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Aim: Based on traditional claims and practice, the antiplasmodial activity of bee stings and its effect on haematological indices was investigated in P. berghei infected mice. Methodology: Sixteen albino mice were intraperitoneally infected with chloroquine sensitive P. berghei strain and divided into four groups each consisted of four animals. Group I was set up as negative control of 0.2 ml normal Saline/kg body weight, group II as 5 mg chloroquine/kg body weight, group III had suppressive treatment and group IV was administered curative treatment. The thin blood smear was used to determine the parasiteamia counts and the haematological parameters were estimated on day 7. Results: The result of percentage chemosuppression shows that bee stings suppress the parasitaemia to 56.6%. Also, the suppressive and curative groups show longer mean survival period of 15.0 and 20.0 respectively. The haematological studies show that the level of packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration (HB) of infected untreated group was significantly (p<0.05) lower when compare with all other experimental groups, where as chloroquine treated group shows significant increase compared to the bee treated groups. The Red blood cell (R.B.C.) counts was significantly (p<0.05) lowered in infected untreated group when compare with suppressive and chloroquine treated groups. However the white blood cell (WBC) counts was significantly (p<0.05) higher in infected bee sting treated when compare to the infected untreated and infected chloroquine treated groups. Conclusion: Based on the result obtained, this study confirms the antiplasmodial activity of bee stings and suggests its potential as drug agent or lead against malaria.
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Aims: To evaluate the antiplasmodial efficacy of stem bark extracts of P. kotschyi against P. berghei berghei in mice. Study Design: Extraction and administration of plant extracts and evaluation of daily parasitaemia of infected mice. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy; Animal House. Department of Pharmacology and Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria, between June, 2008 and November, 2011. Methodology: Dry zone cedar (Pseudocedrela kotschyi) Family: Meliaceae, stem bark powder was successively extracted using ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous solvents. A total of one hundred and twenty mice for each extract (ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous) were divided into three groups of forty mice per each test (suppressive, curative and prophylactic). They were inoculated with drug sensitive NK 65 Plasmodium berghei berghei. In each test animals were divided into five groups, each consisted of eight animals and treated separately with one of the following: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg extracts, chloroquine / pyrimethamine and normal saline. Blood films were prepared and examined, and the changes in percentage parasitaemia were evaluated. Results: The ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous crude extracts of P. kotschyi at 200 mg/kg significantly (P=.05) inhibited the parasitaemia by 39.43%, 26.99% and 28.36% respectively in the suppressive test. Ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts also showed significant (p=.05) cure rate of 29.17 % and 20.28 % respectively. However there was no significant (p>.05) reduction in parasitaemia load in the prophylactic tests. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that P. kotschyi stem bark indeed has antiplasmodial property.
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The effect of chloroquine, folic and ascorbic acid on malaria parasite induced oxidative stress was the focus of this study. The study relevance derives from the need to understand the specific roles of these individual organic acids used in combination with chloroquine. Study Design: The design involves five groups of control (non-parasitized-nontreated), parasitized nontreated (PnT), parasitized chloroquine and ascorbic acid treated (Pcq+asT), parasitized chloroquine and folic acid treated (Pcq+faT) and parasitized chloroquine, ascorbic and folic acid treated (Pcq+asT+faT). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry Ambrose Alli University (Faculty of Natural Sciences). This study is part of a research that lasted three years. Materials and Methods: Treatment regime was for three days after parasitemia in mice was established with Gemsa stain. All biochemical and haematological parameters assayed for in this project were conducted using standard procedures. Result: Chloroquine and vitamin treatments significantly (P=.05) reduced erythrocyte fragility (EF), total bilirubin and increased packed cell volume (PCV) when compared with PnT parameters of mice. Treatments significantly (P=.05) increased serum albumin compared with control and had no effect on the serum albumin levels of PnT mice. Treatment with cq+asa and cq+as+fa resulted in significant (P=.05) oxidative stress in mice compared to control but reduced (P=.05) oxidative stress in comparison with PnT mice. Exceptionally, chloroquine and folic acid treatment did not show any significant change in oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase activity in mice when compared with control. Conclusion: The results suggest chloroquine and folic acid treatment to be more effective than ascorbic acid or other combination treatment employed in this study in the management of malaria induced oxidative stress.
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of a combination of artemether and daphnetin against Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in mice. Methods Groups of P. berghei infected mice were treated with various oral doses of artemether and daphnetin according to “4-day suppress assay”. Thin blood smears were made on the fifth day after inoculation of parasites and the parasitemia reduction rate was calculated. The ED 50 values obtained were plotted on isobolograms. A combined action of artemether and daphnetin was assessed. Results Artemether 0.4mg/(kg?d)?4d exhibited no detectable antimalarial effect, while artemether 0.4mg/(kg?d)?4d combined with daphnetin 7.7 mg/kg.d?4d showed potent antiparasile efficacy. The ED 50s of artemether in combination with daphnetin were lower than that of single artemether or daphnetin. The R-values were higher than 0.4, but lower than 2.7. Conclusion The combination of artemether with daphnetin showed an additive antiparasile effect.