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Objective:To systematically evaluate the impact of the three major nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima on the mental health status of emergency responders.Methods:MeSH and Entry Terms were searched. Relevant literature on the mental health consequences of the emergency responders to the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima nuclear accidents were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and APA PsycINFO databases, and screened and reviewed.Results:Totally 37 studies were included. General psychological distress, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and other abnormal psychological problems are prevalent among emergency responders following nuclear accidents. The psychological impact of the Chernobyl nuclear accident was most profound, causing serious mental disorders such as organic mental disorder and personality disorder among the clean-up workers. The mental health condition of emergency responders was associated with disaster-related emergency response tasks and the social factors brought in nuclear accidents.Conclusions:General psychological distress, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress reaction/disorder, severe mental disorder and other long-term abnormal psychological problems are common among first responders after nuclear accidents, and baseline mental health and psychological interventions require further study.
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Objective To study the 137Cs source term from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant,based on inverse modeling,so as to provide reference for accident assessment and radiation protection.Methods The 137Cs source term was estimated by means of inverse modeling of nuclear accidents based on variational data assimilation combined with truncated total least squares (TTLS-VAR).The environmental monitoring data was balanced,and the dispersion model operator and monitoring data vector were corrected,in order to reduce the influence from atmospheric dispersion model error,and then improve the accuracy of inverse modeling of source term.Results The total amount of 137Cs released was estimated to be 1.74× 1016-3.73× 1016 Bq,with the highest peak of release rates estimated appearing on March 18,2011 and the average release rate in exceed of 1.00× 1012 Bq/s.The estimated total amount of 137 Cs was close to the data published by IAEA and UNSCEAR.Also,the estimated release sequences were in good consistent with Japanese analytical results of source terms and sequence of events.The highest peak of the estimated release rate curve corresponds to the leakage incident of unit 3.Conclusions In this study,the 137Cs source term from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant is estimated by using TTLS-VAR inverse modeling,which could provide the basis for accident assessment and radiation protection.
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La biodosimetría citogenética se aplica en la evaluación médica de las personas involucradas en situaciones radiológicas anormales, con el fin de evaluar las dosis recibidas, el peligro inminente para la salud y aplicar los tratamientos médicos más adecuados. Además, contribuye al esclarecimiento de sucesos cuando existen dudas respecto a los resultados de la dosimetría física por dosímetros defectuosos, no calibrados o ausentes. Es el método más preciso de dosimetría biológica, ya que existe una relación matemática que permite calcular la dosis, establecer el grado de homogenidad de la exposición y, en caso de exposiciones no homogéneas, establecer la fracción del cuerpo irradiada y la dosis que recibió esa fracción mediante la cuantificación del número y tipos de aberraciones cromos¢micas y de micronúcleos y su distribución en los linfocitos de la sangre periférica. Para este análisis se establecen las relaciones dosis-efecto y un sistema automatizado para el cálculo de las dosis de radiación recibidas. Actualmente se está desarrollando un proyecto conjunto Universidad de Costa Rica-Hospital San Juan de Dios, con el objetivo de explorar los efectos cromosómicos de la radiación, en pacientes expuestos por razones el objetivo de explorar los efectos cromosómicos de la radiación, en pacientes expuestos por razones terapéuticas y atendidos en este hospital. De igual modo, se hará la curva de calibración dosis-respuesta in vitro para rayos gama y se validar mediante la intercomparación con el Laboratorio de Dosimetría Citogenética de Centro para la Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones de Cuba...