mpacto de um programa de melhoria da qualidade nos erros de preparo e administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral: estudo de intervenção / Impact of a quilite improvement program on errors in the preparation and administration of oral drugs via nasoenteral probe: intervention study

Objetivo: A presente tese é apresentada em forma de quatro artigos que se articulam por meio do objetivo geral: Avaliar o impacto de um programa de melhoria da qualidade nos erros de preparo e administração de medicamentos via sonda nasoenteral. Os objetivos específicos dos artigos foram: (artigo 1) Desenvolver um guia de boas práticas voltado para o preparo e para a administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral, a fim de apoiar prescritores e enfermeiros na prestação de cuidados de qualidade e seguros aos pacientes hospitalizados; (artigo 2) Avaliar um programa de melhoria da qualidade para reduzir a proporção de erros no preparo e na administração de medicamentos via sonda nasoenteral; (artigo 3) avaliar a implementação de uma tomada de decisão multicritério em grupo associado a um ciclo Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) dentro de um programa de qualidade para a segurança no uso de medicamentos por toda a equipe de enfermagem para o preparo dos comprimidos (trituração e reconstituição do pó) e do equipamento a ser utilizado para a lavagem da sonda durante a administração de medicamento enteral, dentro de um ciclo PDSA; (artigo 4) Avaliar o impacto de um programa de melhoria da qualidade na redução das frequências de obstruções, analisar as variáveis preditoras deste incidente de segurança e a estimativa econômica dos custos relacionados ao programa de melhoria da qualidade no período de 2014-2019. Métodos: No artigo 1, foi realizado estudo descritivo, em duas fases. Na primeira, foi realizada revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados: LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science, MICROMEDEX® Solutions, além de busca manual no site da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), em guidelines, livros texto relacionados ao assunto, teses e dissertações. Na segunda fase, o guia foi refinado para uso no hospital por meio de reuniões com a equipe multidisciplinar. No artigo 2, foi realizado estudo de intervenção voltado para a comparação de medidas de resultados antes (linha de base) e depois da implementação do programa de melhoria da qualidade voltado para a redução de erros no preparo e na administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral. Foram utilizados os ciclos PDSA para o planejamento e para a ação do programa de melhoria. As intervenções testadas incluíram: desenvolvimento e implementação de um guia de boas práticas para auxiliar a equipe de enfermagem no preparo e na administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral; capacitação da equipe de enfermagem com relação à utilização do guia; disponibilização, para os enfermeiras e médicos, de uma lista impressa com os medicamentos orais que não podem ser triturados e administrados via sonda nasoenteral. No artigo 3, foi utilizada uma abordagem participativa, por meio da aplicação de um Modelo de Tomada de Decisão em Grupo (MTDG), como parte do ciclo PDSA, em um hospital brasileiro, para apoiar a equipe de enfermagem na tomada de decisão sobre os processos de preparo e administração de medicamentos orais via sonda. No artigo 4, foi realizado estudo de intervenção para testar o uso de um equipamento (Easy Crush®) na tritura de comprimidos até pó fino e homogêneo. Nesta fase, medidas de resultado, de processo e de equilíbrio foram selecionadas e monitoradas ao longo do tempo, por meio de cinco ciclos PDSA. O impacto do programa de melhoria da qualidade, que ocorreu entre os anos de 2014 a 2019, foi avaliado por meio de análise de regressão logística. Além disso, foi realizada estimativa dos custos do programa de melhoria de qualidade nesse mesmo período. Resultados: Artigo 1: Na fase 1, das 104 referências encontradas, sete atenderam aos critérios de inclusão propostos para o estudo e foram lidas na íntegra. Dessa revisão, resultou a primeira versão do guia de boas práticas no preparo e na administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral. Na fase 2, foram realizadas quatro reuniões para adaptar o guia de boas práticas ao contexto do hospital. Participaram das reuniões: três enfermeiros, uma nutricionista, uma farmacêutica e dois médicos. No artigo 2, foi observada melhora nas seguintes medidas: triturou comprimido com revestimento entérico e misturou mais de um medicamento durante o preparo (de 54,9% na Fase I para 25,6% na Fase II; p 0,0010) e triturou forma farmacêutica de ação modificada ou drágea (de 32,8% na Fase I para 19% na Fase II; p 0,0010). Contudo, piora foi verificada nas seguintes medidas: não triturou comprimido até pó fino e homogêneo (de 7,4% na Fase I para 95,3% na Fase II; p 0,0010) e sondas obstruídas (de 41,8% na Fase I para 53% na Fase II; p 0,0950). No artigo 3, participaram do processo de decisão, profissionais envolvidos no preparo e na administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral, ou seja, a equipe de enfermagem e farmacêutica. Foram realizadas duas negociações sobre as técnicas e foi discutida a necessidade de aquisição de um novo equipamento para preparar, de modo mais eficiente, os comprimidos. Ao analisar o ciclo PDSA anterior, sem qualquer participação na tomada de decisão, com o ciclo PDSA em conjunto com o método do MTDG, aumentou as chances de implementação efetiva das práticas de melhoria da qualidade, principalmente quanto à técnica de trituração de comprimidos (de 95,3% de não conformidade no ciclo PDSA sem método MTDG para 0% de não conformidade no ciclo PDSA com método MTDG). No artigo 4, foi observada melhora na medida de resultado obstrução da sonda (de 41,8% em 2014 para 53% em 2017 e para 9,6% em 2019). Nas medidas de processo, também observamos uma redução do número de medicamentos orais prescritos via sonda nasoenteral, em 24 horas, (de 4,9% em 2014 para 5,6% em 2017 para 4,5% em 2019). Em relação ao número de medicamentos orais aprazados para o mesmo horário, também verificamos uma redução (de 3,3% em 2014 para 2,3% em 2017 para 1,3% em 2019). Na medida de equilíbrio, foi identificada melhora na seguinte medida: comprometimento de aspectos biofarmacêuticos durante a tritura de medicamentos sólidos (de 11,6% em 2014 para 12,3% em 2017 e para 0% em 2019). Na análise de regressão logística, foi verificado impacto significativo do programa de melhoria da qualidade na redução de sondas obstruídas (p=0,0010). Também foi verificado impacto positivo do programa de melhoria da qualidade no custo do preparo das doses: de R$ 1.067,50 em 2014, para R$ 719,80 em 2017 e R$ 433,10 em 2019. Conclusão: Os resultados dos estudos desenvolvidos na presente tese destacam a importância de programas de melhoria da qualidade para reduzir erros relacionados aos processos de preparo e de administração de medicamentos orais via sonda nasoenteral. As mudanças testadas por meio de ciclos PDSA impactaram significativamente os processos e resultou em redução de custos para a instituição

Objective: This thesis is presented in the form of four articles that are articulated through the general objective: To evaluate the impact of a quality improvement program on the errors of preparation and administration of drugs via nasoenteral probe. The specific objectives of the articles were: (Article 1) To involve a guide of good practices aimed at the preparation and administration of oral drugs via nasoenteral probe, in order to support prescribers and nurses in providing quality and safe care to hospitalized patients; (Article 2) Evaluate a quality improvement program to reduce the proportion of errors in the preparation and administration of drugs via nasoenteral probe; (Article 3) evaluate the implementation of a multi-criteria group decision-making associated with a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle within a quality program for the safety of the use of medicines by the entire nursing team for the preparation of tablets (grinding and reconstitution of powder) and the equipment to be used for washing the probe during enteral drug administration, within a PDSA cycle; (Article 4) Evaluate the impact of a quality improvement program on reducing the frequencies of obstructions, analyze the predictor variables of this safety incident and the economic estimation of costs related to the quality improvement program in the period 2014-2019. Method: In Article 1, a descriptive study was conducted in two phases. In the first, an integrative review of the literature was performed in the databases: LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science, MICROMEDEX® Solutions, in addition to manual search on the website of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), in guidelines, textbooks related to the subject, theses and dissertations. In the second phase, the guide was refined for non-hospital use through meetings with the multidisciplinary team. In Article 2, an intervention study was conducted aimed at comparing measures of results before (baseline) and after the implementation of the quality improvement program aimed at reducing errors, not preparing and administering oral medications via nasoenteral probe. Foram used PDSA cycles for planning and for the action of the improvement program. The interventions tested included: development and implementation of a good practice guide to assist the nursing team in the preparation and administration of oral medications via nasoenteral probe; training of the nursing team in relation to the use of the guide; availability, for nurses and physicians, of a printed list with oral medications that cannot be crushed and administered via nasoenteral probe. In Article 3, a participatory approach was used, through the application of a Group Decision Making Model (MTDG), as part of the PDSA cycle, in a Brazilian hospital, to support the nursing team in decision-making on the processes of preparation and administration of oral drugs via probe. In article 4, an intervention study was carried out to test the use of an equipment (Easy Crush®) in the grinding of tablets to fine and homogeneous powder. In this phase, results, process and equilibrium were selected and monitored over time, through five PDSA cycles. The impacto of the quality improvement program, which occurred between 2014 and 2019, was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. In addition, the costs of the quality improvement program were estimated in the same period. Results: Article 1: In phase 1, in the 104 references found, seven met the inclusion criteria proposed for the study and were read in full. This review resulted in the first version of the guide of good practices in the preparation and administration of oral drugs via nasoenteral tube. In phase 2, four meetings were held to adapt the guide of good practices to the hospital context. Three nurses, one nutritionist, one pharmacist and two physicians participated in the meetings. In Article 2, improvement was observed in the following measures: triturou tablet with enteric coating and mixed more than one drug during preparation (from 54.9% in Phase I to 25.6% in Phase II; p 0.0010) and crushed pharmaceutical form of modified or drágea action (from 32.8% in Phase I to 19% in Phase II; p 0.0010). However, worsening was observed in the following measures: it did not grind tablet to fine and homogeneous powder (from 7.4% in Phase I to 95.3% in Phase II; p 0.0010) and obstructed probes (from 41.8% in Phase I to 53% in Phase II; p 0.0950). In Article 3, professionals involved in the preparation and administration of oral medications via nasoenteral probe, i.e., the nursing and pharmaceutical team, were based in the decision-making process. Two negotiations were held on the techniques and the need to purchase new equipment was discussed to prepare the tablets more efficiently. By analyzing the previous PDSA cycle, without any participation in decision making, with the PDSA cycle in conjunction with the MTDG method, the chances of effective implementation of quality improvement practices increased, especially regarding the tablet crushing technique (95.3% non-conformity in the PDSA cycle without PARA MTDG method 0% non-conformity in the PDSA cycle with MTDG method). In Article 4, an improvement was observed in the measurement of probe obstruction result (from 41.8% in 2014 to 53% in 2017 and to 9.6% in 2019). In the process measures, we also observed a reduction in the number of oral drugs prescribed via nasoenteral tube in 24 hours (from 4.9% in 2014 to 5.6% in 2017 to 4.5% in 2019). Regarding the number of oral medicines available for the same time, we also found a reduction (from 3.3% in 2014 to 2.3% in 2017 to 1.3% in 2019). In the equilibrium measure, improvement was identified in the following measure: impairment of biopharmaceutical aspects during the crushing of solid drugs (from 11.6% in 2014 to 12.3% in 2017 and to 0% in 2019). In the logistic regression analysis, a significant impact of the quality improvement program on the reduction of obstructed probes was verified (p=0.0010). It was also verified a positive impact of the program to improve the quality of the cost of preparing doses: from R$ 1,067.50 in 2014, to R$ 719.80 in 2017 and R$ 433.10 in 2019. Conclusion: The results of the studies developed in this thesis highlight the importance of quality improvement programs to reduce errors related to the processes of preparation and administration of oral drugs via nasoenteral probe. The changes tested through PDSA cycles significantly impacted the processes and resulted in cost reduction for the institution

Quality Improvement Collaborative for Preterm Infants in Healthcare Facilities

Across all healthcare settings, it is important not only to provide safe and effective healthcare, but also to ensure that it is timely, patient-centered, efficient and equitable. There is a wide variability in neonatal and perinatal outcomes in India and other developing countries,with certain units demonstrating clinical outcomes that match the developed world, while others showing higher than expectedmortality and morbidity. Collaborative quality improvement initiatives offer a pragmatic way to improve performance of healthcaredelivery within and between neonatal units. Variations in application of evidence-based healthcare process and dependent healthoutcomes can be identified and targeted for improvement in quality improvement cycles. We herein describe the concept ofCollaborative quality improvement, and the success stories of the best-known Collaborative quality improvement initiatives across theworld. We also highlight the process and progress of creating Collaborative quality improvement in our country.

Quality Improvement Initiative to Improve the Screening Rate of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Outborn Neonatal Intensive Care Graduates

Objective: To improve the screening rate of Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in theoutborn neonatal intensive care unit, using the quality improvement method. Methods:40 neonatal nurses, 89 parents from an outborn neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary-carehospital were included in the study between May 2017 and March 2018. Universal samplingmethod was used. Results: In 345 neonates, ROP screening rate increased from 10.7%in the pre-intervention phase to 45.5% and 87.3% in the intervention and post-interventionphase, respectively. Conclusion: Point of care quality improvement (POCQI) methodcan be effectively used to improve ROP screening rate in outborn neonates.

A Quality Improvement Initiative for Early Initiation of Emergency Management for Sick Neonates

Objective: To determine efficacy of Point-of-care Qualityimprovement (POCQI) in early initiation (within 30 minutes) ofemergency treatment among sick neonates.Design: Quality improvement project over a period of twentyweeks.Setting: Special Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) of a tertiary carecenter of Eastern India.Participants: All consecutive sick neonates (? 28 wk gestation)who presented at triage during morning shift (8 am to 2 pm).Intervention: We used a stepwise Plan-do-study-act (PDSA)approach to initiate treatment within 30 min of receiving sicknewborns. After baseline phase of one month, a qualityimprovement (QI) team was formed and conducted three PDSAcycles (PDSA I , PDSA II and PDSA III) of 10 d each, followedby a post-intervention phase over 3 months.Main outcome measure(s): Percentage of sick babies gettingearly emergency management at SNCU triage.Results: 309 neonates were enrolled in the study (56 inbaseline phase, 88 in implementation phase and 212 in post-intervention phase). Demographic characteristics includingbirthweight and gestational age were comparable amongbaseline and post intervention cohorts. During implementationphase, successful early initiation of management was notedamong 47%, 69% and 80% neonates following PDSA I, PDSA IIand PDSA III, respectively. In comparison to baseline phase, thepercentage of neonates receiving treatment within 30 minutesof arrival at triage increased from 20% to 76% (P<0.001) andthe mean (SD) time of initiation of treatment decreased from80.8 (21.0) to 19.8 (5.6) min (P<0.001) during post-implementation phase. Hospital mortality (33% vs 15%, P=0.004)and need for ventilator support (44% vs 18%, P<0.001) were alsosignificantly lower among post intervention cohort in comparisonto baseline cohort.Conclusion: Stepwise implementation of PDSA cyclessignificantly increased the percentage of sick newborns receivingearly emergency management at the SNCU triage, therebyresulting in better survival.

Achieving Early Mother-baby Skin-to-skin Contact in Caesarean Section: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Objective: To improve rate of skin-to-skin contact for earlyinitiation of breastfeeding at birth on operation table amonghealthy term and late pretem babies born by caesarean sectionsfrom 0% to 80% in eight weeks.Methods: A quality improvement initiative was undertaken atmaternity-newborn care unit of a tertiary-care hospital. A teaminvolving Neonatologists/Pediatricians, Obstetricians,Anaesthesiologists, and Nurses in concerned areas identifiedproblem areas using Fish bone analysis. Situational analysis wasdone through process flow mapping. Three Plan-do-study-actcyles were undertaken. Firstly, sensitization of personnel wasdone and a written policy was made. Secondly, maternalcounselling and procedural modifications were done. Lastly,efforts were made to improve duration of contact.Results: Rate of earlyskin-to-skin contact after Plan-do-study-act cycle 1, 2 and 3, respectively was 87.5%, 90% and 83.3%. Itwas 100% after sustainability phase after four months.Conclusion: Early skin-to-skin contact was achievable throughsensitization of all persons involved and simple proceduralchanges. Prolonging duration of contact remained a challenge.

Decreasing Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections through Quality Improvement Initiative

Objectives: To study the impact of a quality improvement (QI)initiative using care bundle approach on Central-line associatedbloodstream infections (CLABSI) rates.Methods: A QI team for infection control in NICU was formed in atertiary-care neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from June 2015to August 2016. Baseline data were collected over first 3 monthsfollowed by the intervention period of 1 year. Measures withrespect to strengthening hand hygiene and central line bundlecare were implemented during the intervention period. Auditsassessing the compliance to hand hygiene and CLABSI bundleprotocols were used as process indicators. Multiple PDSA cycleswere used to strengthen the practices of proposed interventions,documentation of data and audits of the processes during thestudy period.Results: The QI initiative achieved a 89% reduction in CLABSIfrom the baseline rate of 31.7 to 3.5 per 1000 line-days. The bloodstream Infections reduced from 7.3 to 2.3 per 1000 patient-days.The overall mortality showed a reduction from 2.9% to 1.7 %during the intervention period. There was a significantimprovement in compliance with hand hygiene protocol andcompliance with CLABSI protocols.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that simple measuresinvolving hand hygiene and strengthening of the care bundleapproach through quality improvement could significantly reducethe blood stream Infections and CLABSI rates

Impact of Quality Improvement Program on Expressed Breastmilk Usage in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective: To improve the usage of expressed breast milk invery low birth weight infants admitted in the neonatal intensivecare unit of a tertiary centre in India.Methods: Between April 2015 and August 2016, various Plan-do-act-study cycles were conducted to test change ideas likeantenatal counselling including help of brochure and video, post-natal telephonic reminders within 4-6 hours of birth,standardization of Kangaroo mother care, and non-nutritivesucking protocol. Data was analyzed using statistical processcontrol charts.Results: 156 very low birth weight infants were deliveredduring the study period, of which 31 were excluded due tovarious reasons. Within 6 months of implementation, theproportion of very low birth weight infants who receivedexpressed breast milk within 48 hours improved to 100% from38.7% and this was sustained at 100% for next 8 months. Themean time of availability and volume of expressed breast milkwithin 48 hours, improved gradually from 73.3 h to 20.9 h and 4.7mL to 15.8 mL, respectively. The mean proportion of expressedbreast milk once infant reached a feed volume of 100 mL/kg/dayalso improved from 61.3% to 82.3%.Conclusion: Quality improvement interventions showedpromising results of increased expressed breast milk usage invery low birth weight infants.