Growth Pattern of Paecilomyces lilacinus in Different Eco-friendly Media

Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of P. lilacinuswere separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored, and formation of phialides. The growth of P. lilacinus carried out on Sabouraud dextrose agar, coconut, molasses, and potato dextrose agar media at room temperature was better than incubator (25°C). The fungus has the capacity to colonize the rhizosphere and to grow in close association with nematodes. P. lilacinus was mass multiplied in both solid substrate for sorghum grains and liquid media for coconut water. Effect of temperature on the growth of P. lilacinus wasstudied in solid substrate (sorghum grain) and liquid media (coconut water) at different temperature, namely, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C. Number of colonies forming units in sorghum grain was found to be maximum at 30 ± 1°C followed by 35 ± 1°C. In liquid media (coconut water) also, maximum dry mycelial weight was recorded at 30 ± 1°C which was on par with 35 and 25 ± 1°C. It shows effect of temperature on the mycelial growth.

A case of recurrent keratitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus and treated by voriconazole / Uso do voriconazol na ceratite recorrente causada por fungo Paecilomyces lilacinus

ABSTRACT - We describe here a case of a 21-year-old woman who presented with low visual acuity, pain, and hyperemia in the left eye for 45 days. Her eye had extensive corneal infiltrate, with melting and a central perforation that was glued with cyanoacrylate, but with Seidel (+). She underwent tectonic corneal transplantation, and anterior chamber lavage with subconjunctival infiltration with voriconazole, as well as intracameral injections of amphotericin B. Laboratory tests revealed Paecilomyces lilacinus as the infectious agent. The patient was then maintained with oral voriconazole and eye drops for three months, after which the infection was considered cured. However, in the sixth postoperative month she presented with endothelial rejection, and two weeks later signs of recurrence of the fungal infection. She was treated with two further washes of the anterior chamber and subconjunctival injection of voriconazole, followed by intravenous voriconazole that was replaced with drops after ten days. The infection initially worsened, but then regressed, and at last follow-up, the patient was still infection-free.

RESUMO - Descrevemos aqui um caso de uma mulher de 21 anos que apresentou baixa acuidade visual, dor e hiperemia no olho esquerdo por 45 dias. O olho apresentava infiltrado corneano extenso, com fusão e perfuração central colada com cianoacrilato, mas com Seidel (+). Ela foi submetida a transplante de córnea tectônica e lavagem de câmara anterior com infiltração subconjuntival com voriconazol, além de injeções intracamerais de anfoterecina B. Testes laboratoriais revelaram Paecilomyces lilacinus como agente infeccioso. A paciente foi então mantida com voriconazol oral e colírio por período de três meses, após o qual a infecção foi considerada curada. No entanto, no sexto mês de pós-operatório, ela apresentou rejeição endotelial e, duas semanas após, sinais de recidiva de infecção fúngica. Ela foi tratada com mais duas lavagens de câmara anterior e injeção subconjuntival de voriconazol, seguida por voriconazol intravenoso que foi substituído por gotas após 10 dias. A infecção piorou inicialmente, mas depois regrediu e, no último seguimento, o paciente ainda estava livre de infecção.

A Case of Localized Skin Infection due to Purpureocillium lilacinum / 대한의진균학회지

Purpureocillium lilacinum, formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus, is a saprophytic fungus found in soil and rotting vegetation and rarely pathogenic to humans. Only 4 cases of cutaneous infection caused by Purpureocillium lilacinum have been reported in the name of Paecilomyces lilacinus. Herein, we report a case of localized cutaneous infection due to Purpureocillium lilacinum. A healthy 81-year-old immunocompetent male presented with an erythematous scaly and pustular plaque on his left dorsal hand that had begun 3 months ago. Histopathologic examination showed suppurative granulomatous inflammation with hyphae and round spores in the dermis. Periodic acid-Schiff and methenamine silver stain revealed fungal spores. Fungus culture from the biopsy specimen revealed velvety pink to white colonies after 15 day-incubation period. The slide culture stained with lactophenol-cotton blue showed typical long hyphae and flask-shaped phialides with oval conidia in chains. The result of DNA sequencing from the colony was identical to that of Purpureocillium lilacinum.

Keratitis Caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after Cataract Surgery in a Patient with Systemic and Autoimmune Disease

PURPOSE: To report a case of Paecilomyces lilacinus fungal keratitis after cataract surgery in a patient with chronic systemic and autoimmune disease who was treated with medical therapy and penetrating keratoplasty. CASE SUMMARY: A 72-year-old female was referred for decreased visual acuity and ocular pain in the left eye. She underwent cataract surgery in the left eye 1 month earlier and was treated for 2 weeks for corneal edema and stromal infiltration around the corneal suture. She had a chronic systemic disease with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis C and rheumatoid arthritis. Suspecting infectious keratitis, the patient was instructed to stop applying topical and systemic steroids and use topical amphotericin B (0.15%) and moxifloxacin (0.5%). However, without improvement, amphotericin B (0.15%) and moxifloxacin (0.5%) were changed to natamycin (5%) and topical voriconazole (2%) and systemic voriconazole was added. However, her systemic status deteriorated and corneal melting developed, scleral graft implantation and amniotic membrane implantation were performed to prevent corneal perforation 6 weeks after the initial visit. Paecilomyces lilacinus was identified in culture at 7 weeks and penetrating keratoplasty was performed 12 weeks after the initial visit. After penetrating keratoplasty, corneal status was stable for 6 months and no signs of recurrence were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In a patient with Paecilomyces lilacinus fungal keratitis and chronic systemic and autoimmune disease, penetrating keratoplasty showed good prognosis when the disease was refractory to topical and systemic antifungal agents.

Management of Root-Knot Disease on Tomato with Bioformulated Paecilomyces lilacinus and Leaf Extract of Lantana camara

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of application frequency of a bioformulated Paecilomyces lilacinus in combination with five concentration of Lantana camara crude aqueous leaf extract against Meloidogyne incognita race I on tomato. The experiment was a 3x5 factorial laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Each seedling was inoculated with 5000 eggs of M. incognita. Application of the bionematicide and L. camara leaf extract alone significantly (P≤ 0.05) inhibited root galling and egg production compared with their respective control. However, the severity of root galling and egg mass production was more significantly (P< 0.05) suppressed with the application of P. lilacinus than L. camara leaf extract. Double inoculation with P. lilacinus in combination with 0.80 g mL-1 of the L. camara leaf extract changed the susceptibility of the tomato cultivar with gall index (GI=4.00) to GI=1.50. Application of P. lilacinus twice (at transplanting and two weeks after transplanting) in combination with 0.80g mL-1 of L. camara leaf extract was the most effective treatment in gall and egg mass inhibition, growth enhancement and dry matter accumulation. This environment-friendly approach could be incorporated into integrated root-knot disease management in tomato.

A Case of Fungal Keratitis Caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after Penetrating Keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To report a case of corneal ulcer caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after penetrating keratoplasty. CASE SUMMARY: A 67-year-old male with a history of penetrating keratoplasty in the left eye 7 years prior and re-penetrating keratoplasty in the left eye due to graft failure in June 2013, visited our clinic for ocular pain and conjunctival injection in the left eye 3 days in duration. Corneal scrapings were performed for Gram and fungal stains and cultures. The patient was admitted to the hospital for hourly topical fortified ceftazidime and amphotericin B. Despite intensive topical therapy, no improvement was observed. Three days later, fungal culture confirmed Paecilomyces lilacinus and topical voriconazole was prepared from the intravenous formulation and was administered topically and intravenously. Despite medical therapy with voriconazole, perforation occurred requiring a tectonic keratoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Keratitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus is difficult to eradicate and refractory to amphotericin B. We suggest early use of topical eyedrops, intracameral, and intravitreal injections of voriconazole may be an appropriate treatment for patients with Paecilomyces lilacinus keratitis.

A Localized Cutaneous Paecilomyces lilacinus Infection Treated with Voriconazole / 대한피부과학회지

Paecilomyces is a hyaline hyphomycete that exists worldwide. Paecilomyces lilacinus is associated most frequently with human infection. A 72-year-old male presented with a 1-month history of pruritic erythematous scaly plaque on his left shoulder. Tissue specimen from his cutaneous lesion showed granulomatous inflammation in the dermis and revealed fungal hyphae and spores within giant cells. The pathogen was identified as Paecilomyces lilacinus through fungus culture. Oral itraconazole was begun, but there was no improvement after 14 weeks. The lesions improved after treatment with oral voriconazole. We suggest that voriconazole as a promising useful therapeutic option in Paecilomyces lilacinus infection.

Avaliação da interação in vitro do fungo oportunista, emergente, paecilomyces lilacinus, agente causal da hialohifomicose, com células apresentadoras de antígenos humanas (macrófagos e células dentríticas) / Assessment of in vitro interaction of opportunistic emerging fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, causal agent of hyalohyphomycosis with human antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells)

Paecilomyces lilacinus, um dos agentes causais da hialohifomicose, é um fungo filamentoso, assexuado. Está amplamente distribuído pelo mundo e frequentemente é encontrado como contaminante, proveniente do ar, em espécimes clínicos e em soluções consideradas estéreis. Acomete principalmente pacientes comprometidos imunologicamente, porém pacientes imunocompetentes também podem apresentar manifestações clínicas da doença, sendo esse fungo, atualmente, considerado como um importante patógeno oportunista humano. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a investigação da interação de conídios de P. lilacinus, proveniente de caso clínico de hialohifomicose humana, com células apresentadoras de antígenos (APCs - macrófagos e células dendríticas). Conídios interagiram com macrófagos e células dendritícas de doadores humanos saudáveis, em diferentes concentrações (conídio/APCs) e tempos de incubação para avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa da interação por microscopia óptica e para estudo do percentual de células expressando moléculas de superfície celular que atuam na resposta imune do hospedeiro. Sobrenadantes provenientes da interação das APCs com os conídios foram coletados para o estudo das citocinas IL1-beta e TNF-alfa...

Os resultados demonstraram que o fungo foi capaz de infectar de modo semelhante ambas as APCs e que a concentração de 1:1 (conídio/APCs) foi a melhor proporção entre as células para avaliar o processo de fagocitose e as etapas de desenvolvimento do fungo assim como o tempo de 6 horas de interação foi o melhor tempo para a certificação da internalização dos conídios pelas APCs. Após o processo de internalização dos conídios pelas APCs os mesmos começaram a se dilatar, formar tubos germinativos e hifas septadas que se ramificaram formando um micélio que destruiu as células humanas no período de 24 horas de observação. A avaliação quantitativa da fagocitose dos conídios pelas APCs demonstrou que não houve diferenças significativas entre o percentual fagocítico dos macrófagos e células dendríticas de cada doador como também entre os doadores. A interação do fungo com as APCs na presença de L-Name não modificou o processo de desenvolvimento do conídio no interior das células humanas, quando comparado a interação das células sem L-Name. Em relação aos marcadores de superfície celular a presença dos conídios não aumentou o percentual de macrófagos expressando CD14, porém aumentou as células expressando B7.1 e DC-SIGN. As células dendríticas apresentaram um percentual semelhante de células positivas para B7.1,na ausência e presença do fungo, e um aumento significativo do percentual de células DC-SIGN positivas na presença dos conídios. Os conídios de P. lilacinus foram capazes de estimular a secreção da citocina IL1-beta pelos macrófagos e células dendríticas e é possível que eles tenham inibido a produção de TNF-alfa pelos macrófagos. Então, os dados aqui apresentados demonstram a capacidade invasiva para APCs e de estimulação de moléculas de superfície importantes na resposta imune do hospedeiro por P. lilacinus, até o momento desconhecida...

Interação in vivo do fungo paecilomyces lilacinus, agente causal da hialohifomicose, com o modelo murino c57bl/6 / In vivo interaction of the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus, causal agent of hyalohyphomycosis with the murine model C57BL / 6

Paecilomyces lilacinus é um fungo filamentoso, hialino, assexuado e agente causal da hialohifomicose. Esse fungo é considerado um patógeno emergente e oportunista capaz de infectar crianças, adultos imunossuprimidos, como também imunocompetentes. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a resposta à infecção, in vivo, de camundongos C57BL/6, imunocompetentes e imunossuprimidos, frente a P. lilacinus. Dois isolados de origem humana do fungo foram avaliados quanto à virulência, tendo como critérios, sinais clínicos, sobrevivência, índice esplênico, lesões histológicas nos animais e reisolamento de células fúngicas viáveis do baço. Além disso, o perfil imunológico dos animais foi feito através da quantificação de células T CD4+ e CD8+ esplênicas, seus perfis de marcadores de ativação e memória em linfócitos T (CD25, CD69 e CD62L), e da avaliação de anticorpos no plasma contra epítopos de P. lilacinus...

Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os isolados fúngicos apresentaram características morfológicas compatíveis com a espécie e foram capazes de infectar os animais do grupo dos imunocompetentes e provocar a doença, com manifestações clínicas, no modelo imunossuprimido. Um dos isolados, proveniente de lesão cutânea, foi considerado mais virulento, pelos critérios avaliados, que o isolado proveniente de lesão subcutânea na região da tíbia. A avaliação imunológica mostrou diferenças na cinética de expressão de moléculas de ativação pelos linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+ dos animais inoculados com os dois isolados, sendo mais recente para o isolado da região tibial, e tardia para o isolado de pele. Foi possível também verificar que esse padrão se mantinha nos animais imunossuprimidos, mas com um grau de ativação aparentemente mais elevado do que nas células obtidas dos animais imunocompetentes. Com relação a avaliação da produção de anticorpos específicos contra o fungo, nossos dados sugerem que a imunossupressão não exerceu influência na resposta humoral, visto que ambos os grupos de animais, imunocompetentes e imunossuprimidos, inoculados com o fungo foram capazes de produzir anticorpos IgG específicos anti-P. lilacinus...

The ovicidal activity of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus on Taenia saginata eggs in laboratory trial / Atividade ovicida dos fungos Pochonia chlamydosporia e Paecilomyces lilacinus sobre / ovos de Taenia saginata em condições laboratoriais

The ovicidal activity (type 3 effect) of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4 isolated) and Paecilomyces lilacinus (PL1) on Taenia saginata eggs was compared in an experimental trial. T. saginata eggs were fixed onto Petri dishes containing 2% water-agar (2% WA) and fungal isolates, and onto Petridishes without fungus as control. The ovicidal activity of these fungi was evaluated after being incubated for 5, 10 and 15 days. From the beginning of the interaction to the end of the trial, both P. chlamydosporia(VC1 and VC4) and P. lilacinus (PL1) fungi demonstrated ovicidal activity (p<0,05) when compared to the control. However, after 15 days of incubation the P. lilacinus fungus showed higher ovicidal activity (effect of type 3) when compared to P. chlamydosporia. This study showed that both fungi P. chlamydosporia (VC1and VC4) and P. lilacinus (PL1) are capable in killing eggs of T. saginata, therefore these fungi might be considered as potential candidates for biological control of this cestoda.

A atividade ovicida (efeito tipo 3) dos fungos Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolados VC1 e VC4) e Paecilomyceslilacinus (PL1) sobre os ovos de Taenia saginata foi investigada, em condições laboratoriais. Os ovos de T. saginata foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo o meio agar-água 2% (AA 2%) com os isolados fúngicos e, também, em placas de Petri sem fungos, como controle. A atividade ovicida desses fungos foi avaliada depois de 5, 10 e 15 dias de incubação. Ao final do experimento, os fungos P. chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) e P. lilacinus (PL1) demonstraram atividade ovicida (p<0,05) quando comparados com o controle. Contudo, aos 15 dias de incubação o fungo P. lilacinus demonstrou maior atividade ovicida (efeito do tipo 3) em relação ao P. chlamydosporia. Este estudo demonstrou que os fungos P. chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) e P. lilacinus (PL1) possuem a capacidade de destruir os ovos de T. saginata e, portanto, podem ser considerados como potenciais candidatos no controle biológico deste cestoda.

Efeito de isolados de Paecilomyces lilacinus no desenvolvimento de cafezais e na população de Meloidogyne paranaensis / Effect of isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus on the development of coffee plantations and on the population of Meloidogyne paranaensis

Com a finalidade de diminuir as perdas causadas pelos nematóides do gênero Meloidogyne (Goeldi, 1887) na cultura do cafeeiro, dentre as diversas medidas de manejo, o controle biológico com o fungo Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom., 1910) Samson, 1974 se destaca como uma alternativa de controle vantajosa, quer dos pontos de vista ecológico ou econômico. Assim, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de 10 isolados de Paecilomyces lilacinus no controle de Meloidogyne paranaensis em cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L. cv. Icatú), em casa-de-vegetação. No experimento I, as mudas de cafeeiro foram transplantadas em solo onde foram, anteriormente, cultivados tomateiros para multiplicação de M. paranaensis mais 50 g de arroz colonizado com os 10 isolados. No segundo experimento, mudas de cafeeiro foram transplantadas para substrato solo e areia (1:1) juntamente com 50 g de arroz colonizado com os isolados. Em seguida, as mudas foram inoculadas com ± 5000 ovos de M. paranaensis. Nos dois experimentos, após 15 dias procedeu-se aplicação por cobertura de 50 g dos isolados. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 12 tratamentos. Após 90 dias, foram feitas as avaliações. Os isolados de P. lilacinus não afetaram o diâmetro do caule de cafeeiro. No experimento I, os isolados Pae 22, 24 e 28 promoveram o crescimento dos cafeeiros; todos os isolados reduziram a população de ovos no sistema radicular; e os isolados Pae 3 e 12 reduziram a população de J2 de M. paranaensis no solo. No experimento II, os isolados Pae 03, 10, 12 e 13 favoreceram o crescimento das plantas, mas reduziram o peso fresco do sistema radicular; todos os isolados reduziram a população de J2 no solo; e os isolados Pae 3, 10, 13, 18, 22 e 24 reduziram as malformações causadas por M. paranaensis nas raízes.

In order to reduce the losses caused by nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne (Goeldi, 1887) in coffee plantation, among several management measures, biological control with the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom., 1910) Samson, 1974 stands out as an advantageous alternative of control, from the ecological or economy points of view. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate ten isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus in the control of Meloidogyne paranaensis in coffee trees (Coffea arabica L.) cv. Icatú, in greenhouse conditions. In the first experiment, the coffee seedlings were transplanted to substrate where tomato plants were previously cultivated, for M. paranaensis multiplication. The soil was mixed with 50 g rice colonized with ten isolates of P. lilacinus. In the second experiment, coffee seedlings were transplanted to substrate (1 sand: 1 dirt) with 50 g rice colonized with the isolates of P. lilacinus. Then, the seedlings were inoculated with suspension of ±5000 eggs of M. paranaensis. In the two experiments, a new application was made with 50 g of the isolates after fifteen days. The design was completely randomized with twelve treatments and ten replicates. After 90 they days were evaluated. The isolated of P. lilacinus did not affect the diameter of the coffee stalk. In the first experiment, the isolates Pae 22, 24, and 28 promoted the growth of the seedlings, all of the isolates reduced the population of eggs in the root system, and the isolates Pae 3 and 12 reduced the population of J2 of M. paranaensis in the soil. In the second experiment, the isolates Pae 3, 10, 12, and 13 favored the growth of the plants but reduced the weight of the fresh roots, all of the isolates reduced the population of J2 in the soil, and the isolates Pae 3, 10, 13, 18, 22, and 24 reduced the malformations caused by M. paranaensis roots.

A Case of Localized Skin Infection Due to Paecilomyces lilacinus / 대한피부과학회지

Paecilomyces (P.) lilacinus is a saprophytic filamentous fungus, mostly found in soil and very rarely pathogenic to humans. Although it has been reported to cause endophthalmitis, endocarditis and pulmonary infection, localized skin infection due to P. lilacinus has been rarely reported. We report a case of localized skin infection by P. lilacinus in an 83-year-old man. The lesion was manifested by a 7.0x5.0 cm-sized erythematous plaque on the left wrist. The fungal culture from the biopsy specimen on Sabouraud's dextrose agar showed velvety whitish pink colonies of P. lilacinus. The patient was treated with 200 mg of itraconazole daily for 3 months. The skin lesion was completely cured and recurrence has not been observed to date.

Cutaneous Abscess Caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in a Renal Transplant Patient / 대한의진균학회지

Paecilomyces lilacinus is an ubiquitous saprophytic fungus and very rarely pathogenic to the human. Although it has been reported to cause endophthalmitis, orbital cellulitis, prosthetic valve endocarditis, and pulmonary infection, cutaneous infection caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus has been rarely reported. A 46-year-old Korean man had asymptomatic slowly growing multiple cutaneous nodules on the left arm and wrist for 8 months. He received a renal transplantation in 1991 because of end-stage renal disease. Postoperatively, he has taken cyclosporin and deflazacort for immunosuppression. Physical examination revealed that the lesions were discrete or confluent, firm, elevated, well-defined fluctuating nodules. Histologic section showed multiple well-encapsulated intradermal abscesses with some foci of chronic granulomatous changes composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes and giant cells. PAS positive fungal hyphae and spores were also found. On the Sabouraud's dextrose agar media, the organism grew rapidly to form velvety lilac-colored colonies with shallow radiating furrows. Slide culture showed brush-like conidiophores ending in flask-shaped phialides carrying chain of conidia. Because of the poor response to the oral antifungal drug for 2 months, all the lesions were completely excised.