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Objetivo: A obesidade populacional afeta inúmeras nações do mundo, implicando custos econô¬micos, sociais e ambientais severos, comprometendo a condição de desenvolvimento sustentável. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a evolução da situação de sobrepeso e obesidade popu¬lacional dos países-membros da OCDE e do Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo analisa dados sobre a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade populacional disponibilizados pela OCDE para os seus paí¬ses-membros e pelo sistema Vigitel para o Brasil. Resultados: Os países da OCDE apresentam uma variabilidade grande na prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, e a prevalência média está na faixa dos 50%. Para o Brasil, a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade populacional aumentou expressiva¬mente nos últimos anos, indo de cerca de 45% em 2010 para 53,5% em 2020. Conclusão: A maioria dos países analisados está classificada em uma condição de taxa média de prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade superior a 50% e uma tendência de crescimento dessa prevalência. O estudo ainda apresenta algumas ações e políticas públicas promovidas em outros países com o propósito de promover a redução da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade, e que poderiam ser adaptadas e implementadas no contexto brasileiro.
Objective: Population obesity affects many nations of the world, implying severe economic, social and environmental costs, compromising the condition of sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the evolution of the situation of overweight and obesity in the OECD member countries and Brazil. Methods: This study analyzes data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity made available by the OECD for its member countries, and by the Vigitel System for Brazil. Results: The OECD countries show a great variability in the prevalence of overweight/obesity, with the average prevalence being in the range of 50%. For Brazil, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population has increased significantly in recent years, going from about 45% in 2010 to 53.5% in 2020. Conclusion: Most of the countries analyzed are classified in a condition of average prevalence rate of overweight and obesity greater than 50% and a tendency for this prevalence to increase. The study also presents some actions and public policies promoted in other countries with the purpose of promoting the reduction of the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which could be adapted and implemented in the Brazilian context.
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La diversidad cultural es el resultado de un proceso que se conforma en el marco de las relaciones sociales, económicas y culturales. Se hace imprescindible que los profesores universitarios estén preparados para atender la diversidad cultural de sus estudiantes, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades de su cultura nacional y la de otros grupos de diferentes procedencias que coexisten en un mismo escenario educativo. La diversidad cultural es un reto de la comunidad educativa y debe estar contemplada en la formación permanente de los profesores de las universidades médicas fundamentalmente por sus contextos, los ambientes socioeconómicos y los problemas de salud, sobre todo por las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles debido a su alta prevalencia y su repercusión en el individuo y su familia, en los que influyen los factores de riesgo y las determinantes sociales, condicionados por sus orígenes, creencias, vivencias y representaciones que matizan los contextos interculturales actuales a nivel mundial.
Cultural diversity is the result of a process that is formed within the framework of social, economic and cultural relations. It is essential that university professors are prepared to address the cultural diversity of their students, taking into account the particularities of their national culture and that of other groups of different origins that coexist in the same educational setting. Cultural diversity is a challenge for the educational community and must be considered in the ongoing training of professors at medical universities, fundamentally due to their contexts, socioeconomic environments and health problems, especially chronic non-communicable diseases due to their high prevalence and its impact on the individual and his or her family, influenced by risk factors and social determinants, conditioned by their origins, beliefs, experiences and representations that color current intercultural contexts worldwide.
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Background: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) are primarily driven by the modifiable risk factors that often emerge during the childhood/adolescence and contribute towards majority of premature deaths during adulthood. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of multiple NCD risk factors and the associated factors among adolescents in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan. Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 430 school going adolescents. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from STEPS survey format of the WHO and indian adolescent health questionnaire was used; anthropometric measurements were taken using standard procedure. Presence of two or more risk factors in one individual was considered as clustering of NCD risk factors. Results: Prevalence of two risk factors (Dyads) was 48.8% (urban) and 33% (rural), three or more risk factors were found in about 12.1% urban and 7.9% rural adolescents. For “Dyads”, males had OR 3.58 (95% CI 1.9- 6.4) and OR 4.1 (95% CI 2.6-7.9) in urban and rural areas, respectively. The risk of clustering was higher with increasing age [Dyad: OR 1.26 (CI 1.1-5.73) in urban, OR 2.2 (CI 1.56-3.7) in rural; ? 3 risk factors: OR 2.3 (CI 1.98-4.11) in urban, OR 1.52 (CI 1.21-4.9)]. Conclusions: Clustering of the risk factors was prevalent among urban as well as rural adolescents emphasizing the importance of developing primary prevention strategies which can be effective across all demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Background: In India, infectious diseases continue to be predominant with emerging non-communicable diseases, imposing a double burden of diseases on health care system. Hence, the tertiary health care hospital-based study was done to compare the morbidity pattern of communicable diseases with respect to non-communicable diseases. Methods: A 2 years’ record-based data of admitted patients was collected in a tertiary health care hospital. The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel version 365. Significance of association and difference in proportions has been checked with chi-square test and Z test for SEDP respectively at significance level of 0.05. Results: During the study period of two years, 6818 patients were admitted in the hospital, of which 74.51% suffered from communicable diseases while 25.49% suffered from other types of disease including non-communicable diseases. Of the 5080, patients with communicable diseases, 57.74% were males and 42.26% were females. Communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases had male predominance (p<0.05) and was higher amongst age group 0-15 years (p<0.05). Hospital stay was prolonged in patients suffering from communicable disease (p<0.05). Significant increased difference was found in AFI, Malaria, Dengue and in Leptospirosis prevalence and significant decreased difference was found in acute gastroenteritis, IV, Covid-19, Respiratory infections and enteric fever (p<0.05). Conclusions: Communicable diseases continue to be a major threat to public health system in India. Through effective surveillance programmes, any change in trends of disease can be identified and suitable measures can be adapted to control and prevent it.
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Introducción: Las enfermedades periodontales tienen efectos locales y sistémicos sobre algunas enfermedades sistémicas. Propósito: Identificar cambios después de una jornada informativa preventiva sobre la relación de las EP y las enfermedades sistémicas en un ambiente universitario de carreras del área de la salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal no analítico cuyo objeto de estudio fue el cambio de la información obtenida por los participantes de una jornada de educación en salud en una muestra no aleatoria de 264 individuos de facultades de salud diferentes a odontología quienes recibieron encuestas "antes y después". Las variables de los cambios en los conocimientos se evaluaron mediante una escala Likert. Resultados: Antes de la estrategia, el 51,6% consideraban poco importante o que podría ser importante la salud oral como estilo de vida saludable vs un 99.2% al final. El 67.8 % de los sujetos, consideraban que la enfermedad periodontal no compartía factores de riesgo con condiciones sistémicas vs un 92.9%. Se incrementó de un 67.75% a 93.2% el reconocimiento del control del riesgo periodontal como estrategia para incidir en las enfermedades sistémicas. Conclusión: Una estrategia educativa sensibilizar positivamente sobre la importancia de la prevención de las enfermedades periodontales y las condiciones sistémicas.
Introduction: Periodontal diseases have local and systemic effects on some systemic diseases. Purpose: Identify changes after a preventive information session on the relationship between PD and systemic diseases in health faculties. Materials and methods: Non-analytical cross-sectional study whose object was the change in the information obtained by the participants of a health education session in a non-random sample of 264 individuals from health faculties other than dentistry who received "before and after" surveys. The variables were evaluated using a Likert scale. Results: Before the strategy, 51.6% considered oral health to be important for a healthy lifestyle vs. 99.2% at the end of the session. 67.8% of the subjects considered that periodontal disease shared risk factors with systemic conditions before the session vs. 92.9% after it. The recognition of periodontal risk control as a strategy to influence systemic diseases increased from 67.75% to 93.2%. Conclusion: An educational strategy raises a positive awareness of the importance of preventing periodontal diseases and systemic conditions.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Periodontitis , Estudiantes del Área de la Salud , Salud Bucal , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
Abstract Objectives To present observational studies investigating associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in childhood and adolescence. Data source Observational, cross-sectional, or longitudinal studies were considered, and identified in the Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed and Scielo databases, without date restrictions. Data synthesis The most frequent combinations of risk factors in children and adolescents involved an unhealthy diet, with regular consumption of ultra-processed foods to the detriment of a diet based on fresh or minimally-processed foods and insufficient levels of physical activity; records on alcohol and tobacco use were identified. Combined, these practices contribute to the findings that indicate an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents and a sedentary lifestyle, with a decrease in physical activity, in addition to representing a risk for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease in childhood and adolescence. Conclusions The present study maps the current literature on the topic and indicates the direction of the approach for health promotion and prevention of NCDs in children and adolescents. Among the different risk factors that negatively affect the full development of this population, frequently eating breakfast and practicing physical activity is most strongly associated with a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods and should be part of an integrated approach to promoting eating practices that favor the reduction of diseases also in adult life.
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La obesidad se ha convertido en una de las mayores problemáticas de salud pública a nivel mundial, y Colombia no es ajena a esta situación. El entorno universitario constituye un escenario clave para el abordaje de esta problemática. Objetivo: Caracterizar el entorno alimentario de una universidad en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante la observación directa y registro en formularios estructurados de todos los establecimientos de venta de alimentos. Se consideraron las siguientes variables: oferta de alimentos, precio, publicidad, facilitadores y barreras. Resultados: Ningún establecimiento se clasificó como saludable. En el 76% de los establecimientos, los paquetes o promociones eran más económicos. En el 62% de los establecimientos se observó que los platos saludables eran más costosos. Solo en dos establecimientos se observó publicidad directa para fomentar una alimentación saludable. Se ofrecían principalmente productos ultraprocesados (53%). Conclusión: los resultados del estudio muestran en general un panorama de un entorno alimentario poco saludable. Este diagnóstico se configura como un insumo importante para la toma de decisiones al interior de la institución para mejorar y promover una alimentación más saludable que permita disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas en la comunidad universitaria.
Nowadays, obesity has become one of the biggest public health challenges worldwide. This scenario includes Colombia as well. Against this background, the university environment constitutes a key scenario for addressing this situation. Research Objective: To characterize the food environment of a university in Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out through direct observation. Additionally, it was used structured forms for recording the data of the food establishments. The research considers the following variables: food supply, prices, advertising, facilitators and barriers. Results: No establishment was classified as healthy. In 76% of the establishments, the food-sets or promotions were cheaper. In 62% of the places under inspection, the healthy dishes were more expensive. Only in two establishments there was direct advertising that promoted healthy eating. In general, mainly ultra-processed edible products (53%) were offered. Conclusion: The results of the study generally paint a picture of an unhealthy food environment. This diagnosis is configured as an important input for decision-making within the institution to improve and promote a healthier diet that reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases in the university community.
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Abstract: This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to analyze adults' knowledge about metabolic syndrome. The instrument was developed via documentary research, resulting in 40 statements with Likert-type responses, organized into three domains: (1) knowledge about obesity and related diseases; (2) knowledge about risk factors; and (3) knowledge about protective factors. Experts' analysis of the construct and testing on 600 participants were used to validate the instrument. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that six assertions had very low factor loadings and were excluded, resulting in 34 assertions. The final version of the instrument presented satisfactory internal consistency indicators, guaranteeing the first evidence of the instrument accuracy in assessing adults' knowledge about metabolic syndrome.
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e validar um instrumento para analisar o conhecimento de indivíduos adultos sobre a síndrome metabólica. O instrumento foi desenvolvido por meio de uma pesquisa documental resultando na construção de 40 assertivas com respostas tipo Likert, organizadas em três domínios: (1) conhecimento sobre obesidade e doenças relacionadas; (2) conhecimento sobre fatores de risco; e (3) conhecimento sobre fatores de proteção. A validação foi realizada por meio da análise do constructo por especialistas e teste em uma amostra de 600 adultos. A análise fatorial exploratória indicou que seis assertivas apresentaram cargas fatoriais muito baixas e foram excluídas resultando em 34 assertivas. A versão final do instrumento apresentou indicadores de consistência interna satisfatórios, garantindo as primeiras evidências de precisão do instrumento para se avaliar o conhecimento de indivíduos adultos sobre a síndrome metabólica.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar y validar un instrumento para identificar el conocimiento de los adultos sobre el síndrome metabólico. El instrumento se desarrolló en una investigación documental que resultó en la construcción de cuarenta afirmaciones con respuestas tipo Likert, organizadas en tres dominios: (1) conocimiento sobre la obesidad y enfermedades relacionadas; (2) conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo; y (3) conocimiento sobre factores protectores. La validación fue realizada por expertos mediante análisis del constructo y testeo sobre una muestra de 600 adultos. El análisis factorial exploratorio indicó que seis afirmaciones tenían cargas factoriales muy bajas y se excluyeron, lo que resultó en 34 afirmaciones. La versión final del instrumento presentó indicadores de consistencia interna satisfactorios, lo que garantiza la primera evidencia de la precisión del instrumento para evaluar el conocimiento de los adultos sobre el síndrome metabólico.
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Fundamento: los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en la enfermedad de Huntington pudieran predecir el curso de la enfermedad y evaluar nuevos tratamientos, pero su naturaleza inespecífica parece impedir la identificación de algún marcador útil. Esclarecer similitudes y diferencias de este fenómeno y su comportamiento con características clínicas puede ser esencial. Objetivo comparar biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo entre pacientes con enfermedad de Huntington y con otros desórdenes neurológicos. Métodos se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo y caso-control (enfermedad de Huntington esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2 e ictus isquémico: en etapa aguda y crónica). Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas y marcadores de daño oxidativo (malonildialdehído, productos avanzados de oxidación a proteínas) y antioxidantes (superóxido dismutasa: catalasa: glutatión peroxidasa, capacidad antioxidante del plasma). Resultados hubo diferencias significativas del malonildialdehído en la enfermedad de Huntington respecto al control (p=0,02), pero no con el resto de los grupos. La enzima superóxido dismutasa en enfermedad de Huntington fue menor estadísticamente en comparación con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, aunque para la catalasa fue superior en relación con el resto de los pacientes. El FRAP en enfermedad de Huntington resultó menor significativamente versus esclerosis lateral amiotrófica e ictus isquémico agudo. Los productos avanzados de la oxidación de proteína se correlacionaron directamente con las edades biológicas y de inicio de la enfermedad de Huntington. La actividad motora en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y el déficit neurológico en el ictus isquémico agudo se correlacionaron con el malonildialdehído y glutatión peroxidasa respectivamente. Conclusiones la enfermedad de Huntington parece mostrar características específicas en su sistema antioxidante. La oxidación de proteínas pudiera estar relacionada con la acumulación de huntingtina mutada en el tiempo.
Foundation: biomarkers of oxidative stress in Huntington's disease could predict the course of the disease and evaluate new treatments, but their nonspecific nature seems to prevent the identification of any useful marker. Clarifying similarities and differences of this phenomenon and its behavior with clinical characteristics may be essential. Objective: compare biomarkers of oxidative stress between patients with Huntington's disease and other neurological disorders. Methods: an analytical, retrospective and case-control study was carried out (Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and ischemic stroke: acute and chronic stage). Demographic and clinical variables and markers of oxidative damage (malonildialdehyde, advanced protein oxidation products) and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase: catalase: glutathione peroxidase, plasma antioxidant capacity) were collected. Results: there were significant differences in malonyldialdehyde in Huntington's disease compared to the control (p=0.02), but not with the rest of the groups. The enzyme superoxide dismutase in Huntington's disease was statistically lower compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although for catalase it was higher in relation to the rest of the patients. FRAP in Huntington's disease was significantly lower versus amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and acute ischemic stroke. Advanced products of protein oxidation were directly correlated with the biological and onset ages of Huntington's disease. Motor activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neurological deficit in acute ischemic stroke were correlated with malonyldialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase, respectively. Conclusions: huntington's disease seems to show specific characteristics in its antioxidant system. Protein oxidation could be related to the accumulation of mutated huntingtin over time.
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Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), como el cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias, son la epidemia del siglo XXI, siendo el tabaquismo un factor de riesgo común. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes tabáquicos de la Unidad de Tratamientos Intermedios (UTI) del Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, analítico y descriptivo. Se evaluaron 150 ingresos consecutivos a la UTI desde el 01 de septiembre al 01 de diciembre de 2022. Resultados: La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue de un 56%, incluyendo exfumadores. La media de edad fue de 64 años. La exposición a humo de segunda mano resultó significativa con un 41,7% en fumadores activos. Las asociaciones con hipertensión arterial, EPOC y cáncer pulmonar resultaron significativas. Un 20,2% de los pacientes con cáncer pulmonar tenían tabaquismo activo. No fueron significativos los días de estadía en la unidad, hospitalaria general ni fallecimientos. Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte la prevalencia de tabaquismo fue más alta que la nacional y se confirmó su vínculo con las ECNT. Identificamos que la exposición de segunda mano fue significativa, por lo que los esfuerzos para el cese del tabaquismo deben ir enfocados tanto al paciente como su entorno cercano. A pesar que algunos pacientes tenían el diagnóstico de cáncer pulmonar, un porcentaje no menor seguía fumando, por lo que es relevante incorporar a este grupo de pacientes a programas especializados para reducir morbilidad. Con nuestro estudio reafirmamos la importancia de continuar con los esfuerzos nacionales por reducir el tabaquismo como acción preventiva de las ECNT y sus complicaciones.
Introduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, are the epidemic of the 21st century, smoking being a common risk factor. Objective: To characterize smoking patients in the Intermediate Treatment Unit (ICU) of the Chilean National Thorax Institute. Material and Method: Observational, analytical and descriptive study. 150 consecutive admissions to the ICU were evaluated from September 1 to December 1, 2022. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 56%, including former smokers. The average age was 64 years-old. Exposure to secondhand smoke was significant with 41.7% in active smokers. The associations with high blood pressure, COPD and lung cancer were significant. 20.2% of patients with lung cancer were active smokers. The days of stay in the unit, general hospital stay, or deaths were not significant. Conclusions: In our cohort the prevalence of smoking was higher than the national average and its link with NCDs is confirmed. We identified that secondhand exposure was significant, so efforts to stop smoking must be focused on both the patient and their immediate environment. Although some patients had a diagnosis of lung cancer, a significant percentage continued to smoke, making it important to incorporate this group of patients into specialized programs to reduce morbidity. With our study we reaffirm the importance of continuing national efforts to reduce smoking as a preventive action for NCDs and their complications.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Tabaquismo/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , Unidades de Cuidados IntensivosRESUMEN
Resumo O manejo inadequado da diabetes mellitus (DM) pode levar a complicações que afetam a qualidade de vida. A prevalência da DM e suas complicações está aumentando, apresentando distribuição desigual na população. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de complicações devido à DM e avaliar as desigualdades na população brasileira. Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), de 2019. As complicações avaliadas foram: coma diabético, infarto/Acidente Vascular Cerebral/derrame, problema nos rins, problema na visão e úlcera nos pés ou amputação. As exposições foram a escolaridade e renda. Foram calculadas as prevalências das complicações separadamente, combinação em duplas, presença de alguma complicação e número de complicações. A desigualdade foi estimada por meio de análise ajustada e dos índices: slope index (SII) e o concentration index (CIX). A amostra foi composta por 6.317 pessoas com DM. Mais de um terço (37,8%) referiu ter alguma complicação. O problema na visão (30,6%) e nos rins (9,7%) foram os mais prevalentes. As prevalências de ter "uma" e "duas ou mais" complicações foram 25,4% e 12,4%. Foram evidenciadas desigualdades com maior prevalência de complicações entre os menos escolarizados e mais pobres.
Abstract Inadequate management of diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to complications that affect quality of life. The prevalence of DM and its complications is increasing, presenting an uneven distribution in the population. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of complications due to DM and to assess inequalities in the Brazilian population. It involved a cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). The complications evaluated were: diabetic coma, heart attack/cerebrovascular accident/stroke; kidney problem; vision problem and foot ulcer or amputation. The related factors were schooling and income. The prevalence of complications was calculated separately, combination in pairs, presence of any complications and number of complications. Inequality was estimated through adjusted analysis and the slope index (SII) and concentration index (CIX) indices. The sample consisted of 6,317 people with DM. More than a third (37.8%) reported having some complication. Vision problems (30.6%) and kidney problems (9.7%) were the most prevalent. The prevalence of having "one" and "two or more" complications were 25.4% and 12.4%, respectively. Inequalities were found with a higher prevalence of complications among the least educated and the poorest.
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There are gross inequities in access to non-communicable disease (NCD) care in India. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu recently launched the “Medicine at people’s doorstep” (Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam — MTM) scheme in which screening and medications for NCDs are delivered at people’s doorsteps. This is likely to improve geographical access to NCD services in the community. The objective of this study is to analyse the MTM scheme and recommend policy interventions for improved and equitable access to NCD services in the community. We analysed the MTM policy document using the intersectionality-based policy analysis framework. This analysis was supplemented further with literature review to enhance understanding of the various intersecting axes of inequities, such as gender discrimination, caste oppression, poverty, disabilities and geographical access barriers. The MTM policy document, while it removes the physical access barrier, does not frame the problem of NCDs from an intersectionality perspective. This can increase the chances of inequities in access to NCD services persisting despite this scheme. We also recommend interventions for the short, intermediate and long term to make NCD care more accessible. Creation of a gender, caste, class, geographical access, and disabilities disaggregated database of patients with NCDs, using this database for monitoring the delivery of MTM services, dynamic mapping of vulnerability of the target populations for delivery of MTM services and long term ongoing digital surveillance of factors inducing inequities to access of NCD services can all help reduce inequities in access to NCD care.
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Las evidencias epidemiológicas ponen de manifiesto que los hábitos de vida, particularmente los dietéticos, tienen influencia directa en la calidad y expectativa de vida. La nutrición es uno de los factores claves para desarrollar cualquier actividad física o simplemente, para sentir bienestar. La evaluación nutricional en un paciente tiene un efecto directo en el tratamiento fisioterapéutico por lo que, para optimizar realmente la reparación y el proceso de su recuperación, el fisioterapeuta le brinda la orientación nutricional que requiera. Solo una ingesta adicional de nutrientes naturales no es suficiente, es necesario complementarlo con otras herramientas terapéuticas dentro de la fisioterapia. Las personas que padecen enfermedades crónicas, tienen transformaciones en la práctica alimentaria, creadas por la enfermedad de base por lo que resulta importante variar los hábitos dietéticos para lograr recuperar la salud. Es decisivo el papel del fisioterapeuta, para favorecer el apego al tratamiento nutricional de los pacientes con enfermedades no transmisibles.
Epidemiological evidence shows that life habits, particularly dietary ones, have a direct influence on quality and life expectancy. Nutrition is one of the key factors to develop any physical activity or simply to feel well-being. The nutritional evaluation in a patient has a direct effect on the physiotherapy treatment, therefore, in order to really optimize the repair and the recovery process, the physiotherapist provides the required nutritional guidance. Only an additional intake of natural nutrients is not enough, it is necessary to complement it with other therapeutic tools within physiotherapy. People suffering from chronic diseases have transformations in eating practices, created by the underlying disease, so it is important to vary dietary habits in order to regain health. The role of the physiotherapist is decisive, to promote adherence to nutritional treatment of patients with non-communicable diseases.
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Introducción: La alimentación saludable y que evita enfermedades sigue siendo un tema de investigación para avanzar hacia el desarrollo efectivo de prácticas saludables, que permita a las poblaciones vivir mejor. La alimentación sostenible es un aspecto nuevo, que reconoce lo colectivo del consumo de alimentos por la salud del planeta. Objetivo: Identificar las percepciones y actitudes sobre alimentación saludable y sostenible entre jóvenes estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud en Santa Marta-Colombia, 2022. Métodos: Se implementó un estudio transversal con una población de 318 estudiantes, quienes respondieron voluntariamente al cuestionario diseñado por los investigadores (α = 0,908) a través de una plataforma digital. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes fueron mujeres (65,7 por ciento), con una edad promedio de 20,3 años. El 55 por ciento identificó los alimentos saludables y el 53 por ciento percibió parcialmente el riesgo de los alimentos frente a las enfermedades no trasmisibles. Un 22,7 por cientoeconoció los alimentos sostenibles. La actitud positiva frente a la reducción el riesgo de enfermedades no trasmisibles por alimentos fue del 77 por ciento. Las actitudes hacia la alimentación saludable y la reducción del riesgo de enfermedades no trasmisibles tuvieron diferencias significativas por sexo (p = 0,009; p < 0,001) y programa (p = 0,008; p < 0,001, respectivamente). Las percepciones y actitudes se correlacionaron positivamente. Conclusiones: Las percepciones sobre la alimentación saludable y que evita enfermedades fueron adecuadas, así como las actitudes positivas. En torno a la alimentación sostenible hay vacíos, frente a los cuales se debe sensibilizar para avanzar en una alimentación consiente con la salud humana y planetaria(AU)
Introduction: Healthy feeding, which prevents diseases continues to be a topic of research to move towards the effective development of healthy practices, to allow populations to live better. Sustainable food is a new aspect, which recognizes the collective nature of food consumption for the health of the planet. Objective: To identify perceptions and attitudes about healthy and sustainable feeding among young students of the School of Health Sciences in Santa Marta, Colombia, 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional study was implemented with a population of 318 students, who voluntarily responded to the questionnaire designed by the researchers (α = 0.908) through a digital platform. Results: The majority of participants were women (65.7percent), with an average age of 20.3 years. 55percent identified healthy foods and 53percent partially perceived the risk of foods against non-communicable diseases. 22.7percent recognized sustainable foods. The positive attitude towards reducing the risk of non-food-transmissible diseases was 77percent. Attitudes toward healthy eating and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases had significant differences by sex (p = 0.009; p < 0.001) and program (p = 0.008; p < 0.001, respectively). Perceptions and attitudes were positively correlated. Conclusions: Perceptions about healthy feeding that prevents diseases were adequate, as were positive attitudes. There are gaps around sustainable nutrition, which must be raised to advance in a diet that is conscious of human and planetary health(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Percepción , Estudiantes Premédicos , Actitud , Estudios Transversales , Dieta Saludable , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Resumo A multimorbidade, presença de duas ou mais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, está diretamente associada a fatores comportamentais. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estimar a prevalência de multimorbidade em jovens brasileiros relacionando-a aos diferentes determinantes sociais e de estilo de vida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal cuja fonte de dados foi a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde em 2019. Foram selecionados dados de indivíduos com idade entre 15 e 24 anos (n = 10.460). Os fatores associados foram investigados por meio do cálculo da razão de prevalência com variância robusta, adequado para análise bivariada e multivariada. A prevalência de multimorbidade nos jovens foi estimada em 7,84% (IC95%: 7,01-8,75; N: 2.455.097). Os agravos mais comuns foram doenças mentais, depressão, asma ou bronquite e problemas crônicos de coluna. No modelo ajustado, jovens do sexo feminino (RP: 1,84; IC95%: 1,44-2,36), obesos (RP: 1,97; IC95%: 1,45-2,68) e ex-fumantes (RP: 1,46; IC95%: 1,12-1,90) apresentaram maiores prevalências para multimorbidade. A razão de prevalência para multimorbidade aumentou 5% a cada ano de vida do indivíduo. Este estudo identificou uma associação de multimorbidade com determinantes sociais e estilo de vida.
Abstract Multimorbidity, namely the presence of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases, is directly associated with behavioral factors. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity among young Brazilians by linking it to different social and lifestyle determinants. It involved a cross-sectional study of the data source, namely the 2019 National Health Survey. Data from individuals aged between 15 and 24 years (n = 10,460) were selected. Associated factors were investigated by calculating the Prevalence Ratio with robust variance, suitable for bivariate and multivariate analysis. The prevalence of multimorbidity in young people was estimated at 7.84% (95%CI: 7.01-8.75; N: 2,455,097). The most common conditions were mental illness, depression, asthma or bronchitis and chronic back problems. In the adjusted model, young females (PR: 1.84; 95%CI: 1.44-2.36), obese youths (PR: 1.97; 95%CI: 1.45-2.68) and former smokers (PR: 1.46; 95%CI: 1.12-1.90) showed a higher prevalence of multimorbidity. It was also revealed that the prevalence ratio for multimorbidity increased by 5% for each year of the individual's life. This study identified an association of multimorbidity with social determinants and lifestyle.
RESUMEN
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Young adults are more inclined towards unhealthy lifestyle habits, in turn leading to increased risk of developing CVDs. Identifying the level of awareness about CVDs risk factors and signs and symptoms along with their physical activity and sedentary behaviour will help in creating awareness which in turn might help in reduction of the modifiable CVD risk factors.Objective: To assess awareness and knowledge about risk factors, signs and symptoms of CVDs in young adults of Pune region along with evaluating their perceived level of physical activity and sedentary behaviour.Method: A questionnaire was designed to address all the components. Face validation of the questionnaire was done. Participants were explained in detail about the study purpose and the procedure; post their informed consent questionnaire was administered on an interview basis. Responses analysed using SPSS software and represented as descriptive statistics.Result: Total 115 participants were included in the study, with the mean age 21.94±2.26 years. 68 % of the study participants denied gender predisposition and 12% of participants were not sure about it as a risk factor.69% of the participants had 3-5; whereas 31% had 1-2 modifiable risk factors. Sedentary behaviour was the most prevalent risk factor present in 96.5% of the study participants, followed by physical inactivity in 65.2% of participants. None of the participants met WHO guidelines of healthy diet for adults.55% of the participants perceived to have fair level of awareness. Only 11.30% of the participants perceived to have good level of physical activity. However, 65% of the participants were physically inactive. Sedentary behaviour was found to be 10.8±2.86 hour on a typical day.Conclusion: In our study, participants had good knowledge and awareness about the risk factors and signs and symptoms of cardiovascular diseases except for few factors. Majority of participants perceived that they have fairevels of physical activity but more than half of the study participants failed to meet recommended criteria. Majority of our study participants already possessed three to five modifiable risk factors with unhealthy diet, sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity being at top of the list. They are also engaged in high sedentary behaviour.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes: Las enfermedades no transmisibles siguen siendo un problema creciente en el mundo, sobre todo en los países de mediano y bajo ingresos. Los programas de intervención comunitaria se enfocan en su disminución mediante cambios en estilos de vida más saludables. Objetivos: Analizar la tendencia del programa de intervención en actividad física y nutrición, como estrategia para mejorar las dislipidemias y glucemia en los participantes del proyecto DemoMinga. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo. Diseño de investigación acción participativa, de carácter longitudinal, prospectivo. La población estuvo constituida por los participantes del Proyecto DemoMinga. Se determinó en cada participante: colesterol total, triglicéridos y glucemia en ayunas. Las muestras fueron procesadas en el Centro de Investigaciones Médicas de la FACISA-UNE. Se determinaron indicadores de tendencia central (mediana) de cada una de las variables. Resultados: Hubo mayor participación del sexo femenino, con predominio de personas con menos de 45 años. Las mediciones químicas arrojaron una tendencia de disminución a partir del quinto año de intervención, con talleres de cocina saludable incluyendo uso de aceite alto oleico, y actividad física. Sin embargo, la prueba no arrojó diferencias significativas de las mediciones entre la línea de base y el corte a los 6 años. Conclusión: El estudio resalta la importancia de los programas de intervención mediante terapias integrales para la promoción y prevención de las enfermedades cardiometabólicas a largo plazo.
Background: Non-communicable diseases remain a growing problem worldwide, especially in middle and low-income countries. Community intervention programs are focused on reducing their prevalence through promoting healthier lifestyle changes. Objectives: To analyze the trend of the physical activity and nutrition intervention program as a strategy to improve dyslipidemia and glycemia among participants of the DemoMinga project. Materials and methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a participatory action research design, characterized as longitudinal and prospective. The population consisted of participants from the DemoMinga Project. For each participant, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glycemia were measured. Samples were processed at the Medical Research Center of FACISA-UNE. Indicators of central tendency (median) were determined for each of the variables. Results: There was a higher participation of females, with a predominance of individuals under the age of 45. Chemical measurements showed a decreasing trend starting from the fifth year of intervention, involving healthy cooking workshops that included the use of high oleic oil and physical activity. However, the test did not yield significant differences in measurements between the baseline and the 6-year cutoff. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of intervention programs using comprehensive therapies for the long-term promotion and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes: Las enfermedades no transmisibles siguen siendo un problema creciente en el mundo, sobre todo en los países de mediano y bajo ingresos. Los programas de intervención comunitaria se enfocan en su disminución mediante cambios en estilos de vida más saludables. Objetivos: Analizar la tendencia del programa de intervención en actividad física y nutrición, como estrategia para mejorar las dislipidemias y glucemia en los participantes del proyecto DemoMinga. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo. Diseño de investigación acción participativa, de carácter longitudinal, prospectivo. La población estuvo constituida por los participantes del Proyecto DemoMinga. Se determinó en cada participante: colesterol total, triglicéridos y glucemia en ayunas. Las muestras fueron procesadas en el Centro de Investigaciones Médicas de la FACISA-UNE. Se determinaron indicadores de tendencia central (mediana) de cada una de las variables. Resultados: Hubo mayor participación del sexo femenino, con predominio de personas con menos de 45 años. Las mediciones químicas arrojaron una tendencia de disminución a partir del quinto año de intervención, con talleres de cocina saludable incluyendo uso de aceite alto oleico, y actividad física. Sin embargo, la prueba no arrojó diferencias significativas de las mediciones entre la línea de base y el corte a los 6 años. Conclusión: El estudio resalta la importancia de los programas de intervención mediante terapias integrales para la promoción y prevención de las enfermedades cardiometabólicas a largo plazo.
Background: Non-communicable diseases remain a growing problem worldwide, especially in middle and low-income countries. Community intervention programs are focused on reducing their prevalence through promoting healthier lifestyle changes. Objectives: To analyze the trend of the physical activity and nutrition intervention program as a strategy to improve dyslipidemia and glycemia among participants of the DemoMinga project. Materials and methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a participatory action research design, characterized as longitudinal and prospective. The population consisted of participants from the DemoMinga Project. For each participant, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glycemia were measured. Samples were processed at the Medical Research Center of FACISA-UNE. Indicators of central tendency (median) were determined for each of the variables. Results: There was a higher participation of females, with a predominance of individuals under the age of 45. Chemical measurements showed a decreasing trend starting from the fifth year of intervention, involving healthy cooking workshops that included the use of high oleic oil and physical activity. However, the test did not yield significant differences in measurements between the baseline and the 6-year cutoff. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of intervention programs using comprehensive therapies for the long-term promotion and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Hoy en día las enfermedades no transmisibles constituyen un grave problema que afecta el estado de salud de la población, con una tendencia ascendente preocupante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles en pacientes de un área de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 286 individuos, escogidos a través de un muestreo aleatorio bietápico en el área de salud Josué País García del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2021. Las variables analizadas fueron antecedentes patológicos personales, consumo de productos del tabaco y alcohol, hábitos dietéticos y evaluación nutricional. Se utilizaron como medidas de resumen las frecuencias absolutas, el porcentaje y la tasa de prevalencia para variables cualitativas; la media aritmética y el mínimo e intervalo de confianza para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: El mayor riesgo de presentar hipertensión arterial figuró en las féminas (35,6 %) y existió alta prevalencia de fumadores en hombres (30,5 %) y mujeres (27,7 %). Asimismo, predominaron la exposición al humo de tabaco (fumadores pasivos) y el consumo de alcohol en edades tempranas (25-34 años). De los encuestados, 33,3 % resultó estar sobrepeso u obeso. Conclusiones: Los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles pudieran estar asociados con estilos de vida no saludables como el consumo de productos del tabaco y el alcohol, los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados y el sobrepeso.
Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight.
Asunto(s)
Tabaquismo , Alcoholismo , Enfermedades no Transmisibles , Evaluación Nutricional , DietaRESUMEN
Background: Mortality statistics is important for epidemiological purposes to find any unusual rise in deaths for investigation of the causes so as to take public health action at an early stage. Cause of death statistics from hospitals are routinely amalgamated along with mortality statistics from other sources to constitute essential statistics on the health of a population. This study was done to understand the mortality pattern in a tertiary care teaching hospital and to undertake preventive action as much as possible. Methods: A retrospective hospital based study was done with all the medical records of patients who died in Hangal Sri Kumareshwar hospital and medical research centre in the year 2022, attached to S. N. Medical College, Bagalkot, Karnataka. After IRB, the medical records were analyzed to study the pattern of disease causing deaths which were classified under ICD 10th revision. Age, sex, month of admission, place of residence and underlying cause of death was used for analysis using chi square test and percentages. Results: Out of 501 deaths, 316 (63.07%) were male and 185 (36.93%) were female. Majority of the deaths 152 (30.34%) occurred between the ages of 41 to 60 years. Non communicable diseases contributed to 71.05% of deaths and communicable diseases to 28.95% of deaths. Conclusions: Continuation of the maternal and child health program and effective implementation of the National health programs to overcome non communicable diseases can reduce avoidable premature mortality in the population.