Manejo odontológico del paciente en tratamiento de anticoagulante oral sometido a cirugía oral: una revisión narrativa / Stomatological management of anticoagulated patients undergoing oral surgery: a narrative review

Resumen Los pacientes que se encuentran bajo tratamiento de anticoagulantes orales, presentan alteraciones en distintas etapas de la hemostasia, lo que conlleva a tener implicancias y consideraciones médico/quirúrgicas durante su atención. En la actualidad, no existe un consenso en relación con el manejo odontológico de estos pacientes que serán sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos, llevando a protocolos clínicos que siguen diversas posturas, como la de disminuir la ingesta farmacológica del anticoagulante, sustituir con heparina y la de mantener el tratamiento bajo control. Objetivo Establecer el manejo estomatológico del paciente que se encuentra en tratamiento de anticoagulante oral mediante una revisión profunda de la literatura Materiales y método Se realizó una búsqueda de revisión bibliográfica manualmente de artículos indexados a las bases de datos de PUBMED y EBSCO que correspondiesen a las palabras "cirugía bucal", "anticoagulantes", "atención dental" y "hemorragia oral". En cuanto a los criterios de inclusión, se consideraron revisiones bibliográficas, estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos, guías, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis publicados entre noviembre de 2005 y 2022, en idiomas inglés o español. Conclusiones Existen múltiples protocolos para la atención del paciente anticoagulado que será sometido bajo procedimiento de cirugía oral menor. Es importante considerar el anticoagulante utilizado, motivo, control de este, el procedimiento a realizar en el paciente y medidas hemostáticas tanto intra como postoperatorias por realizar, tras analizar lo anterior, se advierte que disminuir la ingesta del fármaco para realizar el procedimiento, puede ser más perjudicial al paciente como al clínico, por lo tanto se sugiere mantener el tratamiento antitrombótico y realizar un correcto manejo médico/quirúrgico.

Abstract Patients undertaking oral anticoagulant treatment may experience alterations in different stages of hemostasis, which lead to medical/surgical implications and considerations during their care. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the dental management of these patients, as they go through surgical procedures. This leads to clinical protocols that follow numerous approaches, such as reducing the pharmacological intake of the anticoagulant, replacing it with heparin, and maintaining the controlled treatment. Objective: To establish the stomatological management of the patient undergoing oral anticoagulant treatment through an in depth review of the literature. Materials and Method: A manual bibliographic review search of articles indexed to the PUBMED and EBSCO databases corresponding to the words "oral surgery", "oral bleeding", "anticoagulants" and "dental management" was performed. Regarding the inclusion criteria: bibliographic reviews, observational studies, clinical trials, guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between November 2005 and 2022, in English or Spanish, were considered. Conclusion: There are multiple protocols for the care of the anticoagulated patient who will undergo a minor oral surgery procedure. It is important to reflect on the anticoagulant used, the reason for it, its supervision, the surgical procedure that will be undertaken by the patient, and both intraoperative and postoperative hemostatic measures to be implemented. After analyzing the above, it is noted that reducing the intake of the drug to perform the surgical procedure may be harmful to the patient and to the clinician, therefore it is suggested to maintain the antithrombotic treatment and carry out a correct medical/surgical management.

Hemorragia de assoalho de boca durante a instalação de implantes osteointegráveis / Bleeding at the floor of the mouth during dental implant placement

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de hemorragia transoperatória na região anterior de mandíbula. Um paciente do sexo masculino, 77 anos de idade e portador de hipertensão arterial foi indicado para reabilitação com implantes osteointegráveis na região anterior de mandíbula. No transoperatório, após fresagem para preparação do leito para instalação dos implantes, observou-se hemorragia oriunda do assoalho de boca, ocasionando aumento severo da base de língua associado ao aumento de pressão arterial do paciente. A utilização de medicação anti-hipertensiva e ansiolítica foi a manobra inicial realizada para controle da hemorragia. Na sequência, foram realizadas duas incisões bilateralmente no assoalho de boca, com o intuito de drenar o sangue. O paciente foi mantido em observação por um período de duas horas, com monitorização de seus sinais vitais, estes mantendo-se dentro da normalidade e sem evolução do edema. O paciente foi liberado com as devidas orientações, visto que este acidente foi de difícil controle e os implantes osteointegrados não foram instalados naquele momento. Existe um eminente risco de hemorragias, quando há intervenção na região anterior da mandíbula para a instalação de implantes osteointegráveis. Porém, pacientes com comprometimentos sistêmicos e/ou que fazem uso de medicamentos anticoagulantes são mais predispostos. A fenestração da cortical lingual pode ser uma situação clínica que pode levar a um quadro hemorrágico. Saber aplicar condutas de emergência é um fator que pode salvar a vida dos pacientes, e alterações anatômicas locais podem favorecer o acidente hemorrágico.

The aim of this paper is to describe a clinical case of transoperative bleeding in the anterior mandibular region. A 77 years-old male patient having arterial hypertension was scheduled for dental implant placement. After the osteotomy for implant preparation, abundant bleeding was observed at the fl oor of the mouth, with severe tongue swelling and an increase on blood pressure. The basic management consisted of anti-hypertensive and anxiolytic medication, with two lateral incisions to drain blood, vital signs monitoring. The edema subsided and no airway obstruction or speech problems were observed thereafter. The patient was discarded with appropriate recommendations, and the implants were not installed in the same surgical consultation. There is a considerable risk of bleeding in the anterior mandibular region. However, patients with systemic diseases or under anti-coagulation therapy are more prone. Fenestration of the lingual cortical plate could be a possible reason for profuse bleeding. The clinician must know how to manage these situations to save the patient since local anatomic changes can favor the hemorrhagic accident.

Granuloma telangiectásico: presentación de un caso significativo / Telangiectatic Granuloma: A Meaningful Case

El granuloma telangiectásico bucal es una hiperplasia reactiva inflamatoria que afecta lamucosa y el tejido gingival de la cavidad oral. Se presenta como una reacción del tejidoconectivo a estímulos como traumas, irritación local por placa dental, procesos infecciososy factores hormonales. Es una patología muy frecuente en la región suramericana, que sedescribe clínicamente como una lesión tumoral de color rojo, tamaño variable, superficielisa o rugosa, de base pediculada con mayor frecuencia, consistencia blanda y tendenciaa sangrar cuando es manipulado. La remoción quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección. Sereporta el caso clínico de un paciente con diagnóstico de granuloma telangiectásico degran tamaño, que acudió a la clínica odontológica de la Corporación Universitaria RafaelNúñez en Cartagena, Colombia. Se describen las características clínicas e histopatológicas,así como su tratamiento...

Oral granuloma telangiecticum is a reactive inflammatory hyperplasia that affects oralmucosa and gingival tissues. It is a reaction of the connective tissue to trauma, dentalplaque-induced irritation, infections and hormonal factors. This pathology is often found inthe South American region and is clinically described as a red tumorous lesion with variablesize, smooth or rough surface, frequently pedicled, soft consistency, and tends to bleedwhen it is manipulated. Treatment consists of surgical enucleation. This is a case report ofa patient with diagnosis of large-sized granuloma telangiecticum who attended the dentalclinics of Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez in Cartagena Colombia. Clinical characteristics,histopathology, and treatment provided are described...

Atypical lesion on soft palate: a curious case / Lesión atípica en el paladar blando: relato de caso

The aim of this work is to present a case of a 39-years-old man with a 2cm sized purple pedunculated tissue on the soft palate, next to upper right retromolar area, asymptomatic, with one day time evolution and vascular appearance. There was no trauma history or systemic diseases. Based on the clinical findings our previous diagnosis was traumatic granuloma, hemangioma or blood coagulum formation after local trauma. After one week, intraoral examination revealed absence of the lesion, which disappeared completely. This case illustrates that the absence of trauma history and atypical clinical characteristics can be a diagnostic defiance in the clinical routine.

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de un hombre de 39 años de edad, con un tejido de 2 cm pediculado color púrpura en el paladar blando, junto al área retromolar superior derecha, asintomático, con un día de evolución y de aspecto vascular. No había historia de trauma o enfermedades sistémicas. Con base en los hallazgos clínicos nuestro diagnóstico previo fue granuloma traumático, hemangioma o la formación de coágulos sanguíneos, después de un traumatismo local. Luego de una semana, el examen intraoral reveló ausencia de la lesión, la que desapareció por completo. Este caso ilustra que la ausencia de historia de trauma y las características clínicas atípicas, puede ser un desafío diagnóstico en la rutina clínica.

Emergency bleeding control in a mentally retarded patient with active oral and maxillofacial bleeding injuries: report of a case

Excessive oral and maxillofacial bleeding causes upper airway obstruction, bronchotracheal and gastric aspiration and hypovolemic shock. Therefore, the rapid and correct bleeding control is very important for saving lives in the emergency room. Despite the conventional bleeding control methods of wiring (jaw fracture, wound suture and direct pressure), continuous bleeding can occur due to the presence of various bleeding disorders. There are five main causes for excessive bleeding disorders in the clinical phase; (1) vascular wall alteration (infection, scurvy etc.), (2) disorders of platelet function (3) thrombocytopenic purpura (4) inherited disorders of coagulation, and (5) acquired disorders of coagulation (liver disease, anticoagulant drug etc.). In particular, infections can alter the structure and function of the vascular wall to a point at which the patient may have a clinical bleeding problem due to vessel engorgement and erosion. Wound infection is a frequent cause of postoperative active bleeding. To prevent postoperative bleeding, early infection control using a wound suture with proper drainage establishment is very important, particularly in the active bleeding sites in a contaminated emergency room. This is a case report of a rational bleeding control method by rapid wiring, wound suture with drainage of a rubber strip & iodoform gauze and wet gauze packing, in a 26-year-old male cerebral palsy patient with active oral and maxillofacial bleeding injuries caused by a traffic accident.