Prevalência de pólipos serrilhados e sua associação com adenomas avançados colorretais síncronos / Prevalence of serrated polyps and their association with synchronous colorectal advanced adenomas

ABSTRACT Background: Serrated lesions are the precursors of up to one-third of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and share molecular and epidemiological features with interval CRC. Previous studies have reported wide variation in serrated polyp prevalence and diverse magnitude of its relationship with synchronous advanced adenomas. Objective: Describe the prevalence of serrated polyps and evaluate their association with synchronous advanced adenomas. Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of 1208 colonoscopies performed in patients aged 45 to 75, predominantly for CRC screening. Data on the prevalence of serrated polyps subsets and advanced adenomas were collected, and multivariate analysis were performed to identify the association between serrated polyps and synchronous advanced adenomas. Results: The prevalence of clinically significant serrated polyps (CSSP), large serrated polyps (LSP), and sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) were 11.3%, 6%, and 3.7%. CSSP were associated with synchronous advanced adenomas (OR 2.121, 95%CI 1.321-3.406), regardless of proximal (OR 2.966, 95%CI 1.701-5.170) or distal (OR 1.945, 95%CI 1.081-3.499) location, while LSP (OR 2.872, 95%CI 1.425-5.787) and SSA (OR 5.032, 95%CI 2.395-10.576) were associated with proximal advanced adenomas. Conclusion: The prevalence of CSSP and advanced adenomas were alike. CSSP is a risk factor for advanced adenomas, and the strength of this association is stronger for proximal advanced adenomas. LSP and SSA are associated with proximal advanced adenomas.

RESUMO Contexto: Lesões serrilhadas são precursoras de até um terço dos casos de câncer colorretal (CCR) e compartilham características moleculares e epidemiológicas com o CCR de intervalo. Estudos prévios relataram ampla variação na prevalência de pólipos serrilhados e na magnitude da sua relação com adenomas avançados sincrônicos. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de pólipos serrilhados colorretais e avaliar sua associação com adenomas avançados sincrônicos. Métodos: O estudo é uma análise retrospectiva de 1208 colonoscopias realizadas em pacientes com idades entre 45 e 75 anos, predominantemente para rastreamento de CCR. Dados sobre a prevalência de subtipos de pólipos serrilhados e de adenomas avançados foram coletados, e análises multivariadas foram realizadas para identificar a associação entre pólipos serrilhados e adenomas avançados sincrônicos. Resultados: A prevalência de pólipos serrilhados clinicamente significativos (PSCS), pólipos serrilhados grandes (PSG) e adenomas sésseis serrilhados (ASS) foi de 11,3%, 6% e 3,7%, respectivamente. PSCS foram associados a adenomas avançados sincrônicos (OR 2,121, IC95% 1,321-3,406), independentemente da localização proximal (OR 2,966, IC95% 1,701-5,170) ou distal (OR 1,945, IC95% 1,081-3,499), enquanto PSG (OR 2,872, IC 95%1,425-5,787) e ASS (OR 5,032, IC95% 2,395-10,576) foram associados a adenomas avançados proximais. Conclusão: A prevalência de PSCS e de adenomas avançados foi semelhante. PSCS é um fator de risco para adenomas avançados, e a força dessa associação é maior para adenomas avançados proximais. PSG e ASS estão associados a adenomas avançados proximais.

Grandes e pequenas lesões colorretais são efetivamente tratadas pela técnica de mucosectomia / Small as well as large colorectal lesions are effectively managed by endoscopic mucosal resection technique

ABSTRACT Background Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is an easy-to-use treatment option for superficial colorectal lesions, including lesions ≥20 mm. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of EMR. Methods We evaluated 430 lesions removed by EMR in 404 patients. The lesions were analyzed according to their morphology, size, location, and histology. Lesions <20 mm were resected en bloc, whereas lesions ≥20 mm were removed by piecemeal EMR (p-EMR). Adverse events and recurrence were assessed. Results Regarding morphology, 145 (33.7%) were depressed lesions, 157 (36.5%) were polypoid lesions and 128 (29.8%) were laterally spreading lesions, with 361 (84%) lesions <20 mm and 69 (16%) ≥20 mm. Regarding histology, 413 (96%) lesions were classified as neoplastic lesions. Overall, 14 (3.3%) adverse reactions occurred, most commonly in lesions removed by p-EMR (P<0.001) and associated with advanced histology (P=0.008). Recurrence occurred in 14 (5.2%) cases, more commonly in lesions removed by p-EMR (P<0.001). Conclusion EMR is an effective technique for the treatment of superficial colorectal lesions, even of large lesions.

RESUMO Contexto Ressecção endoscópica da mucosa (REM) é uma opção fácil para o tratamento das lesões superficiais do cólon e reto, inclusive para as lesões ≥20 mm de diâmetro. Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade da REM. Métodos Este estudo prospectivo observacional avaliou 430 lesões ressecadas por REM em 404 pacientes. As lesões foram analisadas de acordo com a morfologia, tamanho, localização e histologia. Lesões <20 mm foram removidas em bloco, enquanto lesões ≥20 mm foram ressecadas em piecemeal REM (p-REM). Eventos adversos e recorrência foram avaliados. Resultados Quanto à morfologia, 145 (33,7%) eram lesões deprimidas, 157 (36,5%) eram lesões polipoides e 128 (29,8%) eram lesões que se espalham lateralmente, com 361 (84%) lesões <20 mm e 69 (16%) ≥20 mm. Em relação à histologia, 413 (96%) foram classificadas como lesões neoplásicas. Globalmente tivemos 14 (3,3%) de reações adversas, mais presente nas lesões ≥20 mm removidas por p-REM (P<0,001) e associadas com histologia avançada (P=0,008). A recorrência ocorreu em 14 (5,2%) casos, sendo mais observada em lesões removidas por p-REM (P<0,001). Conclusão REM é uma técnica efetiva para o tratamento das lesões colorretais superficiais, até mesmo para as grandes lesões.

Eficacia y seguridad del concentrado liofilizado de Zea mays morado en la prevención de formación de pólipos colónicos / Efficacy and safety of lyophilized concentrate purple corn (Zea mays L.) in preventing the formation of colonic polyps

RESUMEN Introducción : El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es un problema mundial de salud pública y se origina principalmente a partir de pólipos. Hace 25 años se ha considerado una estrategia denominada quimioprevención que consiste en el consumo de alimentos como maíz morado y cúrcuma o sustancias químicas como ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) y anti inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) que previenen la carcinogénesis efectivamente al reducir el riesgo de desarrollo de pólipos. Objetivo : Determinar la eficacia y seguridad del concentrado liofilizado Zea mays morado 200 mg en la prevención de formación de pólipos colónicos en la práctica gastroenterológica privada. Material y métodos : aleatorizamos 112 pacientes (casos) para recibir este producto y 112 pacientes (controles) para recibir placebo, durante 3 años. Ambos grupos de similares características demográficas, clínicas y antecedentes patológicos. Resultados : Hallamos que los casos al final del estudio desarrollaron 83% menos pólipos que los controles (p<0,001). Los casos que desarrollaron pólipos fueron menores en número, tamaño e histología que al inicio del ensayo. Los eventos adversos que presentaron los casos fueron 4,5% similar a los controles, principalmente petequias. Conclusiones : Concluimos que el concentrado liofilizado de Zea mays morado 200 mg es eficaz y seguro en la prevención del desarrollo de pólipos colónicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide problem of public health and arises mainly from polyps. In last 25 years, a strategy called chemoprevention that consists of food intake like purple corn and turmeric or chemical substances like acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that prevent effectively carcinogenesis reducing the risk of polyp development. Objective : To determine the efficacy and safety of lyophilized concentrate of purple corn (Zea mays L.) 200 mg in the prevention of colonic polyps development in private gastroenterological practice Methods : we randomly assigned 112 patients (cases) to receive this product and 112 patients (controls) to receive placebo, during 3 years. Both groups had similar demographic, clinical and medical history characteristics. Results : we found that cases developed 83% less polyps than controls (p<0.001). The cases that developed polyps were smaller in number, size and histology than at the beginning of the trial. The adverse events that cases presented were 4.5% similar to controls, mainly petechiae. Conclusion : We conclude that the lyophilized concentrate of purple corn (Zea mays L.) 200 mg was effective and safe in preventing the development of colonic polyps.

Análise comparativa das indicações e achados colonoscópicos em pacientes menores e maiores de 50 anos / Comparative analysis of indications and founds colonoscopy in patients younger and older than 50 years

As neoplasias colorretais (pólipos e câncer) são na maioria das vezes diagnosticadas e em algumas ocasiões ressecadas endoscopicamente, fato que mostra claramente a importância da detecção precoce através de programas de rastreio adequados que são capazes de mudar o prognostico da doença. O objetivo do presente estudo se baseia em analisar as indicações e os achados de exames colonoscópicos realizados pelo Serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Estudo transversal que avaliou 1271 prontuários de pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia entre os anos de 2003 à 2014 no HU-UFSC. Dados foram obtidos através da aplicação de instrumento de coleta de dados elaborado pelo autor. Foram excluídos pacientes com impossibilidade de acesso aos laudos anatomopatológicos. Os resultados foram avaliados descritivamente e após, foram utilizados testes de associação. O sexo masculino representou 69,3% dos participantes, 63,49% com a idade superior a 50 anos, a alteração do hábito intestinal representou 15,8% das indicações, e os pólipos 33,1% dos achados colonoscópios. 17,2% dos pólipos apresentavam tamanho entre 0-0,5cm, e 8,4% estavam no sigmoide. A hemorragia digestiva baixa (HDB) apresentou maior prevalência em pacientes menores de 50 anos com 20,58%, e a alteração do hábito intestinal nos pacientes maiores de 50 anos com 16,9%. O pólipo adenomatoso tubular representou 9,5% das neoplasias. A prevalência de neoplasias foi maior nos pacientes sintomáticos com idade superior a 50 anos.

Colorrectal neoplasm (polyps and cancer), can evidently be detected and resected before its malignancy and spread, a fact expressly shows the importance of early detection through screening programs that are able to change the disease's prognosis. Analyze the indications and findings of colonoscopy performed by Unit of Coloproctology, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina. Cross-sectional study that evaluated medical records of 1271 patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2003 to 2014 at HU-UFSC. Data were obtained by applying a data collection instrument developed by the authors. Patients whit inaccessibility of pathological reports were excluded. Data were analyzed descriptively and after tests of association were used. Males represented 69,3%, 63,49% age over 50 years, change in intestinal habit represented 15,8% and polyps was 33,1% found colonoscopies. 17,2% of polyps had size between 0-0,5cm and 8,4% were localized on sigmoid. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding had higher prevalence in patients under 50 years with 20,58% and change in intestinal habit in patients older than 50 years with 16,9%. The tubular adenomatous polyp represented 9.5% of neoplasms. The prevalence of neoplasm was higher in symptomatic patients older than 50 years.

Mucosectomía endoscópica por coloproctólogos. Resultados iniciales / Endoscopic mucosal resection by coloproctologists. initial results

ANTECEDENTES: La detección y resección de lesiones colónicas plipoideas, sésiles y planas, previene el desarrollo de cáncer de colon. La mucosectomía endoscópica ha surgido en 1970 como un procedimiento alternativo para el tratamiento de éstas lesiones y, en la actualidad, es considerado el procedimiento de elección, pudiendo evitar procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los resultados y complicaciones de la técnica de mucosectomía realizada por cirujanos coloproctólogos. Con revisión de indicaciones y limitaciones de la técnica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes tratados con técnica de mucosectomía endoscópica en el Servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Británico de Bs. As., desde junio de 2010 a junio 2015. Se aplicó la técnica de “elevación y corte” en lesiones polipoideas mayores a 1 cm. Se realizó la resección en bloque para aquellas lesiones de hasta 3 cm y, para aquellas mayores a los 3 cm, se utilizó la resección por técnica de piecemeal. Se evaluaron complicaciones y resultados según la técnica empleada al igual que tasa de recidiva, realizando en todos los casos seguimiento con control endoscópico. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron un total de 41 casos (25 mujeres y 16 hombres) realizándose un procedimiento por paciente. La edad promedio fue de 65,8 años (38-83 años) y el tamaño promedio de las lesiones de 20,3 mm (10 – 50 mm). Se realizó resección en bloque en 19 pacientes (representando el46,3% de nuestra serie) y logrando resección endoscópica y anatomopatológica completa en todos ellos. En tanto se empleó técnica de piecemeal en los 22 pacientes restantes (53,6%). La tasa de complicaciones en nuestra serie fue del 7,3% (3/41). El seguimiento promedio fue de 14,4 meses (2 – 48 meses) y la tasa global de recidiva local fue de 9,75%...

BACKGROUND: Detection and resection of colonic lesions polypoid sessile and flat, prevents the development of colon cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection has emerged in 1970 as an alternative method for the treatment of these lesions and, at present it is considered the procedure of choice, being able to avoid major surgical procedures. Objectives evaluation of the results and complications of the technique mucosectomy by colorectal surgeons. Review of indications and limitations of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective and observational analysis of patients treated with endoscopic mucosal resection technique in the Coloproctology Service of the British Hospital of Buenos Aires, from June 2010 to June 2015. Technique of "lift and cut" was used in polypoid lesions greater than 1 cm. The bloc resection is used for those injuries up to 3 cm, and the piecemeal resection technique was used for those older than 3 cm. Complications and results were evaluated according to the technique as recurrence rate , performing tracking in all cases with endoscopic control. RESULTS: forty one cases (25 women and 16 men) performing a procedure per patient were analyzed. The average age was 65.8 years (38-83 years) and the average lesion size of 20.3 mm (10-50 mm). The average age was 65.8 years (38-83 years) and the average lesion size of 20.3 mm (10-50 mm). Resection was performed in 19 patients block (representing the 46.3 % of our series) and achieving endoscopic resection and pathologic complete in all. Piecemeal technique was used in the remaining 22 patients (53.6 %). The complication rate in our series was 7.3% (3/41). Mean follow-up was 14.4 months (2-48 months) and overall local recurrence rate was 9.75%...

Predicción endoscópica de la histología de pólipos colónicos diminutos en tiempo real, utilizando narrow-band imaging (NBI) no magnificado: evaluación prospectiva / Real-time endoscopic prediction of histology of diminutive colorectal polyps with narrow-band Imaging (NBI): a prospective cohort study

Most diminutive polyps (< 5 mm) detected during colonoscopy are hyperplastic, with no cancer risk. Endoscopic diagnosis would prevent unnecessary resection. Objective: To assess diagnostic accuracy of a simple endoscopic classification of diminutive polyps, applicable with current standard endoscopes. Methods: Subjects included patients with diminutive polyps, detected during colonoscopy. A generational cohort served for suggesting an endoscopic classification that was prospectively validated in a new cohort. Colonoscopies were performed by two experienced endoscopists, with standard colonoscopes (CFH180AL, Evis Exera II; Olympus), with narrow-band imaging (NBI). Endoscopic diagnosis was assessed in terms of Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive (PPV) and Negative Predictive Values (NPV) and Accuracy, using histological diagnosis as gold standard. Results: Generational cohort included 42 polyps. To classify polyps as ‘neoplastic’ or ‘non-neoplastic’ we used pit pattern (regular or irregular) and vascular marks (visible or non-visible). Validation cohort included 235 polyps, 63 percent of them hyperplastic. Neoplastic polyps were more frequent in proximal colon (49.2 percent) than in rectosigmoid (21.4 percent; p < 0.05). Endoscopic diagnosis revealed: Sensitivity = 75 percent; Specificity = 70 percent; PPV = 59 percent; NPV = 82 percent, and Accuracy = 72 percent. Diagnostic performance was better in rectosigmoid compared to proximal colon (NPV 90 percent vs 74 percent, respectively; p = NS). Both endoscopists showed significant differences in terms of their sensitivity (89 percent vs 60 percent, respectively; p < 0.05). The endoscopist with best results reached NPV = 97 percent in the rectosigmoid (n = 60). Conclusions: The proposed classification can be used in real-time. Endoscopic assessment may replace histological assessment of diminutive polyps of the rectosigmoid. Formal training is needed to reach the required diagnostic accuracy.

La mayoría de los pólipos < 5 mm detectados durante una colonoscopia son hiperplásticos, sin riesgo de cáncer. Su diagnóstico endoscópico evitaría resecciones innecesarias. Objetivo: Evaluar la precisión diagnóstica de una clasificación endoscópica de pólipos colónicos diminutos, aplicable con endoscopios habituales. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con pólipos diminutos detectados durante colonoscopia. Una cohorte de generación sirvió para proponer una clasificación endoscópica, que se validó prospectivamente en una segunda cohorte. Las colonoscopias fueron realizadas por dos endoscopistas experimentados, con colonoscopios estándar (CFH180AL, Evis Exera II; Olympus), con narrow-band imaging (NBI). El diagnóstico endoscópico fue evaluado en términos de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y precisión, usando el diagnóstico histológico como ‘gold standard’. Resultados: La cohorte de generación incluyó 42 pólipos. Para clasificar los pólipos como ‘neoplásico’ o ‘no neoplásico’ se utilizó el patrón superficial (regular o irregular) y las marcas vasculares (visibles o no visibles). La cohorte de validación incluyó 235 pólipos, 63 por ciento hiperplásticos. Los pólipos neoplásicos fueron más frecuentes en colon proximal (49,2 por ciento) que en rectosigmoides (21,4 por ciento; p < 0,05). El diagnóstico endoscópico indicó: Sensibilidad = 75 por ciento; Especificidad = 70 por ciento; VPP = 59 por ciento; VPN = 82 por ciento y Certeza Diagnóstica = 72 por ciento, y fue mejor en rectosigmoides que en colon proximal (VPN = 90 vs 74 por ciento, respectivamente; p = NS). Se observaron diferencias significativas en la sensibilidad al comparar ambos (89 vs 60 por ciento, respectivamente; p < 0,05). El endoscopista con mejor resultado alcanzó VPN = 97 por ciento en rectosigmoides (n = 60). Conclusiones: La clasificación propuesta es utilizable en tiempo real...

Polipose adenomatosa familiar atenuada / Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis

A Polipose Adenomatosa Familiar Atenuada(PAFA) é uma síndrome autossômica dominante, de diagnóstico tardio, comparando-se à forma clássica da polipose adenomatosa familiar. Dentre as características da síndrome estão: a)presença de menos de 100 pólipos colorretais; b) curso brando da doença, com idade tardia do diagnóstico e do aparecimento de câncer; c)prevalência maior dos pólipos à direita do cólon; d) reto poupado de lesões, na maioria dos casos. Analisar as características clínicas, tratamento e seguimento de 13 pacientes com diagnóstico de PAFA. Dos pacientes estudados, a média de idade ao diagnóstico foi 55 anos. Cinco pacientes apresentavam história familiar de polipose e/ou neoplasia. Nove (69 por cento) pacientes já tinham câncer no momento do diagnóstico. A maioria dos pacientes possuía pólipos localizados no cólon direito (31 por cento). Do total, 06 pacientes foram submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica, com proctocolectomia ou colectomia. A média de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 26 meses. O controle foi realizado através de colonoscopias e retossigmoidoscopias, de acordo com o tratamento realizado. O diagnóstico de PAFA foi feito em idade tardia em relação à forma clássica da doença, com a maioria dos pólipos localizados no cólon direito. O controle endoscópico dos pacientes deve ser realizado com rigor. A colectomia com anastomose do íleo-reto é uma boa opção cirúrgica no tratamento dos pacientes, com baixa recidiva de pólipos no reto.

Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP) is a heritable autosomally dominant syndrome, with later diagnosis than the classical condition of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Amid its main features there are : a) the presence of less than 100 polyps; b) the mild course of the disease and its later diagnosis and development of colon cancer; c)the polyps are more frequent in the right colon; d)the rectum may be relatively or even totally spared. To analyze the clinical manifestations, treatment and follow-up of 13 patients with AFAP. The mean age was 55 years, five patients had positive family history of polyposis and/or colon cancer and nine (69 percent) patients had already developed colonic cancer at the time of the diagnosis. Most of the patients had polyps located in the right colon. Six out of 13 patients patients had undergone surgical resection, either proctocolectomy or colectomy. The average follow-up time was 26 months. Periodically colonoscopy or retosigmoidoscopy were employed for follow-up evaluation, according to the previous surgical procedure. The diagnosis of AFAP was made later than the one of the classic form of the disease and most of the polyps were located in the right colon. Frequent follow-up with endoscopic examination as a follow-up is mandatory. Colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis is a very good option in the surgical management of these patients with low recurrence rate of rectal polyps.