletrônico e exacerbação de asma (OR ajustado 1,44; IC 95% 1,17­1,76). Não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a associação do cigarro eletrônico e outras doenças pulmonares, incluindo EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping product use-Associated Lung Injury), em adolescentes. Na metanálise foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre exacerbações de asma e uso de cigarros eletrônicos em adolescentes com asma crônica e nos previamente hígidos.

This study aims to investigate the association between electronic cigarette use and lung disease in adolescents. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed. We used the MeSH terms "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems" and "Lung Diseases" as well as synonyms in the title and abstract, with the age filter "child: birth - 18 years" to search for articles related to electronic cigarette use and lung disease in adolescents. The eligibility criteria consisted of adolescent users and exposure to e-cigarettes that resulted in lung disease. The articles were selected by independent assessment, reading first the titles and abstracts, then the full text of the selected articles. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality, and the included studies received between 5 and 7 stars. Finally, the data were extracted for meta-analysis. Initially, 61 articles were found and 6 were considered eligible, all of which were cross-sectional and applied questionnaires. The meta-analysis found a significant association between electronic cigarette use and asthma exacerbation (adjusted OR 1.44 95% CI 1.17 - 1.76). However, no studies evaluated the association with other lung diseases, including electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury in adolescents. The metaanalysis revealed a significant association between e-cigarette use and asthma exacerbation among adolescents with chronic asthma, as well as among their previously healthy peers.

Tabagismo na pandemia de Covid-19: aspectos neurobiológicos do abuso de drogas em condições de estresse prolongado / Smoking on Covid-19 pandemic: neurobiological aspects of drug abuse in lasting stress conditions / Fumar en la pandemia de Covid-19: aspectos neurobiológicos del abuso de drogas en condiciones de estrés duradero

No fim de 2019 iniciou-se uma das maiores crises da saúde pública global em Wuhan, China. Essa emergência foi o aparecimento do SARS-CoV-2 e da doença COVID-19, uma síndrome respiratória aguda de alta transmissibilidade. A declaração da pandemia pela OMS em março de 2020 fez com que o mundo tomasse diversas medidas para o combate e contenção da doença. Inicialmente o isolamento social e lockdown foram as principais iniciativas, já que não havia formas de tratamento ou prevenção da doença. Essas medidas restritivas geraram uma mudança de hábito da população que deflagrou sérios comprometimentos físicos e psicológicos. Uma das consequências foi o aumento do uso de substâncias de abuso e, consequentemente, do transtornos por uso de substâncias, dentre elas o tabaco. Durante a pandemia o consumo de cigarro aumentou de 10 a 30% no mundo, o tabagismo é a principal causa de morte evitável e fator de risco para diversas doenças. Conjuntamente ao álcool, a nicotina têm um poder aditivo superior a muitas drogas ilícitas. A combinação dos transtornos por uso de substâncias e a COVID-19 acabam por ter um efeito sinérgico, dessa forma, buscamos integrar aspectos neuroquímicos, cognitivos e comportamentais que levaram ao aumento do consumo e/ou recaída nicotina e a terapêutica utilizada.

One of the biggest global public health crisis began in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. That emergency was the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19, a highly transmissible acute respiratory syndrome. The pandemic declaration by the WHO in March 2020 caused the world to take on several measures to combat and contain the virus. Initially, social isolation and lockdown were the main initiatives, as there were no forms of treatment or prevention of the disease. These restrictive measures generate a change in the habit of the population that triggered serious physical and psychological impairments. One of the consequences was the increase in the use of substances of abuse and, consequently, substance use disorder, including tobacco. During the pandemic, cigarette consumption increased from 10 to 30% worldwide, whereas smoking is the main cause of preventable death and a risk factor for several diseases. Along with alcohol, nicotine has a greater addictive power than illicit drugs. Substance use disorders and COVID-19 have a synergistic effect, in this way, we seek to integrate neurochemical, cognitive and behavioral aspects that led to increased consumption and/or relapse in nicotine consumption and the used therapy.

Una de las mayores crisis mundiales de salud pública comenzó en Wuhan (China) a finales de 2019. Esa emergencia fue la aparición del SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19, un síndrome respiratorio agudo altamente transmisible. La declaración de pandemia por parte de la OMS en marzo de 2020 hizo que el mundo adoptara varias medidas para combatir y contener el virus. Inicialmente, el aislamiento social y el encierro fueron las principales iniciativas, ya que no existían formas de tratamiento o prevención de la enfermedad. Estas medidas restrictivas generaron un cambio en los hábitos de la población que desencadenó graves alteraciones físicas y psicológicas. Una de las consecuencias fue el aumento del consumo de sustancias de abuso y, en consecuencia, el trastorno por consumo de sustancias, incluido el tabaco. Durante la pandemia, el consumo de cigarrillos aumentó del 10 al 30% en todo el mundo, mientras que el tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable y un factor de riesgo de varias enfermedades. Junto con el alcohol, la nicotina tiene un mayor poder adictivo que las drogas ilícitas. Los trastornos por uso de sustancias y la COVID-19 tienen un efecto sinérgico, de esta manera, buscamos integrar los aspectos neuroquímicos, cognitivos y conductuales que llevaron al aumento del consumo y/o recaída en el consumo de nicotina y la terapia utilizada.

The spread of heated tobacco product (HTP) use across various subgroups during 2015-16 and 2017-18 in Japan

BACKGROUND@#Heated tobacco product (HTP) use has increased substantially between 2016 and 2017 in Japan. This study aims to clarify how HTP use (IQOS, Ploom, and glo) spread across the different combustible cigarette smoking statuses during 2015-16 and 2017-18 in Japan.@*METHODS@#We compared the two periods of (i) 2015 to 2016 (N = 5,366) and (ii) 2017 to 2018 (N = 3,422) from a longitudinal study randomly sampling members from the Japan "Society and New Tobacco" Internet Survey (JASTIS). Multivariable logistic regression models for current HTP use in the previous 30 days by combustible cigarette smoking status in the previous year were used adjusting for socio-demographic factors.@*RESULTS@#HTP use increased by 10 times in the 2017-18 cohort compared with the 2015-16 cohort according to the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for current HTP use as 10.2 (7.03-14.8). According to smoking status, significantly higher adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of current HTP use for the after period were observed: 2.60 (1.37-4.94) for never smokers, 7.82 (3.64-16.8) for former smokers, 21.1 (5.73-77.9) for current smokers with intention to quit, and 17.0 (9.58-30.3) for current smokers without intention to quit.@*CONCLUSION@#During 2015 to 2018 in Japan, HTP use dramatically increased in all subgroups except for never smokers.

Vaping and e-cigarettes: a new public health concern / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#Electronic cigarettes are handheld electronic vaping devices which produce an aerosol by heating an e-liquid. The e-liquid typically contains humectants and flavorings, with or without nicotine; once vaporized by the atomizer, the aerosol (vapor) provides a sensation like tobacco also smoking the heating process can lead to the generation of new decomposition compounds that may be hazardous. Heavy metals, organic compounds, and particles smaller than PM2.5 were found on the puff of the electronic cigarette, also in 2012 International agency research cancer, introduced PM2.5 human carcinogen substance. Therefore, e-cigarette liquid products should be subjected to regulatory control to ensure consistent nicotine delivery. Global youth tobacco survey Mongolia 2019 asked about e-cigarette use status and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.6-4.6) of students currently used electronic cigarettes while one in ten students (10.1%, 95% CI: 8.3-12.2) had ever used electronic cigarettes. E-cigarette advertising is on television and radio in many countries that have long banned similar advertising for cigarettes and other tobacco products and may be indirectly promoting smoking conventional cigarettes. Smoke-free policies protect nonsmokers from exposure to toxins and encourage smoking cessation. Introducing e-cigarettes into clean air environments may result in population harm if use of the product reinforces the act of smoking as socially acceptable or if use undermines the benefits of smoke-free policies.