Mundialização e dependência: contradições contemporâneas do capitalismo dependente no Brasil / Globalization and dependency: Contemporary contradictions of dependent capitalism in Brazil

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva retomar as contribuições de Rui Mauro Marini para o pensamento crítico latino-americano. Apresentamos três temas candentes contemporâneos da realidade brasileira como expressões do capitalismo dependente: 1. O padrão de especialização produtiva e a reprimarização da economia brasileira; 2. A transferência de valor por meio das dívidas públicas;3. O aprofundamento da superexploração.

Abstract: This article aims to review Rui Mauro Marini's contributions to Latin American critical thought. We present three burning contemporary themes in the Brazilian reality as expressions of dependent capitalism: 1. The pattern of productive specialization and the reprimarization of the Brazilian economy; 2. The transfer of value through public debts;3. The deepening of superexploitation

Endividamento da classe trabalhadora no Brasil: elementos para análise a partir da categoria superexploração da força de trabalho / Indebtedness of the working class in Brazil: elements for analysis based on the category of overexploitation of the workforce

Resumo: Na era da financeirização do capital, o endividamento da classe trabalhadora tem se tornado um fenômeno global, presente tanto nas economias centrais, quanto na periferia do capitalismo. Este artigo contesta a pretensa homogeneidade desse fenômeno, evidenciando a vigência da categoria superexploração da força de trabalho para apreensão do modo particular - e altamente violento - com que o endividamento se expressa no Brasil.

Abstract: In the era of the financialization of capital, the indebtedness of the working class has become a global phenomenon, present in both the central economies and the periphery of capitalism. This article questions the supposed homogeneity of this phenomenon, highlighting the validity of the category of overexploitation of the workforce in order to understand the particular - and highly violent - way in which indebtedness is expressed in Brazil.

Dependência, ciclo do capital e limites do fundo público no Brasil / Dependency, capital cycle and limits of the public fund in Brazil

Resumo: Este artigo visa identificar a participação e os limites do fundo público no ciclo do capital da economia dependente brasileira. Para isso, aborda as implicações do intercâmbio desigual, da transferência de valor e da superexploração da força de trabalho para a composição e direcionamento do fundo público no Brasil, utilizando-se da coleta e análise de dados acerca do sistema tributário brasileiro.

Abstract: This article aims to identify the participation and limits of the public fund in the capital cycle of the Brazilian dependent economy. To this end, it addresses the implications of unequal exchange, value transfer and overexploitation of the labor force for the composition and direction of public fund in Brazil, using the analysis of data about the Brazilian tax system.

Notas sobre Dialética da dependência, de Ruy Mauro Marini / Notes on Dialectic of dependence, on Ruy Mauro Marini

Resumo: O propósito deste artigo é desenvolver uma síntese sobre a obra Dialética da dependência, de Ruy Mauro Marini, além de demonstrar sua atualidade. A metodologia consiste em pesquisa bibliográfica com base nas obras de Marini e de alguns autores que analisam seus escritos. Foi possível compreender que Marini parte da concepção do capitalismo como sistema hierarquizado e reproduz padrões diferentes de acumulação, uma vez que o desenvolvimento de algumas nações ocorre mediante o subdesenvolvimento de outras.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to develop a summary of the work Dialectic of Dependence, by Ruy Mauro Marini, as well as to demonstrate how current it is. The methodology consists of bibliographical research based on the works of Marini and some authors who analyzed his writings. It was possible to understand that Marini believes in the conception of capitalism as a hierarchical system and reproduces different patterns of accumulation, since the development of some nations occurs through the underdevelopment of others.

A indissociabilidade entre racismo e superexploração da força de trabalho no capitalismo dependente / Racism and labour power overexploitation inextricability in dependent capitalism / La indisociabilidad entre el racismo y la superexplotación de la fuerza de trabajo en el capitalismo dependiente

Resumo: O artigo aponta a relação indissociável entre o racismo e a superexploração da força de trabalho no capitalismo dependente. Evidencia como a hierarquização racial cria base ideológica de dominação necessária à dinâmica da economia dependente e à superexploração. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa bibliográfica, com a revisão de literaturas assentadas na crítica marxista da economia política e no entendimento da divisão social, sexual e racial do trabalho como chave analítica fundamental.

Abstract: The article points out the inseparable relationship between racism and the overexploitation of labour power in dependent capitalism. It shows how racial hierarchization creates the ideological basis of domination necessary for the dynamics of the dependent economy and overexploitation. The methodology consisted of a bibliographical research, with a review of literature based on the Marxist critique of political economy and the understanding of the social, sexual and racial division of labour as a fundamental analytical key.

Resumen: El artículo señala la indisociable relación entre el racismo y la superexplotación de la fuerza de trabajo en el capitalismo dependiente. Evidencia como la jerarquización racial crea la base ideológica de dominación necesaria a la dinámica de la economía dependiente y a la superexplotación. La metodología consistió en una investigación bibliográfica, con una revisión de la literatura basada en la crítica marxista de la economía política y en el entendimiento de la división social, sexual y racial del trabajo como clave analítica fundamental.

Investigación para la toma de decisiones de manejo en áreas marinas protegidas como la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica

Introducción: En la práctica de la conservación biológica, a menudo se necesita de información científica para guiar las decisiones de manejo, pero esta información es especialmente escasa en áreas marinas protegidas. Las áreas marinas protegidas enfrentan el desafío de proteger especies pelágicas que se desplazan entre zonas protegidas de distintos países y zonas de pesca. En general, un obstáculo para generar la información que requieren las áreas protegidas es que comúnmente existe una disociación entre el sector académico y el sector de gestión, los cuales difieren en sus objetivos, forma de trabajo, y sistemas de recompensa. Esta situación se ve agravada en áreas marinas protegidas que se encuentran lejos de la costa, ya que los costos económicos y logísticos para realizar investigación son muy elevados. Objetivos: Utilizar el contexto del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco para ilustrar dificultades al momento de definir y recopilar la información necesaria para la gestión, y proponer posibles soluciones a este problema. Resultados: Para producir la información relevante, creemos que es necesario tomar en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: i) distinguir entre información biológica e información requerida para la gestión, ii) generar información sobre las amenazas a las especies, aún en ausencia de datos sobre las especies, iii) direccionar los planes de monitoreo, y iv) establecer una coordinación entre dos grupos de personas: las que frecuentan el área y las que están lejos del área en centros académicos. Además, debido a la naturaleza de la información que se requiere, y a la remotidad del sitio, se necesita de una articulación entre sectores (incluido el sector pesquero) para generar los datos. Conclusión: Parece indispensablelograr esta articulación entre sectores, lo cual conlleva grandes retos. Aún así, esta opción parece ser más viable desde el punto de vista logístico y económico que el intentar generar esta información desde una plataforma exclusivamente académica. Además, dicha articulación parece ser la única forma de generar información que es requerida para regular el manejo pesquero; por ejemplo la caracterización adecuada del esfuerzo de captura y de la biomasa extraída.

Introduction: Scientific information is often needed to guide management decisions, but marine protected areas usually lack such information. Further, these protected areas face the challenge of protecting highly-mobile pelagic species that move between protected areas in different countries and across fishing zones. In general, the dissociation that commonly exists between academic and conservation groups, which work under different objectives and reward systems, serves as an obstacle for producing the information that is needed by wildlife managers. This limitation is further enhanced in oceanic islands, such as Isla del Coco because of their mere remoteness, a condition that dramatically increases the economic and operational costs for doing research. Objective: To illustrate the challenge of generating useful scientific information for conservation decision making in protected areas, using Isla del Coco National Park in Costa Rica as a case study, and to propose possible solutions. Results: In order to produce the scientific information that these areas require, it is necessary to: i) distinguish between biologically relevant information, and information required for decision-making, ii) generate information about the threats to biodiversity, even in the absence of information about the species themselves, iii) establish clear goals and objectives for monitoring plans, and iv) build strong links between two types of groups: those that work from mainland and those that operate offshore; this includes working alongside fishing vessels. Conclusions: It will be a great challenge to articulate such relationships between groups, but this option seems more viable (in terms of associated logistic and economical costs) than attempting to collect the required data from an isolated academic platform. Also, this articulation appears to be the only way of generating information that is crucial for stock management, such as the accurate characterization of the fishing activity.

Narrow gene pool can threaten the survival of Calamus nagbettai R. R. Fernald & Dey: a highly, endemic dioecious rattan species in the Western Ghats of India

Rattans, the spiny climbing palms of Arecaceae (Palmae) family exhibit high endemism to the biodiversity hot spots in India. Of the five rattan genera, Calamus is the only genus found in peninsular India with 15 of 21 species, endemic to the Western Ghats. The extensive utilization of rattans owing to their strength, durability and huge demand has resulted in depletion of their natural resources. Ofthe 15 endemic species, C. nagbettai is the most affected species on account of endemism, low population size and restricted distribution with fragmented populations. The present study revealed high amount of genetic diversity in the surviving scattered populations of the species using microsatellite markers. High gene flow (Nm = 1.498) observed across the populations resulted in low genetic differentiation (14%). A clear genetic admixture could be seen in Kerala as well as one of the Karnataka’s populations while the remaining two populations were genetically distinct. UPGMA, PCoA and STRUCTURE analyses showed significantly different genetic composition in Kerala population compared to other populations. Kerala and Karnataka populations of C. nagbettai were also unique in their genetic structure and allelic composition. Therefore, effective management and conservation strategies have to be implemented to preserve the rarealleles with adaptive potential to protect this economically valuable Calamus species from endangerment. Overexploitation, low seed set and poor regeneration, as well as habitat fragmentation can further threaten the survival of this endemic, narrowly distributed dioecious rattan species in the Western Ghats region.

Avances en la propagación vía embriogénesis somática de Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot. ) Stokes, planta medicinal en peligro crítico / Advances in vitro propagation via somatic embryogenesis of Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot. ) Stokes, medicinal plant critically endangered

Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes (Rubiaceae Juss), es una especie vegetal con reconocidas propiedades medicinales. Esta especie se encuentra en peligro crítico de extinción, debido a la sobreexplotación de las poblaciones naturales. Conociendo además las dificultades para su propagación por medio de semillas (debido a la baja tasa de germinación y elevada muerte prematura de las plántulas) y por vía vegetativa (lento crecimiento), el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el potencial de propagación vía embriogénesis somática directa. Segmentos de hojas jóvenes de plantas mantenidas en casa malla fueron desinfectados y sembrados en el medio de cultivo MS (Murashige y Skoog) suplementado con diferentes concentraciones y combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento. Las combinaciones IBA y BAP a 1 y 2 mg/L y 2 y 1 mg/L, respectivamente; mostraron ser efectivas en la formación de embriones somáticos en esta especie. La procedencia de la planta donadora parece tener influencia en la sensibilidad del tejido foliar a la respuesta. Este es el primer reporte de embriogénesis somática directa para esta especie y el primer reporte de cultivo in vitro de poblaciones colombianas.

Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes (Rubiaceae Juss), is a specie with known medicinal properties. This species is critically endangered due to overexploitation of natural populations.Besides knowing the difficulties in propagation by seed (due to the low rate of germination and high seedling premature death) and by vegetative (slow growth), the present study evaluated the potential for propagation by using direct somatic embryogenesis.Young leaves segments from plants cultivated in a greenhouse were disinfected and planted in MS medium (Murashige y Skoog), supplemented with different concentrations of growth regulators. IBA and BAP combinations at 1 and 2 mg / L and 2 and 1 mg / L, respectively, shown to be effective in the formation of somatic embryos in this species. The origin of the donor plant seems to influence foliar tissue sensitivity to the answer. This is the first report of direct somatic embryogenesis for this species and the first report of in vitro culture of Colombian populations.

Des vegetaux et leurs usages chez les peuples du Nord-Cameroun: selection et mode d'emploi du XIXeau XXesiecle / Plants and their use by the people of Northern Cameroon: selection and use in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

La polyvalence fonctionnelle des végétaux se matérialise à travers les nombreux usages que les peuples du Nord-Cameroun en font. Ils ont mis sur place un savoir -: faire local qui leur a permis d'exploiter de manière efficace leur environnement végétal. La disparition des essences de valeur les oblige à développer d'autres stratégies en relation avec une nouvelle ère marquée par la consommation de produits manufacturés. Le présent article récapitule les principaux usages des plantes par les peuples du Nord-Cameroun, évalue leurs stratégies de mise en valeur des herbacées et des ligneux et interroge sur la validité des dispositions en cours portant sur la préservation du patrimoine végétal mis en péril par l'homme et par la nature.

The functional versatility of plants can be seen in their numerous uses by the people of Northern Cameroon. They have implemented local know-how which has allowed them to effectively exploit their botanical environment. The disappearance of valuable species has forced them to develop other strategies, with a new era marked by the consumption of manufactured products. This article summarizes the principal uses of plants by the people of Northern Cameroon, evaluates their strategies for extracting value from grasses and woods, and questions the validity of the measures currently in place to preserve the botanical heritage at risk due to the actions of man and nature.

Brasil: nova classe média ou novas formas de superexploração da classe trabalhadora? / Brazil: new middle class or new ways of overexploiting the working class?

Com base na categoria da superexploração da força de trabalho, formulada no âmbito da teoria marxista da dependência, apresentamos uma crítica à tese de que o Brasil estaria se tornando 'país de classe média' e sustentamos que um contingente substancial dentre o que vem sendo nomeado de 'nova classe média' consiste, na verdade, de trabalhadores - e suas famílias - vivendo em condições de superexploração. O texto encontra-se dividido em três seções. Na primeira, questionamos os pressupostos básicos da tese Brasil, país de classe média. Na segunda, expomos os fundamentos da categoria da superexploração e demonstramos seu incremento nas relações de produção do capitalismo brasileiro na década de 2000. Na terceira, demonstramos como o acesso da população trabalhadora ao consumo de bens duráveis no período recente, antes que a ascensão de uma suposta 'nova classe média', configura uma forma renovada de superexploração. Por fim, salientamos os nexos entre as condições de trabalho, saúde e direitos da classe trabalhadora no Brasil e as tendências do capitalismo mundial, questionando o falso dilema neoliberalismo e neodesenvolvimentismo no debate atual e colocando a real disjuntiva do ponto de vista da emancipação da classe trabalhadora em relação ao poder despótico do capital.

Based on the workforce overexploitation category, formulated in the context of the Marxist Theory of Dependence, we critique the thesis that Brazil is becoming 'a middle class nation' and state that a substantial contingent of what has been named the 'new middle class' is, in fact, one of workers - and their families - living in overexploitation conditions. The article is divided into three sections. In the first, we questioned the basic assumptions of the 'Brazil, a middle class nation' thesis. In the second, we explain the fundamentals of the overexploitation category and show how it increased in Brazilian capitalism production relations in the 2000s. In the third, we showed how the access the working population has had to consume durable goods in recent times, before the ascent to the supposed 'new middle class,' is a renewed type of overexploitation. Finally, we highlight the links between the Brazilian working class' labor conditions, health, and rights and the trends in world capitalism, questioning the false neoliberalism and neodevelopmentalism dilemma in the current debate and putting the real dilemma in terms of the emancipation of the working class against the despotic power of capital.

O atual resgate crítico da teoria marxista da dependência / The current critical retrieval of the marxist theory of dependence

O objetivo central deste artigo é discutir as principais categorias da teoria marxista da dependência. Tal esforço se justifica por causa do resgate que essa perspectiva teórica vem recebendo nos últimos anos. Em primeiro lugar, discute-se o significado original do que a teoria entende por dependência e, a partir disso, a natureza específica da inserção das economias dependentes no capitalismo mundial. Em seguida, além de se reafirmar o caráter central da superexploração da força de trabalho como característica específica dessas economias, argumenta-se que esse caráter só é inteligível quando entendido como a resposta do capitalismo dependente às diferentes formas de transferência de valor para as economias centrais. Em virtude do anterior, o trabalho conclui com apontamentos sobre as direções que podem ser seguidas por um resgate crítico da teoria marxista da dependência.

The central purpose of this article is to discuss the main categories of the Marxist Theory of Dependence. This effort is justified because this the-oretical perspective has been being retrieved in recent years. Firstly, there is a discussion on the original meaning of what the theory understands by dependence and, based on that, the specific nature of the integration of economies dependent on world capitalism. Then, in addition to reaffirming the central character of the overexploitation of labor as a specific feature of these economies, it is argued that this is only intelligible when understood as the response of dependent capitalism to different forms of transfer of value to the central economies. In view of the fore-going, the article concludes with notes on the directions that can be taken by a critical recovery of the Marxist theory of dependence.

Explotación de la pesquería de arrastre de camarón durante el período 1991-1999 en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica / Exploitation of the shrimp trawl fishery in the period 1991-1999 at the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, the Gulf of Nicoya shrimp fishery originated in 1952 and represented one of the most important economic activities in the region. Nevertheless, overfishery reduced the captured volumes to levels that prevent this commercial activity. I analyzed official fishery statistics between 1991 and 1999. These species involved are: two species of white shrimp, (Litopenaeus occidentalis and L. stylirostris), the "titi" shrimp (Xiphopenaeus riveti), the brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis), the "pinki" shrimp (F. brevirostris) and the "fidel" shrimp (Solenocera agassizi). All the species reached the Maximum Sustainable Yield in the decades of 1970 and 1980 and are now found at over-exploitation levels. I recommend that this shrimp trawl fishery be completely closed down.