Hypertonic environment regulates cadherin expression and affects em-bryoid body differentiation / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:Given the uncertain impact of osmotic pressure on embryoid body(EB)differentiation,this study aimed to investigate the effects of increased osmotic pressure on EB differentiation and explore the potential relation-ship between this process and cadherin.METHODS:Polhethylene glycol 300(PEG 300)was used to increase the os-motic pressure of the culture medium used for cultivating EBs under both high osmotic pressure and standard culture condi-tions.The experimental design included a control group,an experimental group(hypertonic group),groups treated with varying concentrations of PEG 300,and an experimental group treated with an inhibitor.Western blot,RT-qPCR,AM/PI staining,CCK-8,and immunocytochemical staining was used to analyze the cell viability and the expression of CDH1 and CDH2 markers of the three germ layers,and pluripotency markers within the EBs.RESULTS:Hypertonicity did not af-fect cell viability.Significant differences were observed in the expression of the cadherin proteins CDH1 and CDH2 in EBs between the experimental and control groups;however,no cleartrend towards an EMT shift was observed.Specifically,CDH2 expression was significantly down-regulated in experimental group,showing a clear correlation with variations in os-motic pressure.Moreover,compared with control group,pluripotency markers in the EBs from experimental group exhibited significantly higher expression levels from the 2nd day to the 5th day.A substantial increase in the expression of mesoder-mal markers was also observed;however,a downward trend was observed for ectodermal markers in experimental group.Intervention using SB431542,which up-regulates CDH2 expression by affecting TGF-β signaling,reversed the expression trend of mesodermal and ectodermal markers in experimental group.CONCLUSION:Elevated osmotic pressure appears to enhance the mesodermal differentiation efficiency in EBs,possibly correlating with CDH1 and CDH2 changes induced by osmotic pressure.Therefore,this study emphasizes the significant role of osmotic pressure in stem cell applications.

The effects of varies osmotic pressure induced by adding fluoride into the medium on the biological characteristic of ameloblast / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To explore the effects of varies osmotic pressure induced by adding fluoride into the medium on the biological characteristic of ameloblast.Methods: Ameloblasts were cultured in vitro on the fifth day were seeded and purified. DMEM medium containing different concentrations of NaF (0, 42, 84 mg/L), NaCl (58.5 and 117 mg/L), glycerol (0.05 and 0.09 mg/L) and sorbitol (1 and 1.5 mg/L) was added into the cells, which were then cultured for 48 hours. The survival and proliferation of ameloblasts in different groups were detected by MTT. The apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry and the expressions of CK14 and KLK4 by Real-time PCR. Results: MTT showed that with the increase of osmolality, cell proliferation decreased; however, the most obvious one was in NaF group. Streaming apoptosis detection showed that with the increase of osmolality, the apoptosis rate of cells increased, which was most obvious in NaF group. Real-time PCR showed that the mRNA expressions of CK14 and KLK4 decreased with the increase of osmolality, and that they were lower in NaF 42 mg/L group than in the other control groups. Results: The change in osmotic pressure of the medium affects the proliferation, apoptosis and mRNA expression of ameloblasts. The biological change of ameloblasts cultured in medium containing different concentration of NaF is mainly due to the toxic effects of fluoride ions.

Effects of Osmotic Pressure on Biomechanical Properties and Immune Functions of Immature Dendritic Cells / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the effects of osmotic pressure on biomechanical properties and immune function of immature dendritic cells (imDCs) from mechanobiological viewpoint. Methods After treated with different osmotic pressures, the cell viability of imDCs was detected using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The changes in morphology of imDCs were observed under laser scanning confocal microscope. Cell electrophoresis was applied to detect the changes in cell electrophoresis mobility. The membrane fluidity of the cells was detected by fluorescence polarization method, and the expression changes of immune-related molecules were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR). The phagocytic ability of the cell was detected by flow cytometry. ResultsBoth hyperosmosis and hypoosmosis could remodel the cyoskeletonof cells, even induce apoptosis. The electrophoresis mobility of the hypoosmosis group was significantly higher than that of the normal osmolarity group, while that of the hyperosmosis group was lower than that of the normal osmolarity group (P<0-05). Fluorescence polarization results showed that both hyperosmosis and hypoosmosis could significantly decrease the membrane fluidity of cells (P<0-05). The results of qPCR detection showed that both hyperosmosis and hypoosmosis could significantly increase the expression of CCR7, CD40, CD205, CD11a, CD11c on the surface of DCs, and the phagocytosis of cell was increased (P<0-05). Conclusions Hypertonic and hypotonic stress can influence biomechanical properties of imDCs and expression of immune-related molecules. The research findings are important for further understanding the immune regulation function of DCs.

Comparison plasma osmolality between freezing point depression method and different calculation formulas / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective Sixteen common blood osmotic pressure calculation formulas were investigated to evaluate the calculation formula of the plasma osmotic pressure formula and the freezing point depression method.The collected data were used to simulate a formula that was consistent with the patient′s plasma osmotic pressure.Methods The osmotic pressure of plasma was measured by the freezing point descent method.Plasma sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), glucose (Glu), and urea (Urea) concentrations were measured by using a Vitros 5.1dry chemistry analyzer.Sixteen formulas were used to calculate the corresponding plasma osmotic pressure.The Passing-Bablok regression was used to determine the goodness of fit and paired t test was performed with the measured values.A multiple linear regression and paired t test method was used to fit a formula that most closely matched the measured values.Results The formula of plasma osmotic pressure and the measured value was the most consistent with the formula 1.86 (CNa+CK) +CGlu+CUrea+10;the regression formula using multiple linear regression was 1.86CNa+2.75CK+1.16CGlu+0.92CUrea+5.77.Conclusion It is tentatively concluded that the formula 1.86CNa+2.75CK+1.16CGlu+0.92CUrea+5.77can be used as the formula for calculating plasma osmolality.

Preparation and Pharmacokinetics of Huperzine A Micro-porous Osmotic Pump Pellets / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To prepare huperzine A micro-porous osmotic pump pellets and to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties in Beagle dogs. METHODS: The extrusion-spheronisation method was used to prepare the core of huperzine A pellets which then coated by fluid-bed coating technology. Central composite design-response surface method was used to optimize the prescription of coating layer.Then Zero-order, First-order and Higuchi equation of cumulative release with time were fitted to study its release characteristics.The commercially available huperzine A tablets were used as reference preparations to investigate the in vivo pharmacokinetics of huperzine A micro-porous osmotic pump pellets, and the bioequivalence of the two preparations were compared. RESULTS: The formula of coating was optimized as followsEC of 61.5%, PEG400 of 10.5%. Zero-order kinetics existed in the release of the pellets in 24 h. Moreover, the osmotic pressure-controlled delivery was greatly responsible for drug release. In vivo study showed that tmax and ρmax of huperzine A micro-porous osmotic pump pellets were significantly lower than that of the reference preparation, and its t1/2 was significantly prolonged compared with the reference preparation, the relative bioavailability was 95.8%. CONCLUSION: Huperzine A micro-porous osmotic pump pellets had a better sustained release effect in the Beagle dog and have a good correlation in vivo.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of pregabalin controlled porosity osmotic pump tablets / 中国药科大学学报

@#In this study, pregabalin controlled porosity osmotic pump tablets which are taken once a day were prepared. Single-factor tests were carried out to investigate the influence of excipients and manufacturing process. The formulation was optimized through orthogonal experiment on three levels of three significant factors including the amount of sodium citrate, and polyethylene glycol 400 and coating weight gain. On the basis of the results of the single-factor tests and the orthogonal experiment, optimal formulation and manufacturing process were obtained. The final tablet formulation contained pregabalin(82. 5 mg), microcrystalline cellulose(40%), sodium citrate(27. 5%), magnesium stearate(0. 5%)and 5% povidone K30 solution as the tablet binder; the coating formulation consisted of cellulose acetrate and 60% of polyethylene glycol 400 as a porogen; the coating weight gain was 3%. In vitro drug release kinetic study suggested that the drug release from controlled porosity osmotic pump tablets was mainly driven by osmotic pressure, which was barely affected by the pH of the release medium. The drug release behavior of the tablets within 12 hours complied with zero-order release rule and the linear correlation coefficient was 0. 991 6. The obtained porosity osmotic pump tablets could effectively slow the drug release rate, reduce concentration fluctuation and improve the safety and convenience for the patients, hence with broad prospects.

Colloid osmotic pressure during and after surgical interventions in adult and geriatric dogs / Pressão coloidosmótica durante e depois de intervenção cirúrgica em cães adultos e geriátricos

The objective this study is to evaluate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) fluctuations in adult and senile dogs during surgical interventions. Thirty-six healthy dogs to surgical interventions, distributed in two groups, A and B, according to their age, and were all subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Values of albumin, total plasmatic protein and COP were evaluated from samples collected before pre-anesthetic medication, fifteen minutes after pre-anesthetic medication, and shortly after the end of the intervention. Results were tested using t-test to compare among groups and ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's test to compare different moments within the same group. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In both groups, significant decreases were observed in colloid osmotic pressure, as well as albumin and total proteins (p<0.001). Despite slightly lower COP values for the group of adult animals, this difference was not significant as there was a high individual variation within groups. The results therefore indicate no difference in colloid osmotic pressure values or fluctuation patterns among adult and senile dogs (p=0.124). The observed results indicate that colloid osmotic pressure decreases significantly during surgical procedures, due to hypotension caused by the anesthetic drugs and to hemodilution caused by the fluid administration but there is no difference between groups. However, in both adult and senile dogs, these variables recover gradually after the animals awaken, through increased urine production and recovery of vascular tonus, indicating the successful reestablishment of homeostasis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as flutuações da pressão coloidosmótica (PCO) em cães adultos e idosos durante a intervenção cirúrgica. Foram utilizados 36 cães hígidos submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica, distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade e submetidos ao mesmo protocolo anestésico. Os valores de albumina, proteína plasmática total e PCO foram avaliados de amostras coletadas antes da medicação pré-anestésica, 15 minutos após e ao final do procedimento cirúrgico. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste-t para comparação entre os grupos e ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguido do teste de Tukey para comparar diferentes momentos dentro do mesmo grupo. Foram considerados estastisticamente diferentes com p<0.05. Em ambos os grupos foram observados decréscimo dos valores da pressão coloidosmótica, como os valores de albumina e proteína total (p<0.001). Apesar de ligeiramente inferior, os valores de PCO para o grupo adulto não apresentaram diferença significativa. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença nos valores da pressão oncótica ou padrão de flutuação entre adultos e idosos (p=0,124). Os resultados observados indicam significativo decréscimo da pressão coloidosmótica durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos devido à hipotensão causada pelos fármacos anestésicos e pela hemodiluição causada pela administração de fluídos, mas não houve diferença entre os grupos. Entretanto, tanto em cães adultos como idosos, essas variações retornaram gradualmente após a recuperação dos animals, através do aumento da produção de urina e da recuperação do tônus vascular, indicando restabelecimento da homeostase.(AU)

Dynamic observation of ocular surface in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkey / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective To investigate the feasibility of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkey as an animal model of postmenopausal dry eye.Methods Six healthy adult female cynomolgus monkeys (aged 4-6 years old)were selected.Cynomolgus monkeys were divided into ovariectomized group and sham operation group by random number table.Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in each cynomolgus of the ovariectomy group,and the same operation was operated in the sham group but the ovaries were not removed.The venous blood of the lower extremities of each cynomolgus monkey was collected before operation and at 1 month,3 and 6 months after operation respectively.The concentrations of estradiol and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay.At the above time points,tear-liquid osmotic pressure detector 5600 was used to detect the tear osmotic pressure of cynomolgus monkeys in each group,and dry eye related examinations,including Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t),corneal fluorescein staining and conjunctive impression cytology were performed.Results Preoperative and postoperative serum estradiol,testosterone concentrations in the ovariectomy group were lower than those in the sham operation group,but there were no significant differences between the two groups (Fgroup =5.16,P =0.09;Fgroup =1.46,P =0.29).There was no significant difference in the osmotic pressure between the two groups (Fgroup =0.83,P=0.37).The osmotic pressure in the 3 months after ovariectomy was higher than that in the 1 month after ovariectomy in the ovariectomy group,with a significant difference between them (t =5.12,P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in S Ⅰ t between ovariectomized group and sham operation group (Fgroup =0.06,P=0.82),the S Ⅰ t in the 3 months after ovariectomy was lower than that in the 1 month after ovariectomy in the ovariectomy group,with a significant difference between them (t =1.13,P＜0.05).There was no corneal fluorescein staining at each time points before and after ovariectomy in each group.The conjunctive impression cytology examination showed that,in the ovariectomy group,the morphology of conjunctival epithelial cells was normal,the number of conjunctival goblet cells was large,the periodic acid Schiff staining was purple before and 1 month after ovariectomy,which were similar to those in the sham operation group;three months after ovariectomy,the conjunctiva epithelial cell body was larger and had diverse forms,goblet cells were shrinked;six months after ovariectomy,the shapes of conjunctival epithelial cells were diverse and not easily been distinguished,the number of goblet cells was distinctly decreased.Conclusions The ocular conjunctival cells in the ovariectomized cynomolgus monkey have abnormal changes in morphology,and tear osmotic pressure increase,the ocular surface dynamic changes are consistent with the decrease of serum estrogen level,so ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys can be used as sex hormone-related dry eye animal models.

Medication Analysis of Electrolyte Disturbance with Suspected Deteriorated Demyelination Post PCI / 医药导报

Objective A case would be discussed on suspected demyelination due to electrolyte disturbance to provide references for clinical pharmacists to carry out pharmaceutical care. Methods A pharmaceutical care case on PCI postoperative acute heart failure and contrast induced nephropathy with suspected demyelization due to electrolyte disturbance was introduced through a combination of analysis on clinical symptoms,renal function,electrolyte,blood glucose level and further discussion on consciousness change reason, diuretic use, electrolyte management, and other related issues. Results Clinical pharmacist should provide more care to patients with abnormal blood sodium and osmotic pressure,pay more attention to the calculation and evaluation of rehydration sodium/filling quantity and speed, accumulate more knowledge of contrast induced nephropathy, and raise their awareness on the identification of high risk population. Conclusion Arrhythmia,heart failure,renal failure,infection can beincentives to one another,and thus doctors and pharmacists must pay more attention to the comprehensive situations.

The Effect of Drowning in a Bathtub on Erythrocytes in Victims / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of bathtub drowning on erythrocytes in victims.   Methods: Thirty-nine consecutive victims with CPA were included in the present study and consisted of 16 males and 23 females, 8-95 years of age, median 78 years old. Data on the arrival examination were analyzed, which consisted of serum sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl), hematocrit (Ht)/hemoglobin (Hb) ratio, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). In addition, the changes of MCV level in accordance with treatment in two bathtub drowning victims, one who was resuscitated and the other who had been under treatment in our hospital, were compared with those in two water intoxication patients.  Results: Of the 39 victims, 18 showed serum Na levels to be lower than normal range (NR) but no victim showed one higher than NR. In serum Cl level, 22 victims showed levels below NR but no one showed a level above NR. As to the value for the Ht/Hb ratio, the ratios were within NR in only three victims and were above NR in the rest. In MCH, three victims showed levels below NR and one victim showed a level above NR. In MCV, 16 victims showed levels above NR but no one showed a level below NR. The comparison of MCV between drowning victims and water intoxication patients pointed out a difference in the effect on treatment: in cases of drowning, MCV increased only on the day of the event and returned to baseline the next day, whereas in cases of water intoxication, MCV remained unchanged for a few days after treatment and then increased.   Conclusion: It is well known that freshwater drowning induces both hyponatremia and hypochloremia, which are caused by water transferred from alveoli to blood vessels. The increased MCV in bathtub drowning victims is induced by the expansion of erythrocytes through lower osmotic pressure, which exceeds the decreased change in hematocrit due to hemodilution, although the mechanism of the change in MCV in water intoxication cases is not identified.

The research on peripheral circulation and oxygenation of different colloid osmotic pressure level in pediatric cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective To discuss the influence on peripheral circulation and oxygenation of different colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in pediatric cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Sixty cases of non-cyanotic congenital heart disease patients under 10 kg were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups(n =20) according to the different COP level.COP values was adjusted by the ultrafiltration technique and colloid addition.The perioperative(T1-T6) arterial lactate level,different value between skin and rectal temperature,peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and oxygenation index (OI) were observed in order to determine the different effect on peripheral circulation and oxygenation.Meanwhile,mechanical ventilation time and ICU time were recorded.Results The variation tendency of arterial lactate level was similar in each group,the value in the COP ＞ 18 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) group(group C) was significantly higher than COP 10-15 mmHg group (group A) and COP 16-18 mmHg group (group B) in T3 and T4,after CPB weaned,the values of Group A (1.25 ± 0.42) and Group C (1.33 ± 0.51) were higher than Group B (0.71 ± 0.29) at T6 point (P ＜ 0.05);the variation tendency of SpO2 was similar in each group too,the value of group C was significantly lower than group A and B at T5 point,the values of group A and C were significantly lower than group B at T6 point,P ＜ 0.05;the different value between skin and rectal temperature in group A was significantly higher than group B and C from T1 to T2 point(P ＜0.05),but not in T3 to T6 point;The minimal OI values of all the groups were appeared in T4 point,group B value was significantly higher than A and C in all time point,group C value was the lowest(P ＜0.05);the mechanical ventilation time in group B(2.13 ± 1.36) days and group C (2.93 ± 1.69) days were significantly lower than group A (3.83 ± 1.47) days,P ＜ 0.05.ICU time of group B (3.9 ± 1.1) days was significantly lower than group A (5.7 ± 2.5) days and C (6.0 ± 1.5) days.Conclusion During the pediatric CPB,the improper COP level will lead to bad oxygenation and poor peripheral circulation,got different prognosis ultimately.A reasonable COP level(16-18 mmHg) will do benefits to all the pediatric patients.

The Effect of Drowning in a Bathtub on Erythrocytes in Victims / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<p>  <b>Objective</b>: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of bathtub drowning on erythrocytes in victims. </p><p>  <b>Methods</b>: Thirty-nine consecutive victims with CPA were included in the present study and consisted of 16 males and 23 females, 8-95 years of age, median 78 years old. Data on the arrival examination were analyzed, which consisted of serum sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl), hematocrit (Ht)/hemoglobin (Hb) ratio, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). In addition, the changes of MCV level in accordance with treatment in two bathtub drowning victims, one who was resuscitated and the other who had been under treatment in our hospital, were compared with those in two water intoxication patients.</p><p>  <b>Results</b>: Of the 39 victims, 18 showed serum Na levels to be lower than normal range (NR) but no victim showed one higher than NR. In serum Cl level, 22 victims showed levels below NR but no one showed a level above NR. As to the value for the Ht/Hb ratio, the ratios were within NR in only three victims and were above NR in the rest. In MCH, three victims showed levels below NR and one victim showed a level above NR. In MCV, 16 victims showed levels above NR but no one showed a level below NR. The comparison of MCV between drowning victims and water intoxication patients pointed out a difference in the effect on treatment: in cases of drowning, MCV increased only on the day of the event and returned to baseline the next day, whereas in cases of water intoxication, MCV remained unchanged for a few days after treatment and then increased. </p><p>  <b>Conclusion</b>: It is well known that freshwater drowning induces both hyponatremia and hypochloremia, which are caused by water transferred from alveoli to blood vessels. The increased MCV in bathtub drowning victims is induced by the expansion of erythrocytes through lower osmotic pressure, which exceeds the decreased change in hematocrit due to hemodilution, although the mechanism of the change in MCV in water intoxication cases is not identified.</p>

Investigation of Osmotic Pressure of Citicoline Sodium Injection / 中国药师

Objective:To analyze the osmotic pressure of citicoline sodium injection from different manufacturers to provide experi-mental basis for improving the national standard of the product. Methods:The cryoscopic method was used to detect the osmotic pres-sure of 479 batches of citicoline sodium injection from 45 pharmaceutical factories. Results:The osmotic pressure of citicoline sodium injection was within the range of 359-692 mOsmol · kg-1 , that of citicoline sodium for injection was within the range of 401-1408 mOsmol·kg-1 , and that of citicoline sodium chloride injection was within the range of 278-299 mOsmol·kg-1 . Conclusion:The os-motic pressure of citicoline sodium injection and citicoline sodium for injection from different manufacturers is obviously different. It is necessary to detect osmotic pressure in the quality standard in order to evaluate the quality of preparation process.

Salt treatment for recovery of the mud loach, Misgurnus mizolepis from transport stress

Due to the shortage of the fingerling/juvenile mud loach, Misgurnus mizolepis in Korea, these fish have been imported from China. However, the mortality rate during and after their transportation is very high. In this study, we examined various physiological and histological parameters to evaluate the effect of salt treatment on the survival and recovery of mud loaches in holding farms during the quarantine process. Glucose, osmolality, Na+, Cl−, and histological changes were assessed for three different salinities. Non-treated fish (control 0.0%) exhibited lower levels of osmolality, and Na+ and Cl− concentrations compared with those kept in solar salt solution (0.5% and 1.0%). Glucose levels in control fish were higher than those in fish exposed to 0.5% and 1.0% solar salt solution. Histologically, control fish showed thinner epidermis of skin, branchial hyperplasia and lamellar fusion with an abundance of eosinophilic granule cell-like cells. After solar salt solution treatment, damaged gill structures in the fish almost recovered within 5 days. The present study demonstrates that mud loaches transported from China suffer from skin and gill damage and physiological dysfunction which may increase the mortality and morbidity. Moreover, saline treatment might alleviate the stress responses and ionic/osmotic imbalances, and help heal gill damage.

Influence of expressing IrrE from Deinococcus radiodurans on osmotic stress tolerance of succinate-producing Escherichia coli / 生物工程学报

Hyper-osmotic stress is one of the key factors that decrease the efficiency of biological succinic acid production. To increase the osmotic stress tolerance of succinate-producing Escherichia coli, we studied the influence of IrrE, an exogenous global regulator, on cell osmotic stress resistance. Fermentation results showed that cell growth and succinic acid production by the recombinant increased under different Na+ concentrations. Meanwhile, the maximum dry cell mass, glucose consumption and succinic acid concentration increased 15.6%, 22% and 23%, respectively, when fermented in a 5-L bioreactor. Expressing IrrE improved cell resistance to hyper-osmotic stress. Further comparison of intracellular osmoprotectants (trehalose and glycerol) concentrations showed that trehalose and glycerol concentrations in the recombinant increased. This suggested that introduction of IrrE could enhance intracellular osmoprotectants accumulation which conferred cell with improved resistance to osmotic stress.

Effects and its mechanisms of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 solution in rats with ischemic cerebral edema / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate effects and its mechanisms of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 solution on intracranial pressure and brain water content in rats with ischemic cerebral edema.Methods All experiments were conducted in the animal experimental center of Sun Yat-sen University.The 28 male Sprague-Dawle (SD) rats were randomly (random number) divided into hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group,hydroxyethyl starch group,control group and sham operation group,each n =7.Ischemic cerebral edema model was reproduced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO),followed by reperfusion after ischemia for 2 hours (If the moldel was not successful,other rats were operated to fill the missing models).Then reperfusion after ischemia 2 hours and received hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch and hydroxyethyl starch via tail vein at the beginning of reperfusion.The colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) were evaluated on 0,2,6,12,18,24 hours after the surgery.The water content of the right hemisphere was measured on 24 h after the surgery.Results The ICP of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group,hydroxyethyl starch group and control group were significantly higher than that of sham operation group on 2,6,12,18,24 h after the surgery.The ICP of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group was significantly lower than those of hydroxyethyl starch group and control group on 2,6,12,18 and 24 h.But there was no significant difference in ICP of the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of control group at all time points.The COP of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group and hydroxyethyl starch group were significantly higher than the control group and sham operation group at each time point; There was no significant difference in COP (mmHg) of the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group at all time points.The brain water content (BWC) of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group,hydroxyethyl starch group and control group were significantly higher than that of sham operation group on 24 hours after the surgery [(81.24±0.36)％,(83.04±0.10)％,(83.14±0.41)％ vs.(78.37±0.37)％,all P=0.000],BWC of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group lower than these of hydroxyethyl starch group [(81.24±0.36)％ vs.(83.04 ±0.10) ％,P =0.000] and control group [(81.24 ±0.36)％ vs.(83.14 ±0.41) ％,P =0.000].There was no significant difference in BWC of the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of control group [(83.04 ± 0.10) ％ vs.(83.14 ± 0.41) ％,P =0.578].Conclusion Hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution could significantly ameliorate ischemic cerebral edema and reduce ICP,but the relationship between its elevated COP and reduced ICP has not been confirmed.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF HYPERTONIC SALINE FOR CERE-BRAL EDEMA ON BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE / 现代医院

Objective To explore the effect of different concentrations of hypertonic saline for cerebral ede -ma on blood biochemical and osmotic pressure .Methods 60 cases were randomly divided into the 3% HS group, 7.5%HS group and the mannitol group .The patients were randomly assigned to infusion of 3% HS, 7.5% HS or 20%mannitol (all 2 mL/kg).Blood biochemical and osmotic pressure on patients were measured before and after the treatment among groups .Results Serum Na +, Cl -and osmotic pressure were significantly higher at 2 hours and 22 hours of reperfusion than at baseline (p<0.05) in the 7.5% HS group and the mannitol group .The difference were significant on serum Na +, Cl-and osmotic pressure at 2 hours and 22 hours of reperfusion in the 7.5% HS group and the mannitol group than in the 3% HS group(p<0.05).Conclusion 3% hypertonic saline had less effects on blood biochemical and osmotic pressure than other groups for patients of cerebral edema .It is worthy of popularization and application .

Influence of diabetes mellitus on changes in plasma osmotic pressure during bowel preparation in patients undergoing radical resection for colon cancer / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the influence of diabetes mellitus on changes in plasma osmotic pressure during bowel preparation in patients undergoing radical resection for colon cancer.Methods Sixty patients,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 40-60 yr,weighing 50-75 kg,scheduled for elective radical resection for colon cancer,were included in the study.Of the 60 patients,30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus served as test group (group DM),and 30 patients without diabetes mellitus served as control group (group C).Polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder was given orally for bowel preparation before surgery.In the early morning of the day on which preoperative preparation was performed (T1) and before opening venous channels after admission to the operating room (T2),venous blood samples were taken for determination of plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and concentrations of plasma electrolytes (Na+,Cl-,K+) and blood glucose.Thirst was assessed using visual analogue scales at T1 and T2.Results Compared with the baseline value at T1,the plasma COP and degree of thirst were significantly increased at T2 in C and DM groups,blood glucose concentrations were decreased at T2 in group DM,and no significant changes were found in the plasma concentrations of electrolytes at T2 in both groups.Compared with group C,blood glucose concentrations were significantly increased,and no significant changes were found in the plasma concentrations of electrolytes at T1,2,no significant change was found in plasma COP and degree of thirst at T1,and the degree of thirst was decreased at T2,while the plasma COP was increased at T2 in group DM.Conclusion After bowel preparation in patients undergoing radical resection for colon cancer,although the thirsty sensation of the patients with diabetes mellitus is decreased,the plasma COP is obviously increased; thus infusion of appropriate crystalloid solution instead of colloid solution is required in case hyperosmolar coma develops.

11-2 Biophysical effects after cutaneous application of dermatological products made from sediment of mineral waters Lanjarón-Capuchina by skin bioengineering methods / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  The study was designed to distinguish the skin response after the continuous application (three months) of two different osmotic dermatologic products: a Moisturizing Emulsion and a Facial Mask, both elaborated from Lanjarón-Capuchina mineral water« dry residue: 19.871 mg/l; chloride (Cl-): 8.867 mg/l; sodium (Na2+): 3.941 mg/l; calcium (Ca2+): 1.423 mg/l; magnesium (Mg2+): 235 mg/l; sulphate (SO42-): 448 mg/l; bicarbonate (HCO3-): 1.732 mg/l and iron (Fe2+): 28 mg/l ». Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to determine the in situ biomechanical behaviour of skin in response to the use of two dermatologic products manufactured from the sediments (saline muds) of Capuchina water. The impact of the osmotic products on the biomechanical behaviour of human skin, its pH, sebum output, barrier function and dermal density was quantified in healthy volunteers using several non-invasive approaches. Material and Method: Experimental data were obtained in 38 healthy women aged 32 to 58 years (41.4±5.9 years) with no prior skin problems of any relevance. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.   Subjects were instructed to apply the moisturizing cream (Emulsión Hidratante del Balneario de Lanjarón) to the face each day after a cleaning routine in the morning and evening. Once a week, the participants applied the face mask (Máscara Facial del Balneario de Lanjarón) for 20 minutes.   The biological response was registered by means of five non invasive techniques: Cutometer, Sebumeter, pH-meter, Reviscometer and Tewameter (TEWL).   Formerly safety tests were performed on cosmetic. Results: The results suggest that skin response may be modified and/or controlled, significantly reducing skin sebum (6%), TEWL (21%) and skin fatigue due to repeted suction (30%) after 15 days of treatment and stabilized after approximately 60 days.   On the other hand, a considerable increase of total skin elasticity Ua/Uf (19%), skin resistance to maximum extension Uf (5%), and dermal redensification evaluated by means of the Reviscometer (6%) was observed.   The pH and cutaneous viscoelasticity (Uv/Ue) determinations have resulted irrelevant and not significant. Conclusions: We can conclude that: 1. Dermatological products prepared with Lanjarón-Capuchina sediment are safe and healthy for the skin. 2. Sebum without affecting the skin barrier function is regulated. 3. After 30 days of treatment significantly reduces transepidermal water loss. That is, the skin barrier function is enhanced. 4. Skin pH is not affected after treatment implantation. 5. There is a significant increase in dermal density, which begins to occur after a month of treatment. 6. Increased skin resistance to suction (firmness) from 15 days occurs and rises slightly to 90 days. 7. Considerably increases the elasticity of the skin, which at 30 days of treatment is estimated at 20%, remaining at these values until the end of the study. 8. By repeated skin suction, skin fatigue considerably decreased, 30% from baseline.   Overall treatment application normalizes the amount of sebum, without greatly altering the ecology and skin barrier function, clearly favouring the biomechanical properties of the skin, especially the parameters that are modified by time.

11-3 Biophysical skin effects of extemporaneous peloids from “Hervideros De Cofrentes Spa” natural mineral water according to their maturity time / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  The main objective of the present study was to determine the in situ biomechanical behaviour of skin in response to the use of three muds manufactured with a hyperosmotic Spring “Hervederos de Cofrentes” water, Valencia, Spain. The impact of the osmotic muds on the biomechanical behaviour of human skin, its pH, blood flow, barrier function and dermal density was quantified in healthy volunteers using several non-invasive approaches. Materials and Method: This study was designed to assess the skin response to daily use for 10 and 20 days on volar forearms of 33 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 40 years (23.3 ± 4.4) when applied 3 extemporaneous peloides with 0 (P0), 30 (P3) and 60 (P6) days of maturation.   Peloids daily placed on volar forearm on panellist and variables were determined at baseline before starting treatment (day 0), and 10 and 20 days after the start of treatment. Day zero values are considered normal skin pattern.   After a descriptive statistical analysis (mean and standard deviation), a paired Student’s t-test was used to compare data. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results and Conclusions: Our results also suggest a direct relationship between the actions of the muds used and the following changes in the in vivo characteristics of human skin.   P3 peloid gradually decreases blood flow (p<0.05) whitout affetation TEWL and there is a general increase in pH with the implementation of treatment. Increases skin firmness (p<0, 05) and elasticity (p<0.05).   All peloids P0, P3 and P6 had an increase in dermal density (p<0.05), and was recorded reaching significance after 10 days of treatment and increased resistance towards repeated suction (reduced fatigue) after 10 days of treatment too, rising gradually up to 20 days was observed (p<0.05).   As an overall conclusion, our findings indicate that the skin treatment proposed, P3 peloid mainly, decrease blood flow without modifying the barrier function of the skin, does not change TEWL, and clearly improves its biomechanical properties, improving skin density, skin firmness, increasing the elasticity and decreasing the fatigue of the skin, up minimally modifying the pH.   All these circumstances make it very compatible with scaly process type psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis or cutaneous process that curse with an increase in skin cell turn-over.