Osteomalacia oncogénica secundaria a tumor mesenquimal fosfatúrico del pie / Oncogenic osteomalacia secondary to phosphaturic mesenchymal tumour of the foot

RESUMEN La osteomalacia oncogénica es un síndrome metabólico paraneoplásico caracterizado por hipofosfatemia debida a la pérdida renal de fosfato, con nivel bajo de vitamina D. Este trastorno está asociado con la liberación de factores fosfatúricos por células tumorales, especialmente el factor de crecimiento fibrolástico 23 (FGF23). Las neoplasias relacionadas con la osteomalacia oncogénica suelen ser tumores pequeños de linaje mesenquimatoso y pueden ser difíciles de localizar en algunos casos debido a su tamaño y ubicación poco accesible al examen físico. Presentamos a un paciente que desarrolló fracturas vertebrales y de cadera debido a osteomalacia oncogénica asociada con un tumor mesenquimatoso fosfatúrico del tejido graso profundo de la planta del pie, que finalmente se diagnosticó después de 3 años del inicio de los síntomas, cuando el tumor pudo ser localizado por el rastreo gammagráfico óseo con pentatreótido marcado con indio-111 y por las imágenes de resonancia magnética nuclear.

ABSTRACT Oncogenic osteomalacia is a paraneoplastic metabolic syndrome characterised by a low phosphates in the blood due to renal phosphate losses with inadequately normal or low vitamin D levels. This disorder is associated with the release of tumour cell-secreted phosphaturic factor, most notably fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23). The neoplasms related to oncogenic osteomalacia are usually small tumours of mesenchymal lineage, and they may be difficult to locate in the physical examination in some cases, due to their size and inaccessible location. The case is presented of a patient who developed vertebral and hip fractures due to oncogenic osteomalacia associated with a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumour of the deep fat tissue in the sole of the foot. This was finally diagnosed after 3 years of the onset of symptoms after being located by bone scintigraphy with Indium-111 labelled pentetreotide and magnetic resonance imaging.

Osteomalacia oncogénica: Presentación de dos casos

La osteomalacia oncogénica es una enfermedad rara. Existen descriptos alrededor de 337 casos. Es ocasionada por un tumor productor del factor de crecimiento fibroblástico 23 (FGF-23), hormona que disminuye la reabsorción tubular de fosfatos y altera la hidroxilación renal de la vitamina D, con hipofosfatemia, hiperfosfaturia y niveles bajos de calcitriol. Se presentan dos pacientes de 44 y 70 años, que consultaron por dolores óseos generalizados de aproximadamente un año de evolución en los que se hallaron alteraciones bioquímicas compatibles con osteomalacia hipofosfatémica. En el primer caso se realizó la resección de una tumoración en tejido celular subcutáneo del pie derecho, un año después del diagnóstico clínico. Luego de la exéresis, se disminuyó el aporte de fosfatos que recibía el paciente, pero reaparecieron los dolores al intentar suspenderlos. Ocho años más tarde, hubo recidiva local de la tumoración por lo que se efectuó resección completa. Después de la misma, se logró suspender el aporte de fosfatos. En el segundo caso, el paciente se estudió con tomografía por emisión de positrones con 18F-fluorodesoxiglucosa, hallando formación nodular hipermetabólica en partes blandas de antepie derecho, de 2.26 cm de diámetro. Luego de su escisión se pudo suspender el aporte de fosfatos. Ambos pacientes se encuentran asintomáticos con indicadores de metabolismo fosfocálcico normales. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico en ambos fue un tumor mesenquimático fosfatúrico, variante mixta del tejido conectivo, la entidad más frecuentemente asociada a la osteomalacia oncogénica.

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare disease. It is caused by a tumor that produces fibroblast growth factor 23, a hormone that decreases the tubular phosphate reabsorption and impairs renal hydroxylation of vitamin D. This leads to hyperphosphaturia with hypophosphatemia and low calcitriol levels. About 337 cases have been reported and we studied two cases; 44 and 70 year-old men who sought medical attention complaining of suffering diffuse bone pain over a period of approximately one year. In both cases, a laboratory test showed biochemical alterations compatible with a hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. In the first case, a soft tissue tumor of the right foot was removed, one year after the diagnosis. The patient was allowed to diminish the phosphate intake, but symptoms reappeared at this time. Eight years later, a local recurrence of the tumor was noted. A complete excision was now performed. The patient was able to finally interrupt the phosphate intake. In the second case, an F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, with computed tomography revealed a 2.26 cm diameter hypermetabolic nodule in the soft tissue of the right forefoot. After its removal, the patient discontinued the phosphate intake. Both patients are asymptomatic and show a regular phosphocalcic laboratory evaluation. The histopathological diagnosis was, in both cases, a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor, a mixed connective tissue variant. This is the prototypical variant of these tumors.

Identificación de una deleción causante de tumor del estroma gastrointestinal (Gist) por el análisis de los genes KIT y PDGFRA / Identification of a causative deletion of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (gist) by the analysis of the KIT and PDGFRA genes

Optimizar la detección de mutaciones en los genes KIT y PDGFRA en una muestra de tumor del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST). Material y Métodos: Se analizó una muestra de tumor GIST fijada y embebida en parafina. Mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) se amplificaron los exones 9, 11, 13 y 17 del gen KIT y los exones 12 y 18 del gen PDGFR que contienen las mutaciones causales de GIST. Se confirmó la amplificación mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 2%. Los fragmentos amplificados, fueron purificados y secuenciados en un analizador genético. Se detectó una sobreposición de bases propio de una deleción por lo que se tuvo que clonar los productos del exón 11 para identificar el alelo mutado. Resultados: Se determinó la presencia de una mutación patogénica en el exón 11 del gen KIT. Dicha mutación es una deleción de 15 pares de bases que genera la pérdida de 5 aminoácidos en el receptor tirosina kinasa KIT. Se encontraron polimorfismos neutrales en los exones 11 del gen KIT y en el exón 18 del gen PDGFRA. Conclusión: El análisis molecular mediante secuenciación automática, permitió identificar una mutación en el gen KIT en una muestra de tumor GIST. Esta técnica puede ser aplicada para caracterizar las mutaciones genéticas de casos peruanos de GIST y así poder establecer un tratamiento adecuado según su perfil mutacional...

Objective: To optimize the detection of mutations in the genes KIT and PDGFRA in a sample of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Material and Methods: We analyzed a GIST tumor sample fixed and embedded in paraffin. Using the technique of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we amplified exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of the KIT gene and exons 12 and 18 PDGFR gene which contain tha causal mutations of GIST. PCR amplification was confirmed by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose. The amplified fragments were purified and cloned for subsequent sequencing. An overlap of baeses, characteristic of a deletion was detected, so we had to clone the exon 11 products to identify mutated allele. Results: We determined the presence of a pathogenic mutation in exon 11 of KIT gene. The mutation is a deletion of 15 base pairs and generates a loss of 5 amino acids in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase. Neutral polymorphisms were also found in exon 11 of KIT gene and exon 18 of PDGFRA gene. Conclusion: Molecular analysis by automatic sequencing identified a mutation in the KIT gene in a tumor sample GIST. This technique can be applied to characterize genetic mutations Peruvian cases of GIST and thus establish adequate treatment by mutational profile...

Loss of PTEN expression and AKT activation in HER2-positive breast carcinomas / Perda da expressão do PTEN e ativação da AKT em carcinomas mamários HER2-positivos

PURPOSE: To examine the expression of AKT and PTEN in a series of HER2-positive primary invasive breast tumors using immunohistochemistry, and to associate these expression profiles with classic pathologic features such as tumor grade, hormone receptor expression, lymphatic vascular invasion, and proliferation. METHODS: A total of 104 HER2-positive breast carcinoma specimens were prepared in tissue microarrays blocks for immunohistochemical detection of PTEN and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT). Original histologic sections were reviewed to assess pathological features, including HER2 status and Ki-67 index values. The associations between categorical and numeric variables were identified using Pearson's chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney, respectively. RESULTS: Co-expression of pAKT and PTEN was presented in 59 (56.7%) cases. Reduced levels of PTEN expression were detected in 20 (19.2%) cases, and these 20 tumors had a lower Ki-67 index value. In contrast, tumors positive for pAKT expression [71 (68.3%)] were associated with a higher Ki-67 index value. CONCLUSION: A role for AKT in the proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancers was confirmed. However, immunohistochemical detection of PTEN expression did not correlate with an inhibition of cellular proliferation or control of AKT phosphorylation, suggesting other pathways in these mechanisms of control. .

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a expressão imuno-histoquímica de AKT e PTEN em uma série de carcinomas mamários invasivos HER2-positivos, e associar seus padrões de expressão com variáveis anatomopatológicas clássicas, como grau histológico, expressão de receptores hormonais, embolização vascular linfática e atividade proliferativa. MÉTODOS: Um total de 104 amostras de carcinomas mamários invasivos HER2-positivos foram preparadas em blocos de microarranjos de tecido para detecção imuno-histoquímica de PTEN e AKT fosforilada (pAKT). Cortes histológicos originais foram revistos para avaliação das características anatomopatológicas, incluindo o estado do HER2 e a avaliação da expressão de Ki-67. As associações entre as variáveis categóricas e as numéricas foram feitas com o uso dos testes do chi-quadrado de Pearson e Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Co-expressão de pAKT e PTEN foi identificada em 59 (56,7%) casos. Expressão reduzida de PTEN foi detectada em 20 (19,2%) casos, e esses 20 tumores mostraram menores valores de Ki-67. Por outro lado, tumores positivos para pAKT [71 (68,3%)] apresentaram células positivas para valores mais altos de Ki-67. CONCLUSÕES: O papel de AKT na proliferação de carcinomas mamários HER-2 positiva foi confirmada. Entretanto, a detecção imuno-histoquímica de PTEN não se correlacionou com inibição da proliferação celular ou controle da fosforilação de AKT, sugerindo outras vias nesses mecanismos de controle. .

Tumor mesenquimatoso fosfatúrico de fosa nasal con compromiso intracraneano: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Nasal fossa phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor with intracraneal compromise: case report and review of the literature

El tumor mesenquimatoso fosfatúrico (TMF) es una enfermedad extremadamente rara. Según evidencia reciente es causado por la sobreexpresión del factor de crecimiento fibroblástico 23 (FGF23), el cual genera hipofosfemia y osteomalacia. A continuación presentamos el caso de un paciente de 42 años con un tumor mesenquimatoso fosfatúrico de fosa nasal izquierda con extenso compromiso intracraneano. Cabe destacar que hasta la fecha hay 142 casos reportados de TMF en la literatura de los cuales solo 11 se ubican en fosa nasaly cavidades sinusales, y sólo dos de ellos ubicados en fosa nasal¹. El paciente tuvo una exitosa resolución quirúrgica con la consecuente normalización de parámetros analíticos (incluido el FGF23), mejoría sintomática y ausenia de recidiva hasta la fecha.

The phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) is an extremely rare disease. According to recent evidence is caused by overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) which generates hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. We report the case of a 42 year old patient with a left nasal fossa phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor with intracranial involvement. Should be noted that to date there are 142 reported cases of PMT in the literature of which only 11 are located in nasal fossa and sinus cavities, two of them located in nasal fossa¹. The patient had a successful surgical resolution with consequent normalization of analytical parameters (including FGF23), absence of symptoms and no recurrence to date.

Osteomalacia inducida por tumor: hemangiopericitoma rinosinusal / Tumor-induced osteomalacia: rhinosinusal hemangiopericytoma

La osteomalacia inducida por tumor es una rara enfermedad del metabolismo óseo caracterizada por el aumento en la excreción de fosfato a nivel renal seguido de hipofosfatemia. Es causada por agentes fosfatúricos producidos por determinados tumores. La resección total del tumor resulta en la completa reversión de las anormalidades bioquímicas, la desaparición de las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos en los estudios por imágenes. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 61 años con cuadro clínico y laboratorio compatibles con osteomalacia oncogénica inducida por tumor mesenquimático de localización rinosinusal. En nuestro caso el diagnóstico histológico correspondió a una neoplasia de tipo vascular: hemangiopericitoma.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare disease of bone metabolism. The characteristic of this disease is an increase in phosphate excretion followed by hypophosphatemia, due to phosphaturic agents produced by different types of tumors. Tumor resection results in complete resolution of clinical, biochemical and radiological abnormalities. We present the case of a 61 year old man with signs, symptoms and laboratory findings consistent with oncogenic osteomalacia due to a rhino-sinusal mesenchymal tumor. The histological diagnosis showed a vascular neoplasm: hemangiopericytoma.

Osteomalacia por tumor secretor de FGF-23 / Ostemalacia due to a tumor secreting FGF-23

Se presenta un caso de osteomalacia oncogénica en un varón de 50 años, con fuertes dolores óseos y gran debilidad muscular durante 4 años. Tenía varias deformidades vertebrales dorsales en cuña, fracturas en ambas ramas iliopubianas y en una rama isquiopubiana, y una zona de Looser en la meseta tibial derecha. Se localizó un tumor de 2 cm de diámetro en el hueco poplíteo derecho mediante centellograma con octreótido marcado con tecnecio. El tumor fue extirpado quirúrgicamente. La microscopía mostró un tumor mesenquimático fosfatúrico, de tejido conectivo mixto. La inmunotinción demostró FGF-23. Hubo rápida mejoría, con consolidación de las fracturas pelvianas y de la pseudofractura tibial y normalización de las alteraciones bioquímicas.

A case of oncogenic osteomalacia in a 50-year-old male is here presented. He suffered severe bone pain and marked muscular weakness of 4 years' duration. There were several vertebral deformities in the thoracic spine, bilateral fractures of the iliopubic branches, another fracture in the left ischiopubic branch, and a Looser's zone in the right proximal tibia. An octreotide-Tc scan allowed to identify a small tumor in the posterior aspect of the right knee. It was surgically removed. Microscopically, it was a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor-mixed connective tissue (PMT-MCT). Expression of FGF-23 was documented by immune-peroxidase staining. There was rapid improvement, with consolidation of the pelvic fractures and the tibial pseudo-fracture. The laboratory values returned to normal.

Estudo de p27, p21, p16 em epitélio escamoso normal, papiloma escamoso e carcinoma de células escamosas da cavidade oral / Comparative analysis of the immunohistochemistry expression of p27, p21WAF/Cip1, and p16INK4a in oral normal epithelium, squamous papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: O tipo de câncer oral mais frequente é o carcinoma de células escamosas, que corresponde a 95 por cento dos casos(9). O papiloma escamoso oral é uma neoplasia benigna normalmente associada à infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV)(21). A análise da literatura mostra alterações nos genes reguladores do ciclo celular p27, p21WAF/Cip1 e p16INK4a, porém sem uma definição de seus papéis na carcinogênese oral. O objetivo foi caracterizar imuno-histoquimicamente p27, p21WAF/Cip1 e p16NK4a em epitélio escamoso normal, papilomas escamosos e carcinomas de células escamosas da cavidade oral. MÉTODOS: Imuno-histoquímica para p27, p21WAF/Cip1 e p16NK4a em 32 casos de epitélio escamoso normal, 30 casos de papiloma escamoso e 34 de carcinoma de células escamosas da cavidade oral. RESULTADOS: p27: 97,06 por cento dos casos de carcinoma de células escamosas apresentaram imunopositividade focal. O grupo papiloma escamoso apresentou 33,33 por cento e o grupo controle, 18,75 por cento. p21WAF/Cip1: 100 por cento de imunopositividade focal tanto no grupo controle como no grupo carcinoma de células escamosas, e 90 por cento no grupo papiloma escamoso. p16INK4a: 100 por cento de imunopositividade focal para os grupos controle e papiloma escamoso, e 94 por cento para o grupo carcinoma de células escamosas. CONCLUSÃO: Imuno-histoquimicamente demonstrou-se diferença significativa para p27 quando feita comparação dos grupos controle e papiloma escamoso com o grupo carcinoma de células escamosas. O p21WAF/Cip1 não demonstrou poder de diferenciar os grupos analisados. O p16INK4a apresentou imunopositividade difusa em uma minoria dos casos do grupo carcinoma de células escamosas. O grupo papiloma escamoso se comportou de maneira similar ao grupo controle em relação aos três marcadores.

INTRODUCTION: The most frequent type of oral cancer is the squamous cell carcinoma, which corresponds to 95 percent of the cases(9).The oral squamous papilloma is a benign neoplasia, commonly associated with infections caused by the human papilloma virus(21). The analysis of medical literature shows changes in cell cycle regulatory genes (p27, p21WAF/Cip1 and p16INK4a), but does not define their roles in oral carcinogenesis. Objective: Characterize the immuno-histochemical expression of p27, p21WAF/Cip1 and p16INK4a in oral normal squamous epithelium, oral squamous papilloma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Immuno-histochemical evaluation of p27, p21WAF/Cip1 and p16INK4a in 32 samples of oral normal squamous epithelium, 30 of oral squamous papilloma and 34 of oral squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS: 97.06 percent of the oral squamous cell carcinoma group, 33.33 percent of the squamous papilloma group and 18.75 percent of the control group showed focal immunopositivity for p27. 100 percent of both control and oral squamous cell carcinoma groups and 90 percent of the oral squamous papilloma group showed focal immunopositivity for p21WAF/Cip1. 100 percent of both control and oral squamous papilloma groups and 94 percent of the oral squamous cell carcinoma group showed focal immunopositivity for p16INK4a. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a statistically significant difference for p27 expression when comparing the control and oral squamous papilloma groups with the oral squamous cell carcinoma group. p21WAF/Cip1 did not prove to be useful to differentiate the groups. p16INK4a showed diffuse immunopositivity in a minority of the oral squamous cell carcinoma cases. The oral squamous papilloma group behaved similarly to the control group as to the three markers.

Papel de las células madre oncogénicas: en la resistencia terapéutica de tumores de mama / Role of oncogenes stem cells: in the treatment resistance of breast tumors

Las células madre oncogénicas constituyen una subpoblación de células tumorales que tienen la capacidad de auto-renovarse y de generar tumores heterogéneos en animales de experimentación. Estudios recientes han demostrado que las células madres oncogénicas juegan un papel central en la tumorigénesis, la progresión tumoral y la sensibilidad al tratamiento, lo que las convierte en blancos muy prometedores para el desarrollo de nuevas terapias antineoplásicas. En el caso particular del cáncer de mama estas células se descubrieron en el 2003. Tras su identificación, diversos estudios se enfocaron en identificar las actividades celulares que caracterizan a esta población, lo cual permitió saber que las células madres mamarias son más resistentes a la quimioterapia que el resto de las células tumorales. Al sobrevivir al tratamiento, estas pueden ser capaces de repoblar el tumor y producir recurrencia. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo resumir evidencia reciente que indica que tantos cambios en la expresión de transportadores de membranas como alteraciones en diversas vías de señalización participan en la quimiorresistencia de las células madre mamarias. Adicionalmente, esta revisión discute las posibles estrategias para vencer la resistencia terapéutica y lograr la erradicación de las células. Esas estrategias pueden ser la base para la generación de mejores terapias que prevengan la recurrencia de los tumores de mama.

The cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of tumor cells that display self renewal capability and generate heterogeneous tumors when injected into a experimentation animals. Recent studies have shown that stem cancer cells play a key role in the tumor development, progression, and treatment sensitivity, making cancer stem cells are very promising targets for the development of a new therapies for cancer. In the case of breast cancer, stem cells were discovered in year 2003. Since they identification, different studies have characterized the cell activities that distinguish this population. Now it is well known that breast cancer stem cells are more resistant to chemotherapy than the rest of the breast cancer cells. Given that cancer stem cells survive the treatment, they may be capable to repopulate the tumor, causing relapse. The present paper aims to summarize the recent evidence that indicates that changes in the expression of membrane transporters as well as alterations in various signaling pathways are involved in the generation of resistance in breast cancer stem cells. In addition, this review discusses the possible strategies to overcome drug resistance and to achieve the eradication of the cancer stem cells. These strategies may become the basis for the development of new therapies that block relapse in breast cancer.

Osteomalácia oncogênica: cintilografia com sestamibi-99mTc na localização do tumor / Oncogenic osteomalacia: localization of underlying peripheral tumor with99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy

A osteomalácia oncogênica hipofosfatêmica (OOH) é uma síndrome paraneoplásica induzida por tumor, de tecidos mole ou ósseo. Apresenta-se com dor e fraturas, acompanhada de hipofosfatemia, hiperfosfatúria e concentrações plasmáticas de 1,25(OH)2D3 inapropriadamente normais/diminuídas. Após a remoção do tumor, a completa resolução das anormalidades clínicas e bioquímicas é sua maior característica. Uma mulher de 44 anos de idade é descrita no caso com dificuldade para caminhar por causa de dores nos membros inferiores, fraqueza muscular generalizada e hipofosfatemia com relativa hiperfosfatúria. A cintilografia de corpo total com sestamibi-99mTc mostrou acúmulo do radiofármaco no terço superior de coxa esquerda onde pequeno tumor foi detectado no exame pelo ultra-som. Com a retirada do tumor, um lipoma, os sintomas melhoraram após um mês, com recuperação completa ao redor do quarto mês. Neste caso, a cintilografia de corpo inteiro com sestamibi-99mTc foi decisiva na localização do tumor causador da osteomalácia oncogênica.

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a paraneoplastic syndrome usually induced by bone or soft tissue tumors. It is presented by the development of pain and fractures with hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia, and inappropriate normal/low plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration. After the removal of the tumor the complete resolution of all biochemical and clinical abnormalities is the main characteristic. A case of a 44-year-old female with difficulty in walking due to leg pain and generalized muscle weakness and hypophosphatemia, with relative hyperphosphaturia, is described. A whole-body 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy showed accumulation in the left thigh region, and a small tumor was detected by ultrasound examination. By removal of the tumor, a lipoma, the symptoms improved significantly after a month, with complete recovery by the fourth month. In this case, 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy was useful in identifying the location of the tumor, which caused oncogenic osteomalacia.