The influence of Tween 80 on laccase production by Pleurotus sajor-caju and the efficiency of crude enzyme broth in the removal of bisphenol-A / Influência do Tween 80 na produção de lacases de Pleurotus sajor-caju e eficiência do caldo enzimático bruto na remoção de bisfenol-A

Bisphenol-A is currently considered an environmental pollutant, capable of interfering in the endocrine system of organisms and causing alterations in its development and reproductive system. An alternative method to the chemical treatment of this pollutant has been the use of oxidative enzymes, especially laccases produced by fungi. In order to reduce production costs, agro-industrial waste can be used in the culture medium composition. Nonionic surfactants, which are only slightly toxic to biological membranes, can be applied, as well as Tween 80, to facilitate the excretion of these enzymes into the culture medium. The objectives of this work were: a) characterize the immersion water of banana straw used in the formulation of the culture medium; b) evaluate laccase production by Pleurotus sajor-caju in culture medium with and without addition of Tween 80, through shaken flasks; c) evaluate the efficiency of the crude enzyme broth in degrading bisphenol-A. The shaken flasks were incubated at 30°C for 12 days. The immersion water had a C:N ratio of 13.8, ash percentage of 28.6%, and pH close to neutrality. The addition of Tween 80 on the culture medium (7.5%, m/v) yielded laccase activity and productivity values equal to 3,016.47 U L-1 and 502.7 U L-1 day-1, respectively. These values were 50 and 33.5 times higher than those obtained in the culture medium without addition of Tween 80 for laccase activity and productivity, respectively. The crude enzyme broth degraded 100% of bisphenol-A after 48 hours, regardless of concentration (500, 750 and 1,000 mg L-1).(AU)

O bisfenol-A é considerado um poluente ambiental capaz de interferir no sistema endócrino dos organismos, ocasionando alterações em seu desenvolvimento e sistema de reprodução. Um método alternativo ao tratamento químico desse tipo de poluente tem sido a utilização de enzimas oxidativas, especialmente as lacases, produzidas por fungos. A fim de diminuir custos de produção, resíduos agroindustriais podem compor o meio de cultivo. Assim, surfactantes não iônicos e pouco tóxicos para as membranas biológicas, como o Tween 80, podem ser utilizados para facilitar a excreção dessas enzimas para o meio de cultivo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: caracterizar quimicamente o resíduo água de imersão de palha de bananeira, usado na formulação do meio de cultivo; avaliar a produção de lacase por Pleurotus sajor-caju em meio de cultivo líquido (frascos Erlenmeyer) com e sem adição de Tween 80; e avaliar a eficiência do caldo enzimático bruto em degradar bisfenol-A. Os frascos foram incubados a 30°C, por 12 dias. A água de imersão apresentou relação C:N 13,8, percentual de cinzas 28,6% e pH próximo da neutralidade. O cultivo adicionado de Tween 80 (7,5%, m/v) propiciou valores de atividade e produtividade em lacase iguais a 3.016,47 U L-1 e 502,7 U L-1 dia-1, respectivamente. Esses valores são 50 e 33,5 vezes maiores que os obtidos no cultivo sem adição de Tween 80, para atividade e produtividade em lacase, respectivamente. O caldo enzimático bruto degradou 100% do bisfenol-A após 48 horas, independentemente da concentração (500, 750 e 1.000 mg L-1).(AU)

Effects of Non-ionic Polyacrylamide Alone or Combined with Nanoscale Silica Gel on the Stability of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Lipo-emulsion / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(model:NPAM 1400)alone or combined with nanoscale silica gel (nSiO2) on the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion. METHODS:UV-spectrophotometer was used to determine absorbance of diluent at 500 nm before and after lipo-emulsion centrifugation. Using the preparation without stable excipient as blank,stability coefficient (KE) and it ratio (KE/KE blank) were calculated. Effects of different concentrations (200-600 mg/L) of non-ionic polyacrylamide on the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion were evaluated. The optimal concentration of non-ionic polyacrylamide alone was determined primarily,and then the effects of it combined with different concentrations of hydrophilic nSiO2 (0.2％, 0.3％, 0.4％) or hydrophobic (0.2％, 0.3％, 0.5％) on the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion were investigated. RESULTS:When adding non-ionic polyacrylamide alone,KE of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion mixed with 300 mg/L non-ionic polyacrylamide was the lowest,KE/KE blank was 0.22;when combined,KE of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion mixed with 300 mg/L non-ionic polyacrylamide and 0.2％ hydrophobic nSiO2 was the lowest,KE/KE blank was 0.27. CONCLUSIONS:Non-ionic polyacrylamide alone or combined with nSiO2 all can promote the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion,among which 300 mg/L non-ionic polyacrylamide alone is the best.

Effect of nonionic surfactants in release media on accelerated in-vitro release profile of sirolimus eluting stents with biodegradable polymeric coating / 药物分析学报

It is a well-known fact that sirolimus (SRL) undergoes degradation process via hydrolysis in aqueous media, leading to incorrect assessment of drug amount and thus release characteristics of formulations. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nonionic surfactants in media on in-vitro release profiles for sirolimus eluting stents (SES) coated with biodegradable polymeric matrix. Phosphate buffer and acetate buffer incorporating nonionic surfactants with varying concentrations were examined for adequate solubility and stability (by RP-HPLC). Good sink condition was achieved in phosphate buffer (at pH 4.0) with 1.0%Tween 20, 1.0%Brij 35%and 0.5%Brij 58. Hydrodynamic size (by DLS) and the micelle-water partition coefficient (P) with standard free energy of solubilization (?Gs°) of drug were evaluated to get some understanding about the solubilization phenomena. About 80%of drug release during the period of 48 h was achieved in optimized drug release media which was 1.0%Tween 20 in phosphate buffer pH 4.0. The obtained accelerated SRL release profile in optimized medium cor-related well with the real time in-vitro release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Surface morphology changes (by SEM), changes in gravimetric weights and molecular weight change (by GPC) were examined before and after drug release to understand the drug release mechanism which explains that the polymer did not undergo degradation during the drug release.

Life-Threatening Thrombocytopenia Following Intravenous Contrast Media Infusion

Radiocontrast media-induced acute severe thrombocytopenia is a very rare complication and potentially life-threatening. Here, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient with severe acute thrombocytopenia following first exposure to intravenous non-ionic contrast media without immediate allergic reactions. His platelet count dropped from 107000/µL to 2000/µL after six hours of radiocontrast infusion. After administration of corticosteroid and transfusion of platelet concentrates, the platelet count returned gradually to normal within 5 days. To the best of our knowledge, non-ionic contrast media-induced isolated acute severe thrombocytopenia following no signs or symptoms of immediate allergic reaction has never been described.

Clinical study of nonionic contrast agents in the enhancement of intravenous CT / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of nonionic contrast agent, CT, in intravenous enhanced scan. Methods 84 cases of patients with CT venous enhancement scanning were admitted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2016, ioversol dosage is 80~100 mL, the injection speed is 3~6 mL/s, both in the scan and enhanced scan before 2 h, immediately after scanning after 1 h, 48 h to record vital signs, observation of the injection site, ECG, enhanced scan in the 2 h before and after 48 h enhancement scanning, blood biochemical examination and renal function tests, and immediately, in enhanced scan and scan after scan after 15 min, 1 h and 48 h in different time periods of adverse reactions were observed and recorded. Results The excellent rate of systemic tolerance was 100%, 7 cases had flushing and thermal sensation, accounting for 8.3%. Slight adverse reactions occurred in 1 cases, accounting for 1.2%. No moderate or severe adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion The use of non-ionic contrast agent CT in intravenous enhanced scan, low adverse reaction rate, high safety, and has a very important application value.

Clinical study of nonionic contrast agents in the enhancement of intravenous CT / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of nonionic contrast agent, CT, in intravenous enhanced scan. Methods 84 cases of patients with CT venous enhancement scanning were admitted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2016, ioversol dosage is 80~100 mL, the injection speed is 3~6 mL/s, both in the scan and enhanced scan before 2 h, immediately after scanning after 1 h, 48 h to record vital signs, observation of the injection site, ECG, enhanced scan in the 2 h before and after 48 h enhancement scanning, blood biochemical examination and renal function tests, and immediately, in enhanced scan and scan after scan after 15 min, 1 h and 48 h in different time periods of adverse reactions were observed and recorded. Results The excellent rate of systemic tolerance was 100%, 7 cases had flushing and thermal sensation, accounting for 8.3%. Slight adverse reactions occurred in 1 cases, accounting for 1.2%. No moderate or severe adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion The use of non-ionic contrast agent CT in intravenous enhanced scan, low adverse reaction rate, high safety, and has a very important application value.

Ligninolytic fungus Polyporus sp. S133 mediated metabolic degradation of fluorene

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the impact of nonionic surfactants on the efficacy of fluorine degradation by Polyporus sp. S133 in a liquid culture. Fluorene was observed to be degraded in its entirety by Polyporus sp. S133 subsequent to a 23-day incubation period. The fastest cell growth rate was observed in the initial 7 days in the culture that was supplemented with Tween 80. The degradation process was primarily modulated by the activity of two ligninolytic enzymes, laccase and MnP. The highest laccase activity was stimulated by the addition of Tween 80 (2443 U/L) followed by mixed surfactant (1766 U/L) and Brij 35 (1655 U/L). UV-vis spectroscopy, TLC analysis and mass spectrum analysis of samples subsequent to the degradation process in the culture medium confirmed the biotransformation of fluorene. Two metabolites, 9-fluorenol (λmax 270, tR 8.0 min and m/z 254) and protocatechuic acid (λmax 260, tR 11.3 min and m/z 370), were identified in the treated medium.

Preparation of glycyrrhetinic acid niosomes and optimization of its prescription process / 中草药

Objective: With nonionic surfactants as the carrier material to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid (GC) niosomes (NI) and to evaluate the quality. Methods: The thin film dispersion-ultrasound method was used for establishing the preparation process of GC - NI, reverse dialysis method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method were used to determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE), the prescription and preparation process were optimized through single factor and central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), and the properties of morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, and EE in optimized NI were investigated. Results: The optimum prescription process as Span 80-cholesterol was 2:1, hydration temperature was 70℃, hydration time was 51 min, ultrasonic time was 60 min, its forecast EE was 80.66%, bias between the observed and predicted values was 4.95%, and regression coefficient of binomial fitting complex model was as high as 0.989 9. Conclusion: CCD-RSM is used to optimize the preparation, which has the stable, feasible, high precision, and good predictability advantage.

Evaluación del efecto hipolipemiante de Talinum triangulare (falsa espinaca) y Abelmoschus esculentus (quimbombó) / Assessment of hypolipidemic action of Talinum triangulare (water leaf) and Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)

INTRODUCCIÓN: la evaluación de plantas con efecto reductor en los lípidos plasmáticos, constituye una herramienta muy valiosa para el control de las dislipidemias. OBJETIVOS: comprobar la efectividad farmacológica como hipolipemiante, de Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd(Talinaceae) y Abelmoschus esculentus moench (Malvaceae), en dos biomodelos de ensayo. MÉTODOS: se utilizó el fruto verde de A. esculentus y hojas frescas de Talinum triangulare. El material vegetal previo secado, se pulverizó para preparar extractos hidroalcohólicos, que una vez rotoevaporados, fueron suspendidos en agua para ser administrados a los modelos experimentales. El efecto hipolipémico de las plantas estudiadas se comprobó, en animales de experimentación, sometidos a dos modelos de inducción de hiperlipidemia; administración de solución de sacarosa al 63 % durante 16 semanas y administración vía intraperitoneal del detergente no iónico Poloxamer 338, durante 48 horas a una dosis de 0,6 g/kg. RESULTADOS: el extracto hidroalcohólico de A. esculentus (400 mg/kg) en el modelo de hiperlipemia por Dieta Rica en Sacarosa, mostró un efecto reductor de triacilglicéridos, superior al ácido nicotínico. En el modelo de hiperlipidemia por inducción con detergente no iónico, el extracto hidroalcohólico de Talinum triangulare (400 mg/kg), manifestó un efecto reductor de colesterol y triacilglicéridos, mayor que el ácido nicotínico y la atorvastatina. CONCLUSIONES: los extracto hidroalcohólicos de A. esculentus y de Talinum triangulare expresaron efectos reductores de triacilglicérios por mecanismos de acción diferentes, superiores al ácido nicotínico en cada caso. El extracto hidroalcohólico de Talinum triangulare manifestó un potente efecto reductor de colesterol mayor que el ácido nicotínico y la atorvastatina.

INTRODUCTION: assessment of plants with low plasmatic lipids effect is a power instrument to dislipidemias control. OBJECTIVES: to establish the pharmacological effectiveness as hipolipidemic agents of Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd (Portulacaceae) and Abelmoschus esculentus Moench (Malvaceae) in two biomodel assays. METHODS: in the present study we have researched the hypolipemic effect of Talinum triangulare (false spinach) and A. esculentus (okra) in experimental animals subjected to two models of hyperlipidemia induction; an intake of 63 % sucrose solution for 16 weeks and an intake of Poloxamer 338 nonionic detergent via intraperitoneal for 48 hours at a dose of 0,6 g/kg. RESULTS: the hydroalcoholic extract of A. esculentus, at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed triacilglicéridos reducing effect greater than nicotinic acid in the model of hyperlipidemia induction by a sucrose-rich diet. In the model of hyperlipidemia by induction with nonionic detergent, the hydroalcoholic extract of Talinum triangulare at a dose of 400 mg/kg, showed a powerful cholesterol and triacilglicéridos lowering effect, greater than nicotinic acid and atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS: the hydroalcoholic extract of A. esculentus and T. triangulare showed hypotriglyceridemic effect for different action mechanisms, higher than the nicotinic acid, in each case. The extract hidroalcohólico of Talinum triangulare showed a potent hipocholesterolemic effect even more than the nicotinic acid and the atorvastatin.

Analysis of Allergic Adverse Reaction Caused by Non-ionic Iodinated Contrast Media in 52 Patients With Coronary Angiography / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To analyze the current status of allergic adverse reactions caused by non-ionic iodinated contrast media in patients with coronary angiography (CAG). Methods: A total of 1 225 patients who received non-ionic iodinated contrast media for CAG in our hospital from 2011-02 to 2013-09 were retrospectively studied. There were 52 patients suffered from allergic adverse reactions including 47 (90.38%) male and 5 (9.62%) female. The allergic reaction to iodixanol, iohexol, iopamidol and iopromide were in 34, 3, 3 and 12 patients respectively. The clinical symptoms and outcomes of allergic reaction in 4 iodinated contrast media were analyzed. Results: There were 40/52 (76.92%) patients with mild allergic reaction, 11(21.15%) with moderate and 1 (1.92%) with severe reaction. 13 patients had the reaction within 1 hour of contrast media injection and 39 had the reaction between 1 hour to 3 days of contrast media injection. There 34 patients were cured by symptomatic and anti-allergic treatment, 1 patient was rescued from allergic shock and no death occurred. Conclusion: Application of non-ionic iodinated contrast media in CAG is safe, while closely observe the allergic adverse reaction with the in time and symptomatic treatment is very important in clinical practice.

Diagnostic Significance of BAT in Anaphylaxis to Non-ionic Contrast Media / 法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnostic significance of basophil activation test (B A T) in ana-phylaxis to non-ionic contrast media through testing the content of CD 63, m ast cell-carboxypeptidase A 3 (M C-CPA 3), and term inal com plem ent com plex SC5b-9 of the individuals by testing their levels in the norm al im m une group and the anaphylaxis groups to β-lactam drugs and non-ionic contrast media. Methods The CD 63 expression of basophilic granulocyte in blood w as detected by flow cytom etry. The levels of M C-CPA 3 in blood serum and SC5b-9 in blood plasm a w ere detected by ELISA . Results The CD 63 expression of basophilic granulocyte in blood, the levels of M C-CPA 3 and SC5b-9 of anaphylaxis to non-ionic contrast media and β-lactam drugs w ere significantly higher than that in norm al im m une group (P<0.05). Conclusion There is activation of basophilic granulocytes, m ast cells and com plem ent system in anaphylaxis to non-ionic contrast media. B A Tcan be used to diagnose the anaphylaxis to non-ionic contrast media.

The influence of different kinds of iodine contrast media on thyroid function / 介入放射学杂志

With the rapid development of medical imaging technique, iodinated contrast media (IOCM) has become the most commonly used agent in performing imaging diagnosis and interventional therapy. The use of IOCM, especially the use of non-ionic iodine contrast media, has been swiftly increased in recent years. The accompanying untoward reactions, such as allergic reactions, cardiovascular reactions, contrast media nephropathy, thyroid toxicity, etc. prove to be the new problems that greatly perplex the medical circle. With the continuous improvement of the knowledge to the untoward reactions, more and more physicians have paid attention to contrast media induced thyroid toxicity. At present, researches concerning iodine contrast media thyroid toxicity are still few, and the relevant research is particularly rare in China. This paper aims to make a review about the influence of different kinds of iodine contrast media on thyroid function.

A study on adverse drug reactions to non-ionic contrast medium in an Indian population: a 1-year experience.

Background: To the best of our understanding, very few studies focusing on the adverse drug reaction (ADR) profile of non-ionic contrast medium (NICM) has been carried out until date among the Indian population. Hence, this study was planned. We sincerely believe that the knowledge gathered from this study can improve safer usage of these agents among the patients of Indian origin. The objective was to evaluate the incidence and severity of ADRs of non-ionic radio contrast media (CM) used in tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Methods: For the duration of 1-year from July 2011 to July 2012, we prospectively recorded all the ADRs associated with the administration of NICM (iohexol and ioversol) in 3708 patients of Indian origin undergoing computed tomography scan at the hospital. The average median age, weight, dose used; types of ADRs, concomitant medication, final diagnosis, reasons for use were recorded and analyzed with appropriate statistical tools. Causality assessment was performed using Naranjo scale. Results: Eleven of 3708 patients who received either ioversol or iohexol developed ADRs (i.e. 0.3% of patients). The most common ADR was rigor. The incidences of mild, moderate and severe reactions were 55%, 36% and 9%, respectively. Average median age, weight, and dose used were 35 years, 66 kg and 70 ml, respectively. All the ADRs were early (occurred within 1 hr of CM administration). Due to logical constraints, the follow-up of these patients was not possible and hence late ADRs were not captured. The common concomitant medication used was pantoprazole (63.63% of patients). The difference in the incidence of ADRs by age distribution (Group 1 - Iohexol, Group 2 - Ioversol) and weight distribution was not statistically significant (p=0.75 and p=0.18, respectively). Causality analysis revealed that all the ADRs were possible (Score of 4). Interestingly, the incidence of reactions was noted to be higher in patients with a history of gastro intestinal disorders (45.45%). Conclusions: This pilot study reveals that adverse reactions to NICM are rare and severe reactions are less common among the patients of Indian origin. However, a larger multicentric study across the country should be carried out to understand the safety profile of these CM better among the Indian population.

Consorcio microbiano nativo con actividad catalítica para remoción de índigo y surfactantes en agua residual industrial textil a través de una matriz de inmovilización / Microbial consortium native catalytically active for removal of indigo and surfactants in textile industry wastewater through an immobilization matrix

El siguiente estudio tuvo como objetivo aislar seis diferentes cepas bacterianas provenientes de las descargas de agua utilizadas en la tintura de hilo con colorante índigo, que tuviesen capacidad de degradación de compuestos orgánicos del tinte índigo y tres surfactantes de tipo no iónicos. Igualmente, se evaluaron diferentes medios de soporte para inmovilizar las cepas seleccionadas. Las cepas con mejor capacidad de decoloración se combinaron para conformar cuatro consorcios (I, II, III, y IV) con el fin de potenciar el proceso de decoloración, considerando que la sinergia y el complemento de actividades metabólicas de cultivos mixtos dentro de una comunidad microbiana incrementan la eficiencia de remoción de carga orgánica. Los porcentajes de remoción que se alcanzaron fueron 64, 73, 76 y 59 %, respectivamente. Los cultivos individuales no presentaron porcentajes de remoción superiores a los reportados por los consorcios, lo que permite pensar en su utilización para la remoción de tintes índigos en aguas residuales.

The aim of this study was isolate six different bacterial strains from water discharges used in dyeing yarn with indigo, capable of degradation of organic compounds with indigo dye and three type nonionic surfactants. Similarly, various supporting media were evaluated for immobilizing the selected strains. Strains with better capacity were combined to form four consortia (I, II, III, and IV) in order to enhance the bleaching process, whereas synergy and complement metabolic activities of mixed cultures within a community increase microbial removal efficiency of organic load. Removal percentages were achieved which were 64, 73, 76 and 59%, respectively. Individual cultures showed no higher than rates reported by consortia removal, which suggests in its use for the removal of indigo dyes in wastewater.

A study of adverse drug reactions to radio contrast media in a tertiary care teaching rural hospital.

Background: Most common ADRs associated with radiocontrast media are rash, fever, nausea, vomiting and shivering. Rarely life threatening anaphylaxis and acute hypersensitivity reaction may also occur. Very few studies are carried out in India focusing on this aspect. Aims & Objective: To study and report the Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) caused by radio contrast media in a tertiary care teaching rural hospital. Material and Methods: Two hundred and fifty seven patients from Radiology department were observed for occurrence of adverse drug events (ADEs) from 01 Jul 2012 to 31 Jul 2012. ADEs were either spontaneously reported or elucidated from personal interviews were analysed. Results: Total 8 (3.11%) out of 257 patients who had undergone for ionic radio contrast dye investigation had a single event of ADR. Total occurrence rate of ADR is 3.11%. Most common ADR was rash followed by shivering, nausea, vomiting and fever with use of ionic contrast media. All Adverse Drug Reactions, according to WHO-UMC and Naranjo’s scale were of “probable” category. All the ADRs were at level-3 according to Modified Hartwig and Siegel severity scale. All the ADRs according to Modified Schumock and Thornton criteria for Preventability of an ADR are of “not preventable” category. All the ADRs were of “Bizarre” type. All the patients were treated with antihistaminic and steroids. Conclusion: It is recommended to use non-ionic contrast media instead of ionic media by all the health care professionals. Treatment with steroids and antihistaminic in patients who develop ADRs due to radiocontrast media can be effective.

Comparison among different concentrations of nonionic iodinated contrast media in hysterosalpingography / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To compare the image quality and adverse effects among different concentrations of nonionic iodinated con-trast media in hysterosalpingography (HSG).Methods 99 female infertile patients were recruited in this study for HSG and were averagely divided into Group A,B and C.The application of contrast media were as follows:iomeprol injection(400 mg I/mL)for Group A,iopamidol injection (370mg I/mL)for Group B,iohexol injection(300 mg I/mL)for Group C.The image quality was in-dependently evaluated by two doctors using a 3-point scale (1 -3 score)and adverse effects were recorded.Results (1 )Scores of image quality:all images met diagnostic desire with (2.55±0.5 1)score in Group A,(2.42±0.50)score in Group B,(2.21±0.42) score in Group C.There were statistically significant differences among goups(H =7.790,P =0.022).Kappa values were 0.693 in Group A,0.687 in Group B,0.672 in Group C.(2)Adverse effects:4 cases in Group A(12.12%),3 cases in Group B(9.09%), 2 cases in Group C(6.06%),which showed no statistically significant differences(χ2 = 0.733,P =0.693).Conclusion The three kinds of concentrations of nonionic iodinated contrast media can all be applied in HSG.The higher of iodinated concentration,the better of image contrast.

Preparation of methotrexate niosomes using freeze-drying of double emulsions method / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To prepare nonionic surfactant niosomes by multiple emulsion freeze-drying method and study their encapsulation effects for the water-soluble drug, methotrexate.

Meia-vida do diuron em solos com diferentes atributos físicos e químicos / Half - life of diuron in soils with different physical and chemical attributes

A distribuição e a dissipação dos herbicidas nos solos são processos dinâmicos e únicos para cada relação solo-herbicida. Neste trabalho, a meia-vida do diuron foi determinada em cinco solos (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Amarelo), com diferentes valores de pH. As concentrações do diuron foram determinadas em amostras dos referidos solos coletadas em oito épocas (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 e 156 dias após a aplicação do herbicida na dose 3,0kg ha-1). Em uma parte dessas amostras, foi feita a quantificação do diuron por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e, na outra parte, os testes biológicos, visando à confirmação dos resultados das análises cromatográficas. Constatou-se que a persistência do diuron é dependente dos atributos físicos e químicos dos solos. Todavia, a correção do pH do solo favoreceu apenas a degradação do herbicida em solos arenosos com baixo teor de matéria orgânica. A meia-vida do diuron nos solos estudados variou de 40 a 91 após a sua aplicação, sendo maior no solo com maior teor de matéria orgânica. Esses resultados foram confirmados pelos testes biológicos que se mostraram eficientes e complementares às análises cromatográficas.

The distribution and dissipation of herbicides on soils are dynamic and unique processes for each soil-herbicide relation. In this research, the half-life of diuron was determined in five soils (Red-Yellow Latosol, Red Latosol, and Yellow Latosol), with different pH values. Diuron concentrations were determined in samples of each soil collected at eight different times (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 and 156 days after herbicide application at 3.0kg ha-1). Part of each soil sample was used to quantify diuron by high performance liquid chromatography. The other part of soil sample was used to do biological tests in order to confirm the results of chromatographic analysis. It was found that the persistence of diuron is dependent on the physical and chemical soil attributes. However, the correction of soil pH favored only herbicide degradation in sandy soils with low organic matter content. The half-life of diuron in soils ranged from 40 to 91 after its application and it was higher in soil with higher organic matter content. The biological tests confirmed these results and they were efficient and complementary to the chromatographic analysis.

Recent trends in niosome as vesicular drug delivery system.

Over decades researchers are striving to use the drugs in an efficient manner to treat various diseases. The efficient use can be explained as reduced dose, reduced side effects, reduced dosage frequency, greater patient compliance and maximum concentration of the drug at the site of action so as to reduce the undue exposure to the entire body. The article focuses on various advantages of vesicular systems (niosomes) to develop the effective delivery system to achieve maximum effective concentration. Niosomes, nonionic surfactant vesicles with lamellar structure which may be unilamellar and multilamellar serve to be efficient in providing these required advantages. The bilayer structure of niosomes being amphiphillic in nature can be used to deliver hydrophilic drugs in its aqueous core and lipophilic drugs in the bilayer made up of surfactants. Various additives in niosomes include nonionic surfactant as film forming agent, cholesterol as stabilizing and rigidizing agent for the bilayer and various charge inducers which develop a charge on the surface of niosomes and stabilize the prepared formulation by the resulting repulsive forces. This article also comprises of various breakthroughs in niosomal delivery of drugs representing various classes. On the basis of above information, the niosomes have been thoroughly exploited for the drug delivery system and still offer scope for research on various drugs for their maximum therapeutic utilization in management and treatment of various dreadful diseases.

Preparation and Evaluation of Modified Proniosomal Gel for Localised Urticaria and Optimisation by Statistical Method.

The objective of the study was to formulate a modified proniosomal gel (HMPG) of hydroxyzine hydrochloride. HMPG formulations were prepared by coacervation phase separation technique with different combination of non-ionic surfactants (Tweens and Spans) with phospholipids such as phospholipon 80H and 90H. Taguchi design of experiments was used to optimize the various formulation variables. The optimized HMPG formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, SEM, FTIR, in vitro diffusion study, exvivo permeation, skin deposition, skin irritation and stability studies. Tween 60: Span 40 with Phospholipon 90 H formulation (H90-5) showed the highest entrapment efficiency of 94.8%. In vitro drug release was found to be as low as 1.33%, exvivo drug permeation into the skin showed only 1.18 % and drug deposition in the SC was found to be 88.24% at the end of 24 hr. The H90-5 formulation was found to be stable for three months at refrigeration temperature. The results revealed that modified proniosomal formulations of hydroxyzine hydrochloride were suitable for topical drug delivery system for the treatment of localized urticaria.