EVALUATION OF CARDIAC SPECIFIC MARKER CARDIAC TROPONIN I AFTER CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY

Background: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is reported to be very specific formyocardial cell damage without cross reactivity with skeletal muscle isoform.Evaluation of cTnI after CABG will be useful as an early marker of excessivepost operative myocardial damage when a specific therapeutic intervention canstill be efficient and improve outcome.Methodology: The study comprised of 50 patients who undergo Coronary arterybypass surgery at V.S group of Hospital. Blood sample were taken after 12 hour (T12) and 24 hour ( T24 ) of post CABG. The sample were analysed for cTnI.Results: Our results show that Troponin I levels after 2 hours, 12 hours and 24hours in patients who had better outcome after CABG was 9.2 ng/ml, 13.9 ng/mland 10.9 ng/ml respectively. Whereas, Troponin I levels after 2 hours, 12 hoursand 24 hours in patients who had adverse outcome like death of patients afterCABG was 10.6 ng/ml, 38.7 ng/ml and 28.9 ng/ml respectively.Conclusion: Routine measurement of cardiac troponin levels after cardiactroponin can identify group of patients at increased risk of complications ordeath.

Impacto de la covid-19 en la pobreza mundial / Impact of COVID-19 on global poverty

La pandemia covid-19 se ha configurado como el mayor evento de salud pública conocido por las actuales generaciones, y cuyos efectos han trascendido a los sectores social y económico, llevando a 100 (88-115) millones de personas a condiciones de pobreza, y profundizando el impacto en la población ya considerada vulnerable, revirtiendo los avances previos en materia de progreso económico del actual siglo. Gran parte de esas repercusiones se relacionan a la importante transformación en las costumbres e interacciones de la sociedad a consecuencia de esta crisis sanitaria, que a su vez modificaron la dinámica económica en pequeña y gran escala. El impacto de esta enfermedad ha alcanzado el empleo, ingreso y estabilidad de los trabajadores, forjando un deterioro del capital humano y de las capacidades productivas, desfavoreciendo en especial a las mujeres, que serán más pobres que los hombres para 2030. En estas condiciones, el objetivo de reducir la tasa absoluta mundial de pobreza por debajo del 3 % para el año 2030, adoptado por las Naciones en la firma de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (PNUD, 2021), se hará inalcanzable si no se adoptan medidas políticas rápidas, significativas y sustanciales(AU)

The covid-19 pandemic has become the largest public health event known to current generations, and whose effects have transcended the social and economic sectors, leading 100 (88-115) million people to conditions of poverty, and deepening the impact on the population already considered vulnerable, reversing previous advances in economic progress of the current century. A large part of these repercussions are related to the important transformation in the customs and interactions of society as a result of this health crisis, which in turn modified the economic dynamics on a small and large scale. The impact of this disease has reached the employment, income and stability of workers, forging a deterioration of human capital and productive capacities, especially disadvantaging women, who will be poorer than men by 2030. Under these conditions, the goal of reducing the global absolute poverty rate below 3% by 2030, adopted by the Nations at the signing of the Sustainable Development Goals (UNDP, 2021), will become unattainable without swift political action, significant and substantial(AU)

The carrion beetle Oxelytrum discicolle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) and the estimative of the minimum post-mortem interval in a forensic case in Brasília, Brazil

Abstract The order Coleoptera is considered second highest in forensic importance in criminal cases involving violent death, because members of this order increase in richness and abundance as the decomposition process progresses. We present here the first Forensic Entomology (FE) case in Brazil where the carrion beetle, Oxelytrum discicolle (Coleoptera: Silphidae), was used to estimate the minimum post-mortem interval (m-PMI) in a forensic case. A female corpse, at an advanced stage of decomposition, was found on a deserted highway near Brasília/Brazil. The corpse was removed from the site, and insect samples were collected on and inside the corpse at the Forensic Medicine Institute of the Federal Police, following the specific FE protocols. The m-PMI was estimated considering two techniques, the pre-appearance interval (PAI) and the accumulated degree-days (ADD). The development stage of the larvae of O. discicolle allowed investigators to propose that this species was part of an earlier colonization, soon after death, with total length and prothorax width compatible with third instar larvae. Adult females of O. discicolle oviposited on the corpse at least 20 days before it was removed from the site where it was found, thus characterizing the m-PMI. This is the first case in which information on the development of the O. discicolle was used in a criminal investigation in Brazil.

What have we learned from the dead? A compilation of three years of cooperation between entomologists and crime scene investigators in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT With homicide rates higher than the world average, Brazil stands out as one of the most violent countries worldwide. Time of death estimation based solely on body changes can be biased or inaccurate; forensic entomology can play a determinant role in such cases. Accurate knowledge of necrophilous fauna is essential to validate experimental data and allows for the application of entomological evidence in forensic investigations, which benefits scientists, investigators, and society in general. Entomological evidence from Curitiba and 22 nearby cities were collected by crime scene investigators from the Scientific Police of Paraná. The corpses were found in diverse environments and specimens from each species were collected from all life stages. We present data from 25 cases from 2011 to 2014, including associated species, new records, and comparisons between existing experimental data and data from species collected in the cases presented. We identified 23 total species, of which eight species of Coleoptera and two species of Diptera have not previously been recorded on corpses. In all cases, Calliphoridae (76%) and Silphidae (48%) were the most numerous families collected. Working together with the scientific police gave us insight into which species lacked detailed records and enabled us to collaboratively focus on resolving deficits in our knowledge of necrophagous insects.

The Effect of Burned Liver on the Length, Weight and Development of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae) – A Preliminary Assessment and Implications in Forensic Entomology / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Development of insects in laboratory for minimum post mortem interval estimation (mPMI) or time of colonisation (TOC) in forensic entomology can be affected by the type and quality of food consumed during larval period. Since mPMI estimation also involves analysis of larval specimens collected from burned human remains, it is important to study if burned tissues could affect growth of sarcosaprophagous larvae. This study investigated the effect of burned tissues on the size and developmental period of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae), a species of forensic importance. Development of M. scalaris on 75 g burned cow’s liver was compared with control liver in three study replicates. Mean larval length (2.87 ± 0.11 mm) and weight (0.81 ± 0.08 mg) of M. scalaris larvae in burned liver diets were significantly lower than larval length (5.03 ± 0.15 mm) and weight (2.85 ± 0.21 mg) of control liver diets (p < 0.001) whilst mean pupal length (2.53 ± 0.06 mm) and weight (0.92 ± 0.06 mg) in burned liver diets were significantly lower than pupal length (3.52 ± 0.06 mm) and weight (2.84 ± 0.16 mg) in control liver diets (p < 0.001). Development of larvae in burned liver was 5-9 hours slower than those feeding on control liver based on single observation. Although the assessment is preliminary, the findings indicate physical growth of larvae feeding on burned animal tissues was affected and entomological specimens recovered from burned remains should be evaluated carefully to avoid errors in mPMI/TOC estimation. Limitations and suggestions for further research are also presented herein.

Insectos de importancia forense en cadáveres de cerdo (sus scrofa ) en La Paz Bolivia / Forensic insects in pig carcasses (sus scrofa) in La Paz Bolivia

Resumen:La Entomología Forense es una ciencia que implica el estudio de las especies antropofágicas que practican un ciclo vital en el cadáver. Contribuye en la determinación del Intervalo posmortem. Los insectos de importancia forense que se estudiaron pertenecen a la orden Dípteros y Coleópteros. En el estudio realizado en el municipio de Pucarani, ubicado en la provinciaLos Andes del Departamento La Paz a 3852 m.s.n.m. entre otoño e invierno, se obtuvo dos ejemplares de cerdo S. scrofa, en dos ambientes: abierto (cerdo A) y cerrado: (cerdo B). Se identificó 339 especímenes entre dípteros y coleópteros. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la sucesión de entomofauna entre ambos ambientes, sin embargo predominó la familia Fannide sp. en el lugar cerrado por ser un ambiente húmedo. Los dípteros de mayor importancia son: Sarconesia Chlorogaster, Clorobrachycoma splendida, que pertenecen a la familia Calliphoridae, que se mantuvo en constante actividaden su estadio larval y su forma adulta en los cuatro estados de descomposición a temperaturas de 14 - 16°C, humedad relativa de 30%; no se encontró a Calliphora nigribasis en la descomposición avanzada; Sarconesiopsis magellánica solo se presenta en la etapa Fresco. Entre los Coleópteros: Oxelitrum apicale apareció desde la etapa hinchado. La sucesión de entomofauna cadavérica y su particularidad en cada etapa de descomposición, es el elemento que nos ayudaría a determinar el IPM, que dependerá de las condiciones climáticas a gran altitud como Bolivia.

Abstract:Forensic entomology is a science that involves the study of the cannibalistic species that plays a vital cycle in the body. It helps to determinate the postmortem interval. Insects with forensic importance that were studied belong to the order Diptera and Coleoptera. In the study conducted in the Municipality of Pucarani, located in the province of Los Andes La Paz Department at 3852 meters between autumn and winter, two copies of pork S. scrofa was obtained in two environments: open (pork A), closed (pig B). 339 specimens between Diptera and Coleoptera were identified. No significant differences were found in the entomofauna sequence between the two environments, however the Fannide sp. In the place closed for being a humid environment. The most important dipterans are: Sarconesia Chlorogaster, Clorobrachycoma splendida, belonging to the family Calliphoridae, which remained in constant activity in its larval stage and its adult form in the four decaying states at temperatures of 14 - 16 ° C, humidity Relative to 30%; Calliphora nigribasis was not found in advanced decomposition; Magellanic sarconesiopsis only occurs in the Fresco stage. Among the Coleoptera: Oxelitrum apicale appeared from the swollen stage. The succession of cadaveric entomofauna and its particularity in each stage of decomposition is the element that would help us determine the MPI, which will depend on high altitude climatic conditions like Bolivia.

Postmortem interval estimation by time-dependent changes of morphology and biomechanical properties in brain tissues / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the regularity of time-dependent changes in morphology and biomechanical properties of brain tissues in pigs,and value the feasibility of deducing the postmortem interval (PMI).Methods Brain tissues were taken from 42 pigs and kept in an artificial climate chamber with the temperature of 25 ℃ and humidity of 75％.The samples were collected from telencephalon at sequential time intervals (0,12,24,36,48,60 h;n =6) according to the principle of predefined time,position,direction,ratio,quantity and shape.The samples fixed with formaldehyde were then immediately tested by mechanical testing machine to obtain their biomechanical parameters and the histological sections were prepared.Results With the extension of PMI (0-60 h),brain tissues gradually became discolored,weak,mudding and liquefied under the influence of autolysis and putrefaction.Both clearance area of the white matter and its integrated optical density (IOD) significantly increased during 0-48 h.Biomechanical properties of brain tissues including the limit load,average force,elastic modulus and fracture energy all presented a declining tendency at the interval of 12-60 h.The limit load was considered highly statistically significant,and statistical differences were found in average force,elastic modulus and fracture energy.Conclusions There exists a significantly negative structure-activity relationship between the morphology of brain tissues and biomechanical properties.The limit load of postmortem brain tissues in 60 h is the optimum in the window period,which can be used as a new method for estimating PMI.

The study on the stability of Housekeeping gene mRNA and the correlation between degradation and PMI in dead rats / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To explore the postmortem stability of nine Housekeeping gene mRNA—β-actin, GAPDH, RPL32, PKG1, SDHA, rRPL13, HPRT, TBP, YWHAZ and the correlation between its relative expression and postmortem interval (PMI) in rat brain tissue and skeletal muscle. Methods 33 healty adult SD rats were randomly divided into 11 groups at 11 postmortem interval(0h, 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 2d, 4d, 8d, 16d, 24d), sacrificed by cervic al dislocation and it's anterior tibial muscle and brain tissue (about 50mg) were extracted, respectively. The total RNA was extracted from organizations and the nine mRNA were detected by Real-time RT-PCR. Proper internal reference was selected by geNorm software. To evaluate the stability of genes by GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. Regression analysis by spss software. Results The expression of HPRT is the most stable in both brain and skeletal muscle, suitable for reference gene. The relative expression levels of SDHA, RPL32 and TBP in brain tissue had a certain linear relationship with PMI. While there was no significant correlation between the relative expression of RNA and PMI in skeletal muscle. Conclusion Brain tissue and skeletal muscle could be suitable materials for extracting RNA in advanced stage PMI. The relative expression levels of SDHA, RPL32 and TBP had a certain linear relationship with PMI, which could be auxiliary indices for the estimation of PMI.

Postmortem interval estimation by time-dependent changes of morphology and biomechanical properties in brain tissues / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the regularity of time-dependent changes in morphology and biomechanical properties of brain tissues in pigs, and value the feasibility of deducing the postmortem interval (PMI). Methods Brain tissues were taken from 42 pigs and kept in an artificial climate chamber with the temperature of 25 ℃ and humidity of 75%. The samples were collected from telencephalon at sequential time intervals (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 h；n=6) according to the principle of predefined time, position, direction, ratio, quantity and shape. The samples fixed with formaldehyde were then immediately tested by mechanical testing machine to obtain their biomechanical parameters and the histological sections were prepared. Results With the extension of PMI (0-60 h), brain tissues gradually became discolored, weak, mudding and liquefied under the influence of autolysis and putrefaction. Both clearance area of the white matter and its integrated optical density (IOD) significantly increased during 0-48 h. Biomechanical properties of brain tissues including the limit load, average force, elastic modulus and fracture energy all presented a declining tendency at the interval of 12-60 h. The limit load was considered highly statistically significant, and statistical differences were found in average force, elastic modulus and fracture energy. Conclusions There exists a significantly negative structure-activity relationship between the morphology of brain tissues and biomechanical properties. The limit load of postmortem brain tissues in 60 h is the optimum in the window period, which can be used as a new method for estimating PMI.

The primary study of postmortem interval estimation by the lipid in puparium cases of Diptera：Calliphoridae / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To explore the value of lipidic degradation in puparium cases of C.megacephala during weathering in postmortem interval estimation. Methods The puparium cases of reared C.megacephala were collected, and laid outdoor. They were taken back 5 days and 10 days later, and then be stored at -20℃. The samples of control group were cleaned and cryopreserved immediately. The spectra were collected and preprocessed. The peak position and peak height were read and performed statistical analysis by SPSS 19.0 software. Results Compared to control group, the positions of Vas CH3 band showed no shift, and the Vas CH2 band showed blue shift, meanwhile, the Vs CH2 band disappeared in both experimental groups, moreover, the Vs CH3 band showed red shift only in 10d group;except of the Vs CH3 band in 5d group, the intensities of both the other two lipidic bands reduced in both experimental groups. Compared with 5day group, the Vs CH3 band showed red shift in 10d group, meanwhile, the differences of all the lipidic bands had statistical signiifcance. Conclusion Detection of lipidic degradation in puparium cases of C. megacephala during weathering by micro-FTIR provides a novel way to estimate postmortem interval and performs its potential for forensic applications.

The forensic significance of characteristics of the protein degradation in puparium cases ofChrysomyia megacephala / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To observe the protein degredation of empty puparium cases ofC. megacephala after weathering and to explore its practical significance on postmortem interval estimation in forensic science. MethodsThe standardized feeding was used inC. megacephala, and the empty puparium cases were collected and put into the forest. They were taken back 5 days, and 10 days later, respectively. The spectra were collected and preprocessed, and then the absorption peaks of amides were read, and curve fitting was performed in the average spectra of each group. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 19.0.Results Compared to control group, ifve days post weathering, the position of amideⅠabsorption peak showed blue shift, but the amideⅡabsorption peak showed no shift, moreover, none of the amide absorption peaks showed changes inpeak intensity. For the secondary structures, α-helix decreased and β-sheet increased slightly, however, β-turn did not change; Ten days post weathering, the positions of both amideⅠandⅡabsorption peaks showed blue shift, and an obviousshoulder peak appeared in amide I absorption peak. Meanwhile, both of amideⅠandⅡabsorption peaks showed decreased in peak intensity. Moreover, for the secondary structures, α-helix and β-sheet showed the same tendency as in the 5th day group, except for the β-turn increased dramaticlly.Conclusion The spectra of the empty puparium cases of C. megacephala showed that the absorption peaks of amideⅠandⅡpresented certain characteristic features within ten days post weathering, and estimate relative long-time postmortem interval.

Dípteros de interesse forense em dois perfis de vegetação de cerrado em Uberlândia, MG / Dipterans of forensic interest in two vegetation profiles of cerrado in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Carrion breeding insects may be of great utility in crimes briefing. Studies on forensic entomology are restricted to few localities in Brazil and very few of them were done in the cerrado vegetation (a type of Savannah) until now. This work aimed to survey the main species of dipterans associated with the decomposition process of Sus scrofa and the insect succession pattern in carcasses in the Cerrado. The study was carried out in the dry and humid season of the year, in two cerrado vegetation profiles in Uberlândia, MG. Two pig carcasses were placed in each vegetation profile and time period of the year. The decomposition process was slower and insects were more abundant in the dry season. Differences in temperature, air humidity and pluvial precipitation seemed to be the main physical factors responsible for the differences in the time of decomposition of the pig carcasses between the two seasons. Fourteen species of dipterans (59,467 specimens) bred in the decomposing carcasses. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) was the species more abundantly breed in the two periods. The other species that breed in the carcasses were: C. putoria (Wiedemann), Hemilucilia segmentaria(Fabricius), Lucilia eximia(Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans(Walker), Peckia (Squamatoides) trivitatta(Curran), Sarcodexia lambens(Wiedemann) (Sarcophagidae), Musca domestica(L.), Ophyra aenescens(Wiedemann), Stomoxys calcitransL. (Muscidae), Fannia pusio(Wiedemann), Fannia sp. (Fanniidae), Hermetia illuscens L. (Stratiomyidae) and Phoridae sp. The Cerrado of this region presents many dipterans potential forensic indicators.

Os insetos podem ser de grande utilidade no auxílio de elucidações de crimes. Estudos de entomologia forense ainda estão restritos a poucas localidades no Brasil e são escassos na vegetação de cerrado. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar as principais espécies de Diptera associadas ao processo de decomposição de carcaças de suínos Sus scrofa e o padrão de sucessão de insetos nesse tipo de substrato. Foram realizados dois experimentos nos períodos seco e úmido do ano em duas áreas de cerrado no município de Uberlândia, MG. Foram utilizadas duas carcaças de suínos em cada ambiente e período do ano. O processo de decomposição foi mais lento no período seco, assim como a maior quantidade de insetos coletados. Diferenças na temperatura, umidade e precipitação pluviométrica parecem ter sido os principais responsáveis pelas diferenças nos tempos de decomposição entre os dois períodos do ano. Quatorze espécies (59.467 espécimes) foram coletadas nas carcaças em decomposição. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) was the species more abundantly breed in the two periods. The other species that breed in the carcasses were: C. putoria (Wiedemann), Hemilucilia segmentaria(Fabricius), Lucilia eximia(Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans(Walker), Peckia (Squamatoides) trivitatta(Curran), Sarcodexia lambens(Wiedemann) (Sarcophagidae), Musca domestica(L.), Ophyra aenescens(Wiedemann), Stomoxys calcitransL. (Muscidae), Fannia pusio(Wiedemann), Fannia sp. (Fanniidae), Hermetia illuscens L. (Stratiomyidae) e Phoridae sp. O cerrado dessa região apresenta vários dípteros potenciais indicadores forenses.

Comparação dos padrões de atratividade de Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) associada a carcaças de Rattus norvergicus enterradas e tratadas com hormônios esteróides / Comparison of attraction patterns of Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) associated to buried Rattus norvergicus carcasses with steroid hormones treatment

Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) é uma espécie abundante em todo o continente americano. No entanto, ainda há poucos estudos no Brasil abordando aspectos em relação a sua biologia e ecologia, em particular associados a estudos forenses. Neste trabalho, nós observamos os efeitos de hormônios esteróides na decomposição corporal de Rattus norvergicus, variedade Wistar enterrados na atração de H. illucens. Além da presença de diversas espécies de larvas e adultos de insetos freqüentemente encontrados em carcaças nessas condições, observou-se uma grande quantidade de imaturos de H. illucens. Essa espécie representou aproximadamente 22 por cento de todos os espécimes coletados, tendo aparecido somente nos animais que receberam tratamento com esteróides sexuais dos tipos testosterona, progesterona e estradiol. Dentre esses, a maior abundância foi verificada nos que haviam recebido testosterona (68 por cento). A presença de imaturos de H. illucens, apenas nos animais que receberam o tratamento com esteróides, em experimentos realizados em dois anos consecutivos revela uma possível atração/seleção dessa espécie por corpos com quantidades aumentadas de hormônios sexuais. Esse comportamento pode ser particularmente útil para a entomologia forense no que diz respeito à estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM), particularmente quando tem como base informações sobre o ciclo de vida e ecologia de insetos necrófagos.

Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) is an abundant species in the entire American continent. Nevertheless, there are few studies in Brazil dealing with aspects of its biology and ecology, particularly associated with forensic studies. In this study we intended to observe the effects of steroids hormones in the corporal decomposition of buried Rattus norvergicus from the Wistar variety in the attraction of H. illucens. Besides the presence of several insect species commonly found in carcasses, a great amount of immature H. illucens was observed. This species represented approximately 22 percent of all collected specimens and it was only found in the animals that have received treatment with sexual steroids, such as testosterone, progesterone and estradiol. Among the animals under treatment, the greater abundance was verified in those who had received testosterone (68 percent). The presence of immatures of H. illucens only in the animals that received hormone treatments in experiments accomplished in two consecutive years strongly suggests a possible attraction of this species for bodies with different amounts of sexual hormones. This behavior can also be relevant for the forensic entomology in regard to the post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation, particularly when the PMI is based on information about the necrophagous insect's life cycle and ecology.

Estimation of the postmortem interval by determining nuclear DNA degradation from bone marrows and brains in rats / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To detect nuclear DNA degradation of bone marrows and brains in rat cadavers at different temperatures,and develop a new parameter for estimating early postmortem interval(PMI).Methods The brain and bone marrow were taken out for every 4h,during 0~40h after death at 10℃ and 20℃,respectively.And the single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE) was carried out to detect the nuclear DNA degradation.Linear regression analysis was used to assay the relationship of the comet parameter HeadDNA%,Tail Length(TL) and Olive TailMoment(TM) with PMI.Results Different decline degrees of comet HeadDNA% were found in both brain cells and bone marrow cells after death,the decline of HeadDNA% in brain cells at 20℃ was faster.Compared with degradation in marrow cells,the linear relation between degradation of brain cells and PMI was better.Conclusion with that of comet parameters TL and TM,the perfect linear relationship between HeadDNA% and PMI was also observed.Conclusion Brain tissues are more suitable for PMI estimation by detecting degradation of DNA with SCGE.The HeadDNA% is more valuable for PMI estimation than TL and TM.

Comparison of Jaw Bone Density in Young Adults and Postmenopausal Women

An Experimental Study of Radiographic Density of Alveolar Bone and Cortical Thickness of Mandible by Osteoporosis / 대한구강악안면방사선학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of the systemic osteoporosis on radiographic density of alveolar bone and cortical thickness of mandible MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bone mineral density values of lumbar and femur were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and T scores of lumbar, femur were obtained respectively. Radiographic densities of alveolar bones and panorama mandibular index(PMI, represents as cortical thickness) were analysed statistically according to age and T score variavles. RESULTS: The radiographic density of alveolar bone of maxillary molar showed significant difference by age and femur T group. That of mandibular molar showed significant difference between femur T group. Panorama mandibular index showed significant difference between age groups. CONCLUSON: The radiographic density of alvealar bones was more dependent on age femur T than lumbar T. Cortical thickness of mandible was correlated with increasing age.

Assessment of pain and adequacy of pain management in hospitalized cancer patients / 간호학회지

The author investigated pain experiences of 90 cancer patients and adequacy of pain treatment they have received during their stay at a large medical center in T city between October 1994 and August 1995. Pain was assessed by the Shortened BPQ and results are summarized as follows: As for ratings of "worst pain" during the 24 hour period, 70% of the patients reported they had "severe" pain. As for ratings on "pain now" 43% of the cancer patients reported "moderate to severe" pain. Over 46% of the patients reported a pain relief score of 0(not at all) or 1(somewhat) even after receiving pain medication. Adequacy of analgesic treatment was evaluated by comparing the patient's reported level of pain and the analgesic use, namely, the pain management index(PMI). The PMI indicated that 58% of the patients were undertreated for the pain control. In review of nurse's notes, systematic pain assessment was scarcely recorded, although pain documentation appeared in 70% of the notes; and the contents were mostly simple description. In conclusion, the results of patient's pain ratings, the PMI and poor pain documentation in the nurse's notes implied poor pain assessment and management.

The study about the diagnostic parameters of opsteoporosis on panoramic radiograph

A preliminary study on the quantitative analysis of DNA in the cells of skeletal muscle in rats by image analysis system and the investigation on this method / 中国法医学杂志

Objective A quantitative study of the DNA skeletal muscle cell nuclei during 0～96h postmortem was performed.Method By the histochemical and image analysis.Result The color and the areas of the nuclei stained with the Feulgen staining method became fainter and smaller gradually at 12 hpm. There was a linear relationship between the degradation rate of the nuclear DNA and the length of the PMI.Conclusion The quantitative image analysis of DNA has a wide prospect of application, but the method has been studied further in aspects of the precise and standadization of the method as well as the effects exerted on the results from the study materials.

A study on the relationship between the degradation of tubulin in cardiac muscle and lung of rat and the postmortem interval / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To observe the degradation pattern of tubulin in the cardiac muscle and lung tissue of rats after death.Methods 24 young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups averagely.After being killed by bleeding,the rats were kept in an artificial climate incubator;the experimental temperature was kept at 20℃ and humidity at 50%.Proteins in cardiac muscle and lung tissue were extracted and tubulin was then examined by Western blot.Thereafter,the semi-quantitative analysis of the Western blot images was performed.Results Tubulin can be detected in the normal cardiac muscle and lung tissue of rats.After 1d postmortem,the tubulin content in these tissues began to decline,and it might still be detected at 7d postmortem,but the tubulin content in lung decreased faster than that in cardiac muscle.A linear relationship between tubulin content in cardiac muscle and lung of rats and the postmortem interval was determined.The linear regression equations and coefficients for integral optic density in relation to PMI were y=-1726.1x+14083 with correlative coefficient r=0.9684 for cardiac muscle and y=-1439.89x+12041 with correlative coefficient r=0.9808 for lung,respectively.Conclusion The level of tubulin in cardiac muscle and lung tissue of rats varied with PMI and the time dependent degradation of this protein was potentially useful for the PMI estimation.