Key issues and strategies of on demand treatment of esophageal cancer under the new era of immunotherapy / 中华消化外科杂志

In the era of multidisciplinary treatment of esophageal cancer, especially the development of immunotherapy, the aim of organ-sparing treatment is to improve quality of life without reducing survival. After neoadjuvant therapy, the common efficacy evaluation methods are endoscopic biopsy and imaging examination, which may help patients with complete response obtaining organ-sparing treatment. Liquid biopsy technology represented by circulating tumor cells is a novel evaluation method, which will be used in multimodality evaluation to guide clinical decision making in the future. For organ-sparing treatment, it should consider the period of surgical window and optimization of combined treatment (chemotherapy regimens and radiation doses, etc.) to achieve a higher pathologic complete response rate. In the era of immunotherapy, it is necessary to explore effectively predictive biomarkers to identify patients who are suitable for organ-sparing treatment, and individualize the best combination therapy for different patients. At the same time, strengthening the intensity of consolidation therapy is also an important role for immunotherapy in organ-sparing treatment. Active surveillance is required to detect recurrence and implement salvage therapy for patients who received organ-sparing treatment. It is expected that the organ-sparing treatment of esophageal cancer could be developed under the new era of immunotherapy.

¿Sirven los hallazgos prequirúrgicos para interpretar las lesiones ováricas neoplásicas y no neoplásicas e influir en las decisiones quirúrgicas en niñas y adolescentes? / Can preoperative findings help to interpret neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of ovary and affect surgical decisions in children and adolescents?

Antecedentes. Las masas ováricas son frecuentes en la población pediátrica. Suele realizarse cirugía conservadora de los ovarios porque la mayoría son quistes benignos o funcionales. Objetivo. Investigar quéhallazgos prequirúrgicos sirven para diferenciar la patología de las lesiones ováricas, influir en las decisiones quirúrgicas y predecir la posibilidad de conservar los ovarios. Método. Se incluyeron pacientes operadas con diagnóstico de masa ovárica. Revisión retrospectiva de edad, síntomas, examen físico, marcadores tumorales, características radiológicas y resultados anatomopatológicos. Resultados. Durante el estudio, se operaron 98 pacientes y se incluyeron 86. Media de edad: 9,7 ± 5,62 años. Las patologías no neoplásicas representaron el 68,6 %, las neoplásicas, el 31,4 %, la tasa de malignidad, el 4,6 %. Las neoplasias incluyeron componente sólido, ausencia de torsión ovárica y diámetro >9 cm (p < 0,001;p < 0,001; p = 0,001).Se halló torsión anexial en el 34,9 %. El diámetro medio no difirió significativamente entre los grupos con o sin torsión; la incidencia de torsión fue mayor en las masas <6 cm (p = 0,019). Se realizó cirugía conservadora de los ovarios en 48 pacientes (55,8 %) y ooforectomía, en 38 (44,2 %). El tratamiento dependió de la naturaleza (p < 0,001) y del tamaño (p < 0,001) de la lesión pero no de la edad y la torsión. Conclusión. Una masa puramente quística <9 cm, con torsión y marcadores negativos indica masa no neoplásica. La presencia de un componente sólido y la ausencia de torsión están asociadas con riesgo de cáncer.

Background: Ovarian masses are common in all pediatric age groups. Ovarian-sparing surgery is favored since most cases are benign or functional cysts. Detection of a few malignant cases prevents morbidity and mortality. Objective: to investigate which of the preoperative findings can help to distinguish the pathology of the ovarian lesions, affect the surgical decision and predict the possibility of ovarian preservation. Method: Patients operated with diagnosis of ovarian mass were enrolled in the study between 2000-2015. Age, symptoms, physical examination findings, tumor markers, radiologic features, operative notes, and pathology results were reviewed retrospectively. Results: During the study period, 98 patients were operated and 86 were included. Mean age was 9.7±5.62 years. Non-neoplastic pathologies constitute 68.6 % of cases; 31.4 % was neoplastic. Malignancy rate was 4.6 %. Solid component, absence of ovarian torsion and diameter >9 cm were more commonly seen in neoplastic cases (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.001). Adnexal torsion was found in 30 (34.9 %) patients. Mean diameter did not differ significantly between groups with or without torsion; incidence of torsion was greater in patients with masses <6 cm (p=0.019). Ovarian-sparing surgery was performed in 48 (55.8 %) and oopherectomy in 38 (44.2 %) patients. Surgical approach was affected by nature (p<0.001) and size (p<0.001) of the lesion; it was independent of age and presence of torsion. Conclusion: A purely cystic mass <9 cm, with torsion and negative markers, orients towards a non-neoplastic mass. The presence of solid component and absence of torsion are associated with increased risk of malignancy.

Radioterapia neoadyuvante e intraoperatoria en sarcoma de muslo y región poplítea para salvamento de extremidad. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Preoperative and intraoperative radiotherapy for limb sparing surgical resection in a popliteal fossa sarcoma. Case report and review of the literature

Resumen Los sarcomas de tejidos blandos de las extremidades necesitan para su manejo la realización de resecciones oncológicas amplias con el fin de lograr márgenes negativos. En ocasiones los casos con compromiso de estructuras neurovasculares y/u óseas requieren la amputación de la extremidad como única alternativa quirúrgica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico de liposarcoma que comprometía la fosa poplítea y el paquete neurovascular. Recibió radioterapia neoadyuvante, resección compartimental y radioterapia intraoperatoria, que posibilitaron la conservación de la extremidad. La cirugía logró márgenes microscópicos libres, con una adecuada funcionalidad y sin recaída a los 42 meses de seguimiento.

Abstract The patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities are best treated with wide local excisions, with resection of the primary tumor and normal tissue around the lesion, in order to achieve negative margins; usually when the nerves, the vessels or the bone are surrounded by the tumor, amputation is needed. We report the case of a patient with Liposarcoma in the popliteal fossa, with the tumor involving the nerve and popliteal vessels. The patient underwent to limb-sparing treatment, including preoperative radiotherapy, wide local excision and intraoperative radiotherapy, allowing to keep the extremity, with negative margins, acceptable function of the limb and without recurrence after 42 months of follow up.

A pilot study of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist combined with aromatase inhibitor as fertility-sparing treatment in obese patients with endometrial cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effects and pregnancy outcomes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) combined with aromatase inhibitor (AI) in preserving the fertility of obese women with grade 1 endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: This study recruited obese EC patients who wished to preserve their fertility. The treatment regimen consisted of intramuscular GnRH agonist 3.75 mg every 4 weeks and oral AI 2.5 mg daily. The maintenance regimen was the same as the initial treatment regimen. Primary outcomes included response rate, time to complete response (CR), and time to recurrence; pregnancy outcomes included the time to pregnancy, pregnancy rate and live birth rate. RESULTS: Six obese patients with EC were included in this study, with the age (mean±standard deviation [SD]) of 30.5±3.3 years and body mass index (mean±SD) of 35.0±1.4 kg/m2. CR rate was 100%, and time to CR was 3–6 months. None of the patients had recurrence after a median follow-up of 4.0 years (range, 1.3–7.0 years). The most common side effects were menopause-like symptoms. Among these patients, no weight gain was observed during treatment. The pregnancy rate and live birth rate was 50.0% and 75.0%, respectively, with a median time to pregnancy of 2.4 years (range, 1.0–5.5 years). CONCLUSION: The combination of GnRH agonist and AI demonstrated promising long-term effect in young obese EC patients who wished to preserve their fertility. No weight gain side effects were observed. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to fully evaluate this novel treatment regimen.

Clinical experience of circular resection in lower uterine segment and anastomosis of uterine ends for pernicious placenta previa combined with placenta accreta / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To investigate the efficacy of anastomosis after circular resection of lower uterine segment of uterine ends in the treatment of pernicious placenta previa combined with placenta accreta.Methods Clinical data of three patients who were diagnosed with pernicious placenta previa combined with placenta accreta and treated with circular resection of lower uterine segment and anastomosis in Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January to July 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by analyzing blood loss,vital signs and blood transfusion during operation,postoperative recovery and other parameters.Results Vital signs of the three patients were stable during operations.The volume of blood loss and blood transfusion during operation and operation time of the three patients were respectively 2 000 ml,400 ml and 110 min,1 520 ml,200 ml and 96 min,and 1 500 ml,200 ml and 90 min.None of them had postoperative infection and all were discharged within seven days after operation.The three patients all recovered well.Lochia discharge continued for 33,38 and 28 days,respectively.The menses were resumed respectively on the 289th,179th and 163rd day following operation without dysmenorrhea and all women had normal volume of menstruation.The cervical lengths of the three patients were 4.2,3.5 and 3.2 cm 90 days after operation,respectively.Results of imaging examination showed that uterine cavity were in normal shape and distinct endometrium were observed in all patients 90 days after operation.Conclusions Circular resection of lower uterine segment and anastomosis of lower ends of the uterine,which can effectively contol the intraoperative bleeding and retain the uteru,is highly effective for pernicious placenta previa combined with placenta accreta.

Clinical charateristcs and high risk factors of intractable postpartum hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy:analysis of 152 patients / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and etiology of intractable postpartum hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy. Methods We retrospectively collected 152 patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage between January 2005 and March 2016 in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Peking University First Hospital. Analysis was conducted to identify the general status, etiology, high risk factors, complications and outcome of patients with or without hysterectomy (hysterectomy group and conservative group). T-test, Rank sum test, and Logistic regression analysis were applied in the statistical analysis. Results (1) Totally 152 patients were identified, accounting for 0.3% of total deliveries during the study period (152/48 694). Among them, 111 cases (73.0%) received routine prenatal care in our hospital; and 41 cases (27.0%) were transferred from other hospitals for high-risk pregnancy. The median blood loss within 24 h after delivery was 1 807(1 027-10 000) ml and 6 (2-42) U of red blood cells was transfused. Totally, uterus was removed in 29 cases (19.1%), with a hysterectomy rate of 0.060% (29/48 694) among all deliveries. (2) The proportion of women with previous cesarean sections [62.1%(18/29) vs 9.8%(12/123), χ2=40.541], the total amount of blood loss within 24 h postpartum [5 145(2 061-10 000) vs 1 586 (1 027-7 350) ml, Z= － 7.671] and of transfused red blood cells [24(6-42) vs 6(2-40) U, Z= － 7.485] were all significantly higher in the hysterectomy group than those of the conservative group. (3) The main causes for intractable postpartum hemorrhage were uterine atony (66/152, 43.4%), placental factors (58/152, 38.2%), soft birth canal injury (21/152, 13.8%) and coagulation dysfunction (7/152, 4.6%). The proportions of placenta factors and coagulation dysfunction in hysterectomy group were higher than those of the conservative group [69.0%(20/29) vs 30.9%(38/123), OR(95% CI): 4.971(2.071-11.912); 20.7%(6/29) vs 0.8%(1/123), OR (95% CI): 31.826(3.654-276.132)], while the proportion of uterine atony was lower [3.4%(1/29) and 52.8%(65/123), OR(95%CI):0.032(0.001-0.241)] (all P<0.01). No statistical difference was shown in the proportion of soft birth canal injury between the two groups. (4) Among the 152 cases, 17.8%(27/152) were admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU) and 15.8%(24/152) experienced severe complications. More postpartum women developed severe complications or being transferred to the ICU in the hysterectomy group than in the conservative group [65.5%(19/29) vs 4.1% (5/123), χ2=72.423; 72.4%(21/29) vs 4.9%(6/123), χ2=73.273; all P<0.001]. Conclusions For women with intractable postpartum hemorrhage cases requiring hysterectomy, previous cesarean section complicating with placenta accreta, is the major reason, while those complicated with coagulation dysfunction carries the highest risk. Meanwhile, those caused by uterine rupture should not be ignored. Although uterine atony remains the leading cause, uterus may be preserved through conservative surgery in most cases in hospitals with adequate medical resources and techniques.

Alternativas quirúrgicas conservadoras del útero ante la hemorragia postparto / Conservative surgical alternatives of the uterus on postpartum hemorrhage

La hemorragia posparto es una de las complicaciones obstétricas más temidas y una de las tres primeras causas de mortalidad materna en el mundo, que afecta aproximadamente el 2 % de todas las mujeres parturientas. En su manejo es crucial una actuación inmediata y secuencial, que inicia con el tratamiento farmacológico tradicional y que en muchas ocasiones no logra ser efectivo para detener el sangrado, por lo que se hace necesaria la intervención quirúrgica. El tratamiento conservador del útero ha demostrado ser una alternativa terapéutica útil para disminuir la hemorragia y conservar la fertilidad en aquellas pacientes con paridad no satisfecha. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo recopilar las principales alternativas quirúrgicas conservadoras del útero ante la hemorragia posparto. Ello permitirá a los profesionales vinculados a la atención de la paciente obstétrica grave, profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las técnicas más utilizadas en la actualidad.

Postpartum haemorrhage is one of the most feared obstetric complications and one of the top three causes of world maternal mortality, affecting approximately 2% of all women in labor. In its management, an immediate and sequential approach is crucial, which starts with traditional pharmacological treatment and which in many cases fails to be effective in stopping bleeding, makes surgical intervention necessary. Conservative treatment of the uterus has been shown to be a useful therapeutic alternative for reducing bleeding and preserving fertility in those patients with unsatisfied parity. The present review aims at compiling the main conservative surgical alternatives of the uterus on postpartum haemorrhage. This will allow professionals related to the attention of the severely ill obstetric patient, to deepen on the most currently used techniques.

Meta-analysis of prognosis of ovarian preserving in young patients with early endometrial cancer / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To discuss the effect of preserving ovaries on the prognosis of young early endometrial cancer patients. Methods Searched English and Chinese databases by computors, including Cochrane library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), data base of Wanfang, China Science and Technology Journal(CSTJ), and also relevant journals and magazines by hand. Retrieval time from January 1996 to March 2016. In accordance with the inclusion criteria, two independent investigators screened the studies and extracted the relevant data respectively. Then evaluated the quality of included studies. Finally, conducted the meta-analysis with RevMan 5.3 software from cochrane collaboration network, in which heterogeneity test of enrolled studies firstly was completed and combined analysis with effect models according to the heterogeneity secondary. In the light of the result, effect of remaining ovaries on the prognosis (5-year recurrence rate and 5-year overall survival rate) of young early endometrial cancer patients was determined. Results Ten trials were included. All of them were cohort studies, a total of 5 299 patients, in which 916 patients′ ovaries were remained. Quality assessment of all 10 studies were based on Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scale. All of the studies enrolled were of high quality with a score of ≥7. After quality assessment,all studies illustrated the higher the quality. Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between who had ovarian preservation and without preservation in terms of 5-year overall survival rate [96.00%(863/899) vs 96.51%(3 736/3 871);RR=1.00,95%CI:0.99-1.02,P=0.792] and the 5-year recurrence rate [2.58%(7/271) vs 4.43%(51/1 150);RR=1.01, 95%CI:0.46-2.22, P=0.986]. Conclusion Ovarian preservation in young early stage patients of endometrial cancer could not effect the 5-year overall survival rateand the 5-year recurrence rate.

Complicaciones del uso del pesario con soporte y sin soporte en el prolapso genital completo / Complications from the use of pessary with support and without support in the complete genital prolapse

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia del prolapso genital se ha incrementado; a menudo cursa de forma asintomática, se suele presentar con síntomas de un "bulto" vaginal. Las opciones de tratamiento incluyen ejercicios del suelo pélvico, manejo expectante, el uso de dispositivos mecánicos y corrección quirúrgica. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las complicaciones inmediatas y tardías del uso del pesario sin soporte y con soporte, en el manejo conservador del prolapso genital completo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y comparativo. Se revisaron 108 historias clínicas de las pacientes atendidas por prolapso genital completo y se evaluaron a las que se les manejó de forma conservadora con pesarios con soporte (Grupo A: 9) y sin soporte (Grupo B: 18). Los dos grupos se compararon tomando en cuenta el aumento de secreción vaginal, aparición de erosión y úlceras vaginales, impactación, fístulas, atipias citológicas, incarceración, hidronefrosis, infección vaginal y complicaciones intestinales. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 27 pacientes en total, 9 manejadas con pesarios con soporte y 18 con pesarios sin soporte. Hubo diferencia significativa en cuanto al aumento de secreción vaginal con menor secreción en uso del pesarios sin soporte (p=0,045). Se encontró diferencia en la aparición de erosión y úlceras vaginales (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Hay diferencia significativa en cuanto al aumento de la secreción vaginal y la aparición de erosión y úlceras vaginales en el uso de pesarios sin soporte en comparación con el uso de pesarios con soporte

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of genital prolapse has increased; often it is asymptomatic, usually presents with symptoms of a vaginal "bulge". Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, expectant management, the use of mechanical devices and surgical correction. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the immediate and late complications of the use of pessary without support and with support in the conservative management of the entire genital prolapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, observational, transversal and comparative study. 108 medical records of patients treated by complete genital prolapse were reviewed and evaluated which were managed conservatively with pessaries supported (Group A: 9) and unsupported (Group B: 18). The two groups are compared taking into account the increased vaginal discharge, vaginal appearance of erosion and ulcers, impaction, fistulas, cytologic atypia, incarceration, hydronephrosis, vaginal infection and intestinal complications. RESULTS: 27 patients were analyzed in total, 9 handled pessaries supported and 18 unsupported pessaries. There was significant difference in terms of vaginal discharge increasment with less secretion in unsupported use of pessaries (p = 0.045). A difference was found in the occurrence of erosion and vaginal ulcers (p < 0.05 ). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant difference in terms of vaginal discharge increasment and occurrence of erosion and ulcers vaginal pessaries using unsupported compared with using supported pessaries

Fracturas por compresión vertical de columna lumbar / Vertical compression fracture of the lumbar spine

Fundamento: las fracturas de columna por el mecanismo de compresión axial sin lesión neurológica, constituyen un paradigma en relación a su tratamiento conservador o quirúrgico. Existen controversias en la literatura sobre el tipo de tratamiento de esta lesión. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sobre los criterios de selección de ambos tipos de tratamiento. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 330 artículos publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline mediante el localizador de información Endnote, de ellos se utilizaron 52 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 46 de ellas de los últimos cinco años donde se incluyeron dos libros. Desarrollo: se analizaron diferentes factores para decisión del tipo del tratamiento, entre los que se encontraron: la escala de severidad de las fracturas del segmento lumbosacro propuesta por Vaccaro AR, los grados de cifosis, la usurpación del canal medular. Por otra parte se realizó una comparación de diferentes autores en relación al tipo de tratamiento empleado en sus investigaciones y las indicaciones quirúrgicas para sus pacientes. Conclusiones: basado en la revisión realizada y los estudios consultados, los pacientes con fractura de columna sin lesión neurológica pueden ser tratados de forma conservadora independientemente del grado de inestabilidad mecánica que presenten.

Background: fractures of the spine by axial compression mechanism without neurological lesion are a paradigm in connection with its conservative or surgical treatment. There is controversy in the literature about the type of treatment of this lesion. Objective: to make a review about the selection criteria of both types of treatment. Methods: a bibliographic review of 330 articles published in Pubmed, Hinari and Medline by means of the reference management software Endnote was made. Fifty-two citations were selected for the review, 46 of them from the last five years; two books were included. Development: different factors for deciding the type of treatment were analysed. Some of the factors were the following: severity scale of the fractures of the lumbosacral segment proposed by Vaccaro AR, kyphosis degree, and medullary channel. On the other hand, a comparison of different authors was made according to the treatment applied in their researches and the surgical indications for their patients. Conclusions: according to the review made and the studies consulted, the patients with fractures of the spine without neurological lesion can be treated conservatively in spite of the degree of mechanical instability they present.

Repair of aortic root in patients with aneurysm or dissection: comparing the outcomes of valve-sparing root replacement with those from the Bentall procedure / Reparação de raiz aórtica em pacientes com aneurisma ou dissecção: comparando os resultados da técnica de substituição valve-sparing com os da operação de Bentall

INTRODUCTION: Management of aortic root aneurysm or dissection has been the subject of much discussion that has led to some modifications. The current trend is a valve-sparing root replacement. We compared the outcome following valve sparing root repair with Bentall procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 70 patients who underwent root replacement for aneurysm or dissection and compared the outcomes of valve-sparing root replacement with those of the Bentall procedure from January 2007 to December 2011 at our institution. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients had valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSR, including reimplantation or remodeling) (23 males and 2 females), and 45 patients had the Bentall procedure (34 males and 11 females). Patients who underwent a VSR were younger with a mean age of 55.4 ± 14.8 years compared to those who underwent the Bentall procedure with a mean age of 60.6 ± 12.7 (P=ns). The preoperative aortic insufficiency (AI) in the VSR group was moderate in 8 (32%) patients, and severe in 6 (24%). Preoperative creatinine was 1 ± 0.35 mg/dl in the VSR group and 1.1 ± 0.87 mg/dl in the Bentall group. In the VSR group, 3 (12%) patients had emergency surgery; by contrast, in the Bentall group, 8 (17%) patients had emergent surgery. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (excluding coronary reimplantation) was performed in 8 (32%) patients in the VSR group and in 12 (26.6%) patients in the Bentall group (P=0.78); additional valve procedures were performed in 2 (8%) patients in the VSR group and in 11 (24.4%) patients in the Bentall group. The perioperative mortality was 8% (n=2) and 13.3% (n=6), for the VSR and Bentall procedures, respectively (P=0.7, ns). The total duration of intensive care unit stay was 116.6 ± 106 hours for VSR patients and 152.5 ± 218.2 hours for Bentall patients (P=0.5). The overall length of stay in the hospital was 10 ± 8.1 days for VSR and 11 ± 9.52 days for Bentall (P=0.89). The one-year survival was 92% for the VSR group and 79.0% for the Bentall group. The seven-year survival for the VSR group was 92% and 79% for the Bentall group (95% CI [1.215 to 0.1275], P=0.1). CONCLUSION: Aortic valve-sparing root replacement can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality with a comparable long-term survival to the Bentall procedure.

INTRODUÇÃO: Manejo de aneurisma da aorta ou dissecção da raiz tem sido objeto de muita discussão que levou a algumas modificações. A tendência atual é o uso da técnica de substituição valve-sparing (VSR). Nós comparamos o resultado da reparação da raiz utilizando a técnica de substituição valve-sparing com o procedimento de Bentall. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 70 pacientes submetidos à substituição da raiz de aneurisma ou dissecção, comparando os resultados da técnica de substituição valve-sparing com os do procedimento Bentall de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2011 em nossa instituição. RESULTADOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes foram submetidos à substituição da valva aórtica com o uso da técnica valve-sparing (VSR, incluindo o reimplante ou remodelação) (23 homens e duas mulheres), e 45 pacientes pelo procedimento de Bentall (34 homens e 11 mulheres). Pacientes que se submeteram à VSR eram mais jovens, com idade média de 55,4 ± 14,8 anos em comparação àqueles que foram submetidos ao procedimento Bentall, idade média de 60,6 ± 12,7 anos (P = ns). A insuficiência aórtica pré-operatória no grupo VSR foi moderada em oito (32%) pacientes e grave em seis (24%). Creatinina pré-operatória foi 1 ± 0,35 mg/dl, no grupo do VSR, e 1,1 ± 0,87 mg/dl, no grupo de Bentall. No grupo VSR, três (12%) pacientes foram operados em caráter de emergência e, no grupo de Bentall, oito (17%). Revascularização do miocárdio concomitante (excluindo reimplante coronariano) foi realizada em oito (32%) pacientes no grupo VSR e, em 12 (26,6%), no grupo de Bentall (P=0,78); procedimentos valvares adicionais foram realizados em 2 (8%) pacientes no grupo do VSR e em 11 (24,4%) no grupo de Bentall. A mortalidade perioperatória foi de 8% (n = 2) e 13,3% (n = 6), para os procedimentos de VSR e Bentall, respectivamente (P=0,7, ns). O tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 116,6 ± 106,0 horas para pacientes VSR e 152,5 ± 218,2 horas para pacientes Bentall (P=0,5). O tempo de permanência no hospital foi de 10 ± 8,1 dias para VSR e 11 ± 9,52 dias para Bentall (P=0,89). A sobrevida em um ano foi de 92,0 % para o grupo VSR e 79,0% para o grupo de Bentall. A sobrevivência de sete anos para o grupo VSR foi de 92% e 79% para o grupo de Bentall (IC95% [1,215 a 0,1275], P=0,1). CONCLUSÃO: A técnica valve-sparing substituição da raiz aórtica pode ser realizada com a morbidade e mortalidade aceitáveis, e sobrevivência aceitável a longo prazo comparável com o procedimento de Bentall.

Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Pediatric Gliomas: Early Outcomes and Dose Comparison / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) has shown to provide high radiation dose to tumors and to save surrounding normal tissues because of its physical characteristics, Bragg peak. In the current study, we report the early outcomes for pediatric patients with intracranial gliomas treated with PBT and compared PBT plan (pencil beam scanning and double scattering) with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan and three dimensional-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) plan. METHODS: Clinical data from 18 consecutive children with intracranial gliomas who underwent PBT from May 2007 to April 2012 was collected. The median follow-up duration was 16 months (range 6-69). RESULTS: There were 9 patients with brain stem glioma, 2 patients with optic pathway glioma, 2 patients with low grade glioma (LGG), 2 patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 3 patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The median overall survival for patients with brain stem glioma was 11 months. Patients with optic pathway glioma, LGG or AA were all alive without progression except one patient. Among patients with GBM, one patient had no evidence of disease 25 months after PBT. When PBT plan was compared to those of IMRT and 3D-CRT for patients with LGG or AA and one patient with brain stem glioma by DVH analysis, PBT showed better sparing effect on normal tissue compared to IMRT and 3D-CRT, especially in low dose area. CONCLUSION: PBT could be delivered safely and effectively to pediatric patients with gliomas. For confirming the clinical benefits of PBT, further follow-up is necessary.

Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Pediatric Gliomas: Early Outcomes and Dose Comparison / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) has shown to provide high radiation dose to tumors and to save surrounding normal tissues because of its physical characteristics, Bragg peak. In the current study, we report the early outcomes for pediatric patients with intracranial gliomas treated with PBT and compared PBT plan (pencil beam scanning and double scattering) with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan and three dimensional-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) plan.METHODS: Clinical data from 18 consecutive children with intracranial gliomas who underwent PBT from May 2007 to April 2012 was collected. The median follow-up duration was 16 months (range 6-69).RESULTS: There were 9 patients with brain stem glioma, 2 patients with optic pathway glioma, 2 patients with low grade glioma (LGG), 2 patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 3 patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The median overall survival for patients with brain stem glioma was 11 months. Patients with optic pathway glioma, LGG or AA were all alive without progression except one patient. Among patients with GBM, one patient had no evidence of disease 25 months after PBT. When PBT plan was compared to those of IMRT and 3D-CRT for patients with LGG or AA and one patient with brain stem glioma by DVH analysis, PBT showed better sparing effect on normal tissue compared to IMRT and 3D-CRT, especially in low dose area.CONCLUSION: PBT could be delivered safely and effectively to pediatric patients with gliomas. For confirming the clinical benefits of PBT, further follow-up is necessary.

Laringectomía total ampliada en carcinoma laríngeo avanzado T4a / Total laryngectomy in advanced laryngeal neoplasma T4a

Background: In Chile a significant number of patients is presented with advanced laryngeal cancer at diagnosis with poor prognosis and less than 50% survival at 5 years. Nowadays choosing the organ sparing treatment, but in selected cases total laryngectomy is a valid treatment option. Aim: To present the results obtained with the extended total laryngectomy in patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma T4a underwent total extended laryngectomy at our center between 2007-2010. Results: 18 patients, a woman, a median age 64 years (range, 50-82), they were studied and etapified with Rhino-Laryngo-Fibrescope Olympus© and CT. Seven patients underwent emergency tracheostomy. All patients underwent total extended laryngectomy with primary pharyngeal closure. The median tumor size was 4.3cm. In 17 patients R0 was achieved. Postoperative complication was presented in one patient with a pharyngocutaneous fistula. Thirteen patients were sent to radiotherapy. After a follow-up of 17 months (range, 2-55): one, two and three years of survival was 88.8 percent, 50 percent and 50 percent respectively. Conclusion: In the serie, extended total laryngectomy is a good therapeutic alternative in patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma, with low surgical morbidity, short hospital stay and favorable survival.

Introducción: En Chile se presenta un importante número de pacientes con cáncer laríngeo avanzado al momento del diagnóstico, con mal pronóstico y una supervivencia menor al 50 por ciento a 5 años. Actualmente, se opta por el tratamiento conservador de órganos, en casos seleccionados la laringectomía total es una alternativa. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de la laringectomía total ampliada en carcinoma laríngeo avanzado. Pacientes y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes con carcinoma laríngeo avanzado T4a sometidos a laringectomía total ampliada en nuestro centro entre 2007-2010. Resultados: La serie estuvo constituida por 18 pacientes, una mujer, mediana de 64 años (rango, 50-82), estudio y etapificación con nasofibroscopia y TC. En siete pacientes se realizó traqueostomía de urgencia. En todos los pacientes se realizó laringectomía total ampliada. El tamaño tumoral fue 4,3 cm como mediana. En 17 pacientes se logró R0. Como complicación un paciente presentó una fístula faringocutánea. Fueron enviados a radioterapia 13 pacientes. Tras un seguimiento de 17 meses (rango, 2-55): la supervivencia a uno, a dos y a tres años fue de 88,8 por ciento, 50 por ciento y 50 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusión: En esta serie, la laringectomía total ampliada es una buena alternativa para los pacientes con carcinoma laríngeo avanzado T4a por su baja morbilidad quirúrgica, corta estadía hospitalaria y supervivencia favorable.

Long-term results of organ sparing surgical treatments of precancerous cervical lesions / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in female reproductive system. Since introduction of diagnostic modalities like Pap-tests, the detection pre-cancerous cervical lesions CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3 have increased dramatically. Early detection of pre-cancerous lesions enables performance of organ sparing treatments like LEEP, conization and cryotherapy.Aim: Since there are no studies in the field of organ sparing treatment of cervical cancer, we decided analyze the results of such treatments and calculate the:1. Five year survival of patients underwent organ sparing surgical procedures2. Fertility and reproductive function of these patientsMethod: LEEP (n-63), knife conization (n-22) and trachelectomy (total removal of cervix) (n-15) was performed in women of reproductive age (25-35 years old) at National Cancer Center. The treatment results were followed for 5 years and statistical analysis of survival and reproductive function were analyzed.Results: 87.7% of patients with CINI lesions had LEEP, 12.3 % had knife conization and 0% had trachelectomy. 44.4% of patients with CINI lesions had LEEP, 55.6 % had knife conization and 0% had trachelectomies respectively. For CINIII 6.2% of patients had LEEP, 0% had knife conization and 93% had trachelectomy.We performed organ sparing treatment in 100 patients, out of which 10% had cancer recurrence in LEEP treatment, 9.1% in knife conization and 0% in trachelectomy. Complications of hemorrhage were observed in 14% of patients, cervical tube obstruction in 3% and deterioration of chronic inflammations in 13% respectively. After the organ sparing treatment, menstrual cycle was normal in 75% of the all patients, 65% reached pregnancy. 9.2% of patients who reached pregnancy had stillbirth, 12.3% had abortion, and 78.5% had normal delivery. 80.4% of patients with pregnancy had natural labors, while19.6% of patients had ceasarean sections respectively. Conclusion: in Mongolia, LEEP, knife conization and trachelectomy methods are used since 2000. But the treatment results were not reported so far. 10% of patients treated by LEEP and 9.1% of patients treated by knife conization had tumor recurrence. Thus our treatment efficiency is above 90%. Up to 20% of patients had complications ranging from bleeding to cervical tube obstruction. We conclude that organ sparing cancer treatment allows better QOL (quality of life) for the patients and provides opportunity to have children.