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Resumen Dentro de los síntomas que presentaron los pacientes que cursaron COVID-19 se documentó una importante incidencia de anosmia, asociada muchas veces a alteraciones en el gusto, sin una base fisiopatológica concluyente. La resonancia magnética proporciona datos estructurales morfológicos sobre el nervio olfatorio, el bulbo olfatorio y las cortezas primarias y secundarias. En esta serie de pacientes con anosmia posterior a COVID-19 se identificaron alteraciones estructurales de los bulbos olfatorios principalmente con elevación de la señal en secuencias T2, y en menor medida aumento de su volumen. Dichas características fueron interpretadas en probable relación con edema e inflamación posterior a la infección viral, observando en ciertos casos, además, asimetría de los bulbos olfatorios.
Abstract Anosmia, a frequent symptom among patients affected by COVID-19 and often associated with alterations in taste, does not have a clear pathophysiological basis in this context. Magnetic resonance imaging enables the structural assessment of the olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, and primary and secondary cortices. In this group of patients with post-COVID anosmia, were identified structural abnormalities at the level of the olfactory bulb mainly depicted as elevation of the signal in T2-weighted sequences, and to a lesser extent as an increase in their volume. These characteristics were interpreted in probable relation to edema and inflammation after the viral infection, showing in certain cases asymmetry of the olfactory bulbs.
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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of long-term moxa smoke exposure of different concentrations on olfactory function in rats, and provide experimental basis of safety study of moxa smoke produced by moxibustion.@*METHODS@#Forty SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a low-concentration moxa smoke group, a moderate-concentration moxa smoke group and a high-concentration moxa smoke group, 10 rats in each one. The rats in the moxa smoke groups were put into three plexiglass moxibustion boxes with different moxa smoke concentrations, 4 hours per times, twice a day for 90 days. The general state of rats was evaluated before and during the experiment. After the intervention, the olfactory function was evaluated by two-bottle experiment (TBE); the morphology of nasal mucosa was observed by HE staining; the apoptosis of olfactory epithelial cells in nasal mucosa was detected by TUNEL method; the serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by ELISA method.@*RESULTS@#In the late stage of moxa smoke exposure (45-90 days into intervention), the behavioral activity of rats in the moderate-concentration moxa smoke group and the high-concentration moxa smoke group was weaker than that in the normal control group, and their response to stimulation was strong, and their mental state was worse. After intervention, the drinking rate of vinegar-water mixture in the moderate-concentration moxa smoke group and the high-concentration moxa smoke group was higher than that in the normal control group and the low-concentration moxa smoke group (@*CONCLUSION@#The long-term exposure to low, moderate and high concentrations of moxa smoke could cause pathological changes in nasal mucosa and increase the serum levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α; the moderate and high concentrations of moxa smoke exposure could cause a series of damage to olfactory function and reduce olfactory sensitivity in rats.
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Animales , Ratas , Interleucina-1 , Interleucina-6 , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Humo/efectos adversos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfaRESUMEN
To investigate the inflammatory mechanism of nasal instillation of fine particulate matter (PM)on hippocampal tissue injury in mice. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=10):control group, low-dose group, high-dose group. The nasal instillation doses of PM in the low-dose group and the high-dose group were 1.5 mg/kg BW and 7.5 mg/kg BW, respectively, and the control group was given saline with an equal volume. Saline was sprayed once every other time for 12 times. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by ELISA method. HE staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the pathological changes and ultrastructure of lung tissue and hippocampus. The inflammatory cytokine levels in hippocampus were detected by antibody chip technique. There was no significant effect of PM nasal instillation on serum TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels (P＞0.05), and there was no obvious pathological changes in lung tissue structure. In hippocampus, low-dose and high-dose PM exposure could lead to disordered neuronal arrangement in the hippocampal CA3 region, and there were neurological changes around the neuron cells and ultrastructural changes such as edema around small blood vessels. Compared with the control group, the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as CX3CL1, CSF2 and TECK in the low-dose group were increased significantly (P ＜0.05), while sTNFR1 was decreased significantly (P＜0.05); the inflammatory factors CX3CL1, CSF2, and TCA-3 were significantly increased in the high-dose group (P＜0.05), while leptin, MIG, and FASLG were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Nasal instillation of PM can induce tissue damage in the hippocampus of mice, and its mechanism of action may be the olfactory brain pathway. The increasing of TNF-α and IL-6 and the decreasing of sTNFR1 and FASLG may be involved in inflammatory mechanisms.
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According to Ayurveda classic texts Indriyas (Sense organ) are the apparatus to attain knowledge for Atma. These are the tools for obtaining knowledge. Acharya Charaka described Indriya as basic instrument in differentiating the living and non-living matters. Whereas in contemporary science Indriyas are dealt only with structure i.e., sense organ where the actual transduction process takes place. Indriyas are composed of five elements still specific Mahabhuta dominates precise Indriya. This is the reason behind reception of specific sensation by its respective Indriya. E.g. Prithvi Mahabhuta dominates Ghranendriya and receive knowledge of Gandha. Considering the above said, present paper focuses upon understanding of Dnyanendriya w.s.r. Ghranendriya. Adhisthana of Ghranendriya is Nasa (Nose) inside Sharir which is embedded with dominance of Prithivi Mahabhuta and is responsible for acquisition of special attribute- Gandha (smell). Regarding examination of Indriya the Dnyanendriya is examined for its functional status as the status of perfection in perception of knowledge of respective object. According to contemporary science there are about 10 to 20 million of olfactory receptor cells present in human body. The olfactory receptor is a bipolar neuron which is supported by sustentacular cells. Olfactory receptors are situated in olfactory mucus membrane. This mucus membrane contains Bowman glands. Our study reveals that concept of Acharyas in relation to Dnyanendriya as important tool to gain specific knowledge seems true even in present era. It can be opined that Ayurveda concept related to Indriya needs to be explored through research to provide evidence based information related to Indriya Sharir.
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Objective To evaluate the relieving effects of vanillin sinffing on depression-like behaviors in depressed rats and to explore the possible underlying mechanism.Methods Depression animal model established by chronic unpredictable medium intensity stress combined with isolation and destroy the olfactory bulb.The depressed rats were divided randomly into vanillin inhalation group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group,depression model group,olfactory bulbectomy with the vanillin inhalation treatment group and sham-operated group.Nervous behavioral changes had been observed at different time after the administration of 5 weeks.The concentration of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the brain homogenate and the positive expression of BDNF in hippocampus had been also measured.Results Two weeks after the intervention,the immobility time of vanillin group((12.78 ±7.50) s) was lower than that of the model group((57.33±32.16) s) (P＜0.05).The consumption of saccharose in vanillin group((52.88±25.18)g) was higher than that of model group((37.40±19.33) g) (P＜0.05).BDNF of the brain homogenate in vanillin group (0.54±0.13) was significantly increased compared with model group (0.36± 0.06) (P＜0.01).When compared with the OBX group (0.40±0.06),similar result was obtained.Immunohistochemistry and the average density of image analysis revealed that the expression of BNDF of hippocampal CA3 in vanillin group (0.40±0.03)was significantly increased compared with model group (0.25±0.04) and OBX group (0.28±0.03) (P＜0.01).Conclusion Vanillin inhalation significantly relieves depression-like behaviors in depression rats.The possible mechanism may increase hippocampal neurogenesis by raising brain derived neurotrophic factor in brain.
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Objective To investigate the effect of vanillin via olfactory pathway on repetitive stereotyped behavior in autistic rats and its possible mechanism.Methods The model of autism was established by the single intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg/kg sodium valproate on day 12.5 of pregnant rats.Twenty-four autism animals were adopted according to the eye opening time,body mass and behavioral test.They were randomly divided into control group and vanillin group with 12 in each group,while the saline group rats as normal control group and the blank group rats as normal blank group.The repetitive stereotyped behavioral were examined in four groups of rats and the concentration of 5-HT in the amygdala was determined by immunohistochemical stainning.Results Compared with the control group,the repetitive stereotyped behaviors of vanillin group decreased (stereotype time (113.31 ± 18.45) s vs (250.52± 13.25) s,P＜0.01) and the expression of 5-HT in amygdala increased (5-HT positive neuron number(3.42± 1.32) vs (1.32± 1.04),P＜0.05).Conclusions Vanillin via olfactory pathway can improve repetitive stereotyped behaviors of autism rats,which is associated with increased the expression of 5-HT in amygdala.
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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganization in speech and thinking as well as alterations in social behavior, and affective flattening. Schizophrenic patients also have an olfactory deficit since prodromal stages of this disorder. The olfactory deficit could be present in schizophrenic patients due to anatomic and structural alteration of the Central Nervous System, or peripheral abnormalities in the olfactory epithelium. The major alterations of the Central Nervous System are diminished volumes of olfactory bulb and structures of primary olfactory cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. While, olfactory epithelium has functional abnormalities in cellular differentiation and electric response of sensory olfactory neurons, which suggest an impairment of the odor transduction. The cellular culture of olfactory epithelium has allowed isolating multipotential progenitor cells that have the ability to proliferate and differentiate in mature neurons and glia. This model could provide evidences on the causes that could explain the olfactory deficits in schizophrenia. Moreover, it will allow testing hypothesis on pathophysiological causes of this mental disorder in different of stages of the neurodevelopment. In addition, olfactory epithelial neuronal precursors constitute a novel model to detect genetic, proteomic and functional biomarkers that allow a biological diagnosis.
La esquizofrenia (EZ) es un trastorno psiquiátrico que se caracteriza por la presencia de delirios, alucinaciones, pensamiento desorganizado, lenguaje desestructurado, alteraciones del comportamiento social y aplanamiento afectivo, entre otros síntomas. Los pacientes con EZ también presentan un déficit en la capacidad olfatoria desde la fase prodrómica del trastorno. El déficit olfatorio en la EZ puede presentarse por alteraciones anatómico-estructurales del SNC o por anomalías a nivel periférico en el epitelio olfatorio. Las alteraciones principales del SNC son la disminución del volumen de los bulbos olfatorios, de estructuras de la corteza olfatoria primaria, del hipocampo y de la amígdala coronal. El epitelio olfatorio en los estadios tempranos de la EZ presenta anomalías funcionales en la diferenciación y en la respuesta biofísica de las neuronas sensoriales olfatorias, lo que sugiere que existe un desacoplamiento de la transducción olfatoria. El cultivo celular del epitelio olfatorio ha permitido aislar células progenitoras multipotenciales que poseen la capacidad de proliferar y diferenciarse en neuronas y glía. El estudio de este modelo podría aportar evidencia sobre las causas que explicarían el déficit olfatorio en la esquizofrenia y permitiría estudiar hipótesis que intenten explicar las causas de la fisiopatología de este trastorno en el neurodesarrollo así como detectar biomarcadores genéticos, proteómicos o funcionales que permitan un diagnóstico biológico.
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Most researchers consider that high exposure to heavy metals can result in hemorrhagic gastritis,hepatonecrosis,cancer,even death.There are many routes for heavy metals to get into human body,for instance absorption by gastrointestinal tract,cutaneous absorption etc.In this paper,the author reviewed the recent researches on brain function damage induced by heavy metals via olfactory pathway.Some heavy metals have especial affinity with brain tissue and cause functional disorder and death of nerve cells,and the mechanisms were discussed in detail.