Anatomical characteristics of human hepatic anterior fissure vein / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the anatomical characteristics of human hepatic anterior fissure vein.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was used. A total of 22 adult cadaver specimens were collected from the Department of Human Anatomy of Harbin Medical University from March 2018 to March 2021. There were 15 males and 7 females, aged 45(range, 18?75)years. Observation indicators: (1) recognition rate of hepatic anterior fissure vein and the location of hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into hepatic vein; (2) length of hepatic anterior fissure vein and the opening diameter of hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into hepatic vein; (3) location of hepatic anterior fissure vein and the ventral hepatic vein of segment Ⅷ of liver (V8v) as well as V8v condition; (4) relationship among hepatic anterior fissure vein, anterior ventral portal vein and anterior dorsal portal vein. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and t test was used for comparison between groups. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages. Results:(1) Recognition rate of hepatic anterior fissure vein and the location of hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into hepatic vein. The recognition rate of hepatic anterior fissure vein of 22 liver samples was 90.9% (20/22). There were 9.1%(2/22) of liver samples without hepatic anterior fissure vein. The proportions of hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into proximal middle hepatic vein and proximal right hepatic vein were 19/20 and 1/20, respectively. There was no liver sample with hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into distal middle hepatic vein and distal right hepatic vein. (2) Length of hepatic anterior fissure vein and the opening diameter of hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into hepatic vein. In the 20 liver samples with hepatic anterior fissure vein, the length of hepatic anterior fissure vein was (6.41±1.26)cm, and the opening diameter of hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into hepatic vein was (0.38±0.10)cm. (3) Location of anterior fissure vein and the V8v and V8v condition. In the 22 liver samples, there were 25 V8v branches merging into the proximal middle hepatic vein, with the V8v length as (3.83±0.36)cm and the V8v diameter as (0.16±0.08)cm. In the 17 liver samples with both hepatic anterior fissure vein and V8v, the proportion of V8v merging into hepatic anterior fissure vein and then into middle hepatic vein was 14/17, the proportion of hepatic anterior fissure vein and V8v merging into middle hepatic vein separately was 3/17, and there was no liver sample with hepatic anterior fissure vein merging into right hepatic vein and V8v merging into middle hepatic vein. (4) Relationship among hepatic anterior fissure vein, anterior ventral portal vein and anterior dorsal portal vein. Of the 20 liver samples with hepatic anterior fissure vein, the hepatic anterior fissure vein of 16 liver samples could be used as the demarcation mark of anterior ventral segment and anterior dorsal segment of hepatic right anterior region. The distance between the hepatic anterior fissure vein and anterior ventral portal vein was (1.40±0.43)cm, and that between the hepatic anterior fissure vein and anterior dorsal portal vein was (1.46±0.63)cm, showing no significant difference between them ( t=1.00, P>0.05). Conclusion:The hepatic anterior fissure vein exists in most normal adult livers, and it mostly merges into proximal middle hepatic vein. The hepatic anterior fissure vein can be identified by the condition of V8v. The hepatic anterior fissure vein can be used as the demarcation mark of anterior ventral segment and anterior dorsal segment of hepatic right anterior region.

Primary kidney parenchyma squamous cell carcinoma: a case report / 中华泌尿外科杂志

A 77-years-old female patient presented gross hematuria for one week, and CT showed a mass in the left kidney. Ureteroscopy detected a left renal mass. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed and pathology showed the tumor was mainly located in the renal parenchyma, with glomeruli around the tumor cells. Urothelium showed no obvious dysplasia or clear migration of tumor cells. Considering both the clinical symptoms, and squamous cell carcinoma not detecting in other locations of the patient, primary renal parenchyma was confirmed. Three months after surgery, CT detected recurrence in the operating area, with metastasis to the adjacent abdominal cavity and aorta lymph node.

Research progress in lung parenchyma segmentation based on computed tomography / 生物医学工程学杂志

Lung diseases such as lung cancer and COVID-19 seriously endanger human health and life safety, so early screening and diagnosis are particularly important. computed tomography (CT) technology is one of the important ways to screen lung diseases, among which lung parenchyma segmentation based on CT images is the key step in screening lung diseases, and high-quality lung parenchyma segmentation can effectively improve the level of early diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases. Automatic, fast and accurate segmentation of lung parenchyma based on CT images can effectively compensate for the shortcomings of low efficiency and strong subjectivity of manual segmentation, and has become one of the research hotspots in this field. In this paper, the research progress in lung parenchyma segmentation is reviewed based on the related literatures published at domestic and abroad in recent years. The traditional machine learning methods and deep learning methods are compared and analyzed, and the research progress of improving the network structure of deep learning model is emphatically introduced. Some unsolved problems in lung parenchyma segmentation were discussed, and the development prospect was prospected, providing reference for researchers in related fields.

Opportunities and challenges of parenchyma-preserving pancreatectomy in the era of laparoscopy and robot / 国际外科学杂志

The increasing incidence and early diagnosis of benign and low grade malignant tumor have presented new challenge to surgeons. Nowadays the safety of pancreatic surgery are warranted due to the progress of surgical techniques, resulting in the expansion of surgical indications. The long survival time post-operation of benign or low grade malignant tumors makes the preservation of endocrine and exocrine function of pancreas more and more important, and the parenchyma-preserving pancreatectomy has been increasing used at experienced medical center, including enucleation, central pancreatectomy and duodenum preserving pancreatic head resection. Compared with pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy, significantly less patients suffered from endocrine and exocrine insufficiency after local resection of pancreas. More complications was observed after enucleation and duodenum preserving pancreatic head resection, mostly grade A pancreatic fistula, with low rate of mortality. Central pancreatectomy was associated with significantly more severe complications, compared with distal pancreatectomy. Laparoscopic or robotic local resection of pancreas are minimally invasive, and more suitable for the protection of main pancreatic duct with amplifying visions, and is more suitable for local resection of the pancreas than open surgery.

Overview and outlook of CT quantification technology for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of disease with diverse clinical manifestations and strong heterogeneity; thus early diagnosis is difficult. Patients at stable period often suffer from poor life quality. Frequent hospitalization induced by acute exacerbations has high social and economic burdens. COPD is predicted to be the third leading cause of death in the world by 2020 and the fifth leading cause of disability. At present, there is a lack of accurate quantitative technology. Our research team, in bearing of the Public Welfare Special Industry of National Health Commission "Diagnostic and Evaluation System of Respiratory Diseases Based on Digital Lung" and on the basis of CT quantitative technology, investigated the morphological changes of pulmonary parenchyma, bronchi and pulmonary vessels as well as their correlations. We provide an individualized, standardized and comprehensive evaluation for COPD patients. In this paper we also discuss the hot issues of COPD and point out the future research direction.

HBsAg Levels Normalized to the Same Hepatic Parenchyma Cell Volume Is Correlated with Pathological Progression but Not HBeAg Status / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

@#【Objective】To study retrospectively the serum hepatitis B surface antigen（HBsAg）and HBsAg normal⁃ ized to the same hepatic parenchyma cell volume（HPCV），namely，the same hepatic cell quantities，between HBeAg- positive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B（CHB）.【Methods】A total of 168 CHB patients who had undergone liv⁃ er biopsy and test of serum HBsAg levels due to their disease in the Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University were selected as the study subjects. The serum HBsAg levels，as well as HBsAg levels normalized to HPCV（hepatic cell quantities）were compared between HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB，respectively.【Results】There was statis⁃ tically significant difference in serum HBsAg levels between HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB（P = 0.028）， while there was no statistical difference in HBsAg normalized to HPCV（P = 0.073）. There were no correlations between serum HBsAg and liver inflammation grades（HBeAg-positive：r s = 0.020，P = 0.876 & HBeAg-negative：r s = 0.037，P =0.711）. Similarly，there were no correlations between HBsAg and hepatic fibrosis stages（HBeAg-positive：r s = 0.087， P = 0.488 & HBeAg-negative：r s = 0.144，P = 0.148）. Nevertheless，statistically significant positive correlations were shown between HBsAg normalized to HPCV and liver inflammation grades（HBeAg-positive：r s = 0.309，P = 0.012 & HBeAg-negative：r s = 0.389，P < 0.001）. Similarly，the HBsAg normalized to HPCV and hepatic fibrosis stages were shown to be statistically significantly correlated（HBeAg-positive：r s = 0.490，P < 0.001 & HBeAg-negative：r s = 0.599， P < 0.001）.【Conclusions】Serum HBsAg normalized to HPCV but not HBsAg levels，is correlated with liver inflamma⁃ tion grades as well as hepatic fibrosis stages positively in both HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB. But there is no difference in serum HBsAg levels normalized to HPCV between HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB.

Application of shear wave elastography in the study of renal tissue elasticity in patients with diabetic nephropathy / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical value of real-time shear wave elastography( SWE) in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy ( DN ) . Methods One hundred and fifty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in our hospital were selected as DN group and 54 healthy volunteers with matched age-sex were selected as control group . According to the criteria of Mogensen staging ,patients of DN group were divided into 3 subgroups according to urine protein/creatinine ( ACR) :group A ( DM or DN Ⅰ ,Ⅱ ) , ACR＜30 mg/g ;group B ( DN Ⅲ ) ,ACR 30 －300 mg/g ;group C ( DN Ⅳ ,Ⅴ ) ,ACR＞ 300 mg/g . All subjects were examined by SWE technique to detect the maximum ,mean and minimum Young′s modulus values ( Emax ,Emean ,Emin) of the middle of left renal parenchyma ,the values of Young′s modulus in the control group and DN patients were compared . The relationship between Young′s modulus and ACR in patients with DN was analyzed . Results The Emax ,Emean and Emin in DN patients were all greater than those in control group ( P ＜0 .05) . In group A ,B and C ,Emax ,Emean and Emin gradually increased ( P＜0 .05) . Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between Young′s modulus and ACR in patients with DN ( r ＝ 0 .817 ,0 .764 ,0 .609 ;all P＝ 0 .000) . ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of Emax diagnosis DN Ⅲ stage was 0 .810 ,the cut-point value was 6 .65 kPa ,the sensitivity was 79 .0% ,and the specificity was 81 .7% ;the area under the curve of Emean diagnosis DN Ⅲ stage was 0 .785 ,and the cut-off value was 3 .69 kPa ,sensitivity 62 .8% ,specificity 78 .3% . Conclusions SWE technique can quantitatively analyze renal parenchyma hardness in patients with different stages of DN ,which may provide new diagnostic information for early diagnosis of DN .

Efficacy of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in quantitative assessment of benign and malignant breast lesions / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in evaluation of hemodynamic parameters of lesions and background parenchyma in benign and malignant breast lesions.Methods Breast DCE-MRI data were collected from 41 patients,including 21 benign lesions (benign group) and 24 malignant lesions (malignant group).Volume transfer constant (K),rate constant (Kep) and plasma fraction (Vp) of lesions and background parenchyma were measured,and the parameters of both groups were statistically analyzed.Taking pathological diagnosis as the gold standards,the efficacy of parameters in diagnosis of malignant breast lesions was evaluated.Results Ktrans and Kep of lesions and background parenchyma in the malignant group were higher than those in benign group (all P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between Vp of lesions and background parenchyma in both groups (both P＞0.05).In the diagnosis of malignant lesions,AUC of Ktrans of background parenchyma was the best,the sensitivity and specificity was 87.50％ and 76.19％,respectively.All parameters combined Logistic regression model had the highest AUC value (0.86,P＜0.001).Conclusion Among DCE-MRI related parameters,K of background parenchyma has the highest diagnostic value.Quantitative analysis of DCE-MRI data can help to identify benign and malignant breast lesions,and the hemodynamic characteristics of the background parenchyma are expected to be new methods for non-invasive diagnosis of breast lesions.

Accurately controlling resistivity of 3D printing materials for establishing human-head volume conductor model / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To propose a method for accurately controlling the resistivity of 3D printing materials to facilitate to establish a human-head volume conductor model.Methods Two kinds of ABS/CB composite conductive printing materials covering the resistivity ranges of parenchymal and skull were selected through resistivity measurement and analysis. The correlation between the proportions and resistivities of the two kinds of ABS/CB materials and the empirical formula on the correlation between the resistivity and proportion was obtained through exponential function fitting. Results The selected ABS/CB composite material behaved well in frequency stability and time stability,and the obtained empirical formula had high-correlation coefficient.Conclusion Accurate control of 3D printing model resistivity is realized,and it's facilitated to gain 3D printing material with the same resistivity as those of skull and parenchymal.

Morfologia da traqueia e lobação pulmonar de Leopardus pardalis (jaguatirica) / Morphology of the trachea and lung lobation of Leopardus pardalis (ocelot)

A espécie Leopardus pardalis, conhecida popularmente como jaguatirica, é um felino de médio porte com ampla distribuição em território nacional e está incluída na lista de espécies da fauna brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os aspectos macroscópicos e microscópico da traqueia e lobos pulmonares em L. pardalis. As análises foram feitas utilizando cinco exemplares de jaguatirica, sendo dois machos e três fêmeas, adultos, três desses exemplares foram a óbito por atropelamento em rodovias próximas ao município de Alta Floresta, e dois doados após a morte pelo IBAMA ao o Laboratório de Zoologia e Morfologia Animal. Nos espécimes a traqueia era um tubo flexível formado por pares de arcos cartilaginosos, apresentando epitélio pseudo-estratificado não ciliado no seu revestimento interno, e outros estruturas básicas deste órgão. O pulmão se mostrou como um órgão constituído por lobos separados por fissuras com um parênquima usual aos demais mamíferos descritos. No que diz respeito às caraterísticas anatômicas da traqueia e pulmão se mostraram semelhantes à de outros mamíferos, já nos aspectos microscópicos da traqueia apresentou certas peculiaridades diferindo dos demais trabalhos encontrados. No que tange o aspecto do parênquima pulmonar as características histológicas não variaram com as que estão descritas.(AU)

The species Leopardus pardalis, popularly known as ocelot, is a medium sized cat with wide distribution in the national territory and is included in the list of species of Brazilian fauna threatened with extinction. This study aimed to characterize the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the trachea and lung lobes in L. pardalis. Analyses were performed using five copies of ocelot, two males and three females, adults, three of these specimens died from being run over on highways nearby the municipality of Alta Floresta, and two donated after death by IBAMA to the Laboratory of Zoology and Animal Morphology. In the trachea specimens was a flexible tube formed by pairs of cartilaginous arches, with pseudo-stratified epithelium ciliated not in its inner lining, and other basic structures of this body. Lung proved as a body made up of lobes separated by cracks with a usual parenchyma to the other described mammals. With respect to the anatomic features of the trachea and lung were similar to other mammals, as in the microscopic aspects of the trachea showed certain peculiarities found differing from the other jobs. Regarding the appearance of the lung parenchyma histological characteristics did not differ with those described.(AU)

A case of eccrine carcinoma presenting with neurological manifestations

INTRODUCTION: Eccrine  carcinoma  is  an  extremely  rare  skin tumor where only 1/13000 specimens have been submitted to dermatopathological  laboratories  in  the  United  States.There  is  no  data  yet  to compare the Philippines with the international  incidence  of  eccrine  carcinoma.  This is a case of a 69-year-old Filipino female who presented with a recurring invasive indolent tumor at the right fronto-parietal area who presented with left sided hemiparesis and seizure.CASE: The patient was presented with a recurrent invasive indolent  mass  on  her  right  front-parietal  area,  grossly measuring five by four centimeters, nodular flesh colored,which  extended  intracranially.This was associated with left sided hemiparesis and due to the extent of the tumor encroaching through the brain parenchyma, patient was noted  to  have  seizure  episodes.  The  patient  was  given surgical and radiologic options however, she did not comply and died last December 2015.RESULTS: A cranial MRI with MRA showed a  heterogenous enhancing intracranial mass with extracranial component with compressed entrapped and depressed superior sagittal sinus  by  the  axial  mass  witin  calvarial  penetration  and scalp involvement compressing on the right parietal lobe with parenchyma edema. Biopsy was eventually done and findings were consistent with an eccrine carcinoma.CONCLUSION: This is the first case of eccrine carcinoma in our institution. Due to the paucity of data, there are no guidelines to the management of an eccrine carcinoma. Hence the imperative need to raise awareness regarding this rare tumor because,  without  a  high  index  of  suspicion  this  rare  entity may be overlooked or misdiagnosed. When presented with an indolent invasive recurrent tumor a high index of suspicion that  an  eccrine  Carcinoma  may  be  suspected.Excision biopsy may be done for correct identification of the tumor.

A case of eccrine carcinoma presenting with neurological manifestations

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Eccrine  carcinoma  is  an  extremely  rare  skin tumor where only 1/13000 specimens have been submitted to dermatopathological  laboratories  in  the  United  States.There  is  no  data  yet  to compare the Philippines with the international  incidence  of  eccrine  carcinoma.  This is a case of a 69-year-old Filipino female who presented with a recurring invasive indolent tumor at the right fronto-parietal area who presented with left sided hemiparesis and seizure.<br /><strong>CASE:</strong> The patient was presented with a recurrent invasive indolent  mass  on  her  right  front-parietal  area,  grossly measuring five by four centimeters, nodular flesh colored,which  extended  intracranially.This was associated with left sided hemiparesis and due to the extent of the tumor encroaching through the brain parenchyma, patient was noted  to  have  seizure  episodes.  The  patient  was  given surgical and radiologic options however, she did not comply and died last December 2015.<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> A cranial MRI with MRA showed a  heterogenous enhancing intracranial mass with extracranial component with compressed entrapped and depressed superior sagittal sinus  by  the  axial  mass  witin  calvarial  penetration  and scalp involvement compressing on the right parietal lobe with parenchyma edema. Biopsy was eventually done and findings were consistent with an eccrine carcinoma.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> This is the first case of eccrine carcinoma in our institution. Due to the paucity of data, there are no guidelines to the management of an eccrine carcinoma. Hence the imperative need to raise awareness regarding this rare tumor because,  without  a  high  index  of  suspicion  this  rare  entity may be overlooked or misdiagnosed. When presented with an indolent invasive recurrent tumor a high index of suspicion that  an  eccrine  Carcinoma  may  be  suspected.Excision biopsy may be done for correct identification of the tumor.</p>

Glial Cyst inside the Cerebellar Parenchyma: Case Report and Literature Review

Cystic lesions inside the brain parenchyma are a common pathological finding in the investigation of patients with suspicion of cerebral tumor. Histological diagnosis is important to guide the patient's treatment and follow-up, and to determine prognosis. Among patients diagnosed with cerebral cysts, most are located in the parenchyma above the tentorium. The authors describe the case of a patient who had been suffering from dizziness and balance disturbance for 4 months; the investigation identified a cyst inside the cerebellar right hemisphere. A surgical procedure was performed, and the biopsy microscopic analysis diagnosis was glial cyst.

Patologias intraparenquimatosas de características císticas são comumente identificadas em pacientes que estão sob investigação de neoplasias cranianas. Lesões císticas são mais prevalentes acima da tenda cerebelar, e o diagnóstico histológico é fundamental para determinar o tratamento, seguimento e prognóstico do paciente. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente com sintomas de vertigem e alteração no equilíbrio dinämico de 4 meses de evolução, cuja investigação diagnosticou cisto intraparenquimatoso no hemisfério cerebelar direito. Procedeu-se com intervenção cirúrgica cujo diagnóstico histopatológico foi compatível com Cisto Glial

Cuantificación fisicoquímica en gorro turco [Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelburg - Cactaceae] / Quantificação Fitoquímica da coroa-de-frade [Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelburg - Cactaceae] / Quantification Physicochemical in Melon Cactus [Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelburg - Cactaceae]

RESUMO No Nordeste do Brasil é bastante comum e variado o uso da coroa-de-frade (Melocactus spp.). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar diversas análises em cladódios de coroa-de-frade [Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelburg], para que possamos compreender as razões estes usos. Os cladódios foram coletados na cidade de Campina Grande e levados ao Laboratório de Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, onde foram feitas as seguintes análises: peso, altura, diâmetro, cor, umidade, acidez, pH, ácido ascórbico, carotenoides, flavonoides e compostos fenólicos, tanto na epiderme quanto no parênquima aquífero. Os resultados mostraram que a epiderme tem uma acidez elevada e mais ácido ascórbico, e um pH mais baixo em comparação com o parênquima aquífero. O conteúdo de carotenoides, flavonoides e compostos fenólicos, foram diferentes nas partes estudadas. A epiderme apresentou sempre maiores quantidades de carotenoides, flavonoides e compostos fenólicos em relação ao parênquima aquífero, nas três plantas estudadas, indicando que a maior parte da defesa da planta acontece neste tecido. Mais estudos são necessários com técnicas mais precisas, para identificar os componentes bioativos desta espécie.

ABSTRACT In Northeast Brazil, the use of melon cactus (Melocactus spp.) is quite common and varied. Thus, the present study aimed to perform various analyzes in cladodes of melon cactus [Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelburg], to understand the reasons for the use of this species. The cladodes were collected in the city of Campina Grande and taken to the Food Engineering Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande, where we performed the following analyses: mass, height, diameter, color, moisture, acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds, both in the epidermis and in the aquifer parenchyma. The results showed that the epidermis has a higher acidity, ascorbic acid content and lower pH compared to the aquifer parenchyma. The contents of carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds, were different from the both parts analyzed. The epidermis always had greater quantities of carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds than the aquifer parenchyma for the three plants, showing that most of the plant defense takes place in this tissue. Further studies, with more accurate techniques, are needed to identify the bioactive components of this species.

Anatomia da lâmina foliar de onze espécies lenhosas dominantes nas savanas de Roraima / Leaf anatomy of eleven dominant woody species in the savannas of Roraima

O conhecimento da anatomia da folha é crucial para o entendimento da adaptação das plantas ao ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a anatomia da lâmina foliar de 11 espécies lenhosas, frequentes nas savanas do extremo norte da Amazônia, com ênfase na identificação de atributos adaptativos a ecossistemas abertos, sujeitos a forte insolação e déficit hídrico sazonal. Amostras de folhas foram coletadas e processadas segundo técnicas usuais para estudos de anatomia e histoquímica. Bowdichia virgilioides, Byrsonima coccolobifolia, By. crassifolia, By. verbascifolia, Casearia sylvestris, Curatella americana, Erythroxylum suberosum, Himatanthus articulatus, Miconia albicans, Roupala montana e Xylopia aromatica apresentaram caracteres típicos de plantas heliófilas e xerófilas, como cutícula espessa e estômatos predominantes na face abaxial, além de forte investimento em tecido fotossintético. Em oito das onze espécies, o parênquima paliçádico (PP) ocupa 50% ou mais do espaço do mesofilo. Curatella americana, mesofilo isobilateral, e Bo. virgilioides, mesofilo homogêneo, foram as espécies com maior investimento em PP (~80% e 100%, respectivamente). Além disso, destaca-se a presença de hipoderme (Bo. virgilioides e X. aromatica) ou de epiderme estratificada, densos indumentos, idioblastos cristalíferos e extensões da bainha de feixes. Em síntese, este conjunto de atributos estruturais protege a lâmina foliar contra o excesso de luminosidade, aumenta a resistência mecânica, minimiza a transpiração e contribui para manutenção do balanço hídrico da planta, favorecendo, portanto, o estabelecimento destas espécies nas savanas sazonais do norte da Amazônia.

Knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of the leaf blade is crucial to the understanding of plant adaptation to the environment. The objective of this study was to describe the leaf anatomy of 11 woody species of common occurrence in the open savannas of the northern edge of the Amazon. The focus of the study was on the identification of leaf adaptive features to cope with high irradiances and seasonal water deficits. Leaf samples were fixed and processed by the usual methods for anatomical and histochemical studies. Bowdichia virgilioides, Byrsonima coccolobifolia, By. crassifolia, By. verbascifolia, Casearia sylvestris, Curatella americana, Erythroxylum suberosum, Himatanthus articulatus, Miconia albicans, Roupala montana and Xylopia aromatica showed leaf anatomical traits typical of heliophilous and xerophilous plants such as thick cuticle, stomata prevailing on the abaxial surface, strong investment in photosynthetic tissue. In eight of the eleven species the palisade parenchyma (PP) occupied 50% or more of the mesophyll. Curatella americana, with isobilateral mesophyll, and Bo. virgilioides, with homogeneous mesophyll were the species with the highest investment in PP (~80% and 100%, respectively). Leaves were also characterized by the presence of hypodermis (Bo. virgilioides and X. aromatica) or stratified epidermis, dense indumenta, crystalliferous idioblasts and bundle sheath extensions. This distinctive assortment of anatomical traits helps protecting the leaf blade against excessive irradiances, increases mechanical strength, minimize transpiration and contribute to the maintenance of leaf water balance. Overall they favor the establishment of these species in the seasonal savannas of northern Amazon.

Descripción histológica del higado de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Linnaeus, 1966 / Histological description of the liver of the Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Linnaeus, 1766

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la histología del hígado del chigüire (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Para tal fin, se utilizaron 13 hígados de individuos adultos de ambos sexos, con un peso entre 33 y 50 kg de peso, los cuales fueron sacrificados en el Matadero- frigorífico de Pro-Fauna, localizado en el municipio de Iguape, estado de São Paulo y en el campus de la Universidad Federal de Viçosa, en el estado de minas Gerais, Brasil. Las muestras fueron fijadas en líquido de Bouin y en solución de formol al 10% v/v, y se procedió a realizar el procesamiento histológico de rutina. Para la visualización diferencial del tejido conjuntivo y de las fibras colágenas para la descripción general del tejido, se realizaron cortes de tejido de 4 µm, los cuales fueron coloreados posteriormente para su estudio histológico, utilizando las técnicas de coloración de hematoxilina & eosina, P.A.S. y Tricrómico de Gomori. Los resultados del estudio revelaron la presencia de un parénquima hepático y lobulillos, los cuales se encontraban próximos unos a otros, no existiendo delimitación marcada entre ellos. Los hepatocitos se encontraban agrupados en placas o hileras que se anastomosaban entre sí, y se disponían en una capa de células. Desde el punto de vista histológico, el parénquima hepático del Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris puede ser considerado como semejante en diversos aspectos, al de otros mamíferos.

The objective of the present study was to histologically describe the liver of the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). For that purpose, 13 livers of capybaras of both sexes, weighing between 33 and 50 kg, were used. The animals were slaughtered in the Pro-Fauna refrigerated slaughterhouse, located in Iguape, the State of São Paulo and in the campus of the Universidad Federal de Viçosa, the State of Minas Gerais, Brasil. Samples were fixed in Bouin and formalin solution (10% v/v) and a routine histological processing was made. For the differential visualization of the connective tissue and colagen fibers, and for the general description of the tissue, sections of tissues of 4 µm were made. Subsequently, tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, P.A.S., and Gomori trichrome. The results of the study revealed the presence of a liver parenchyma and lobules, which were close to one another, without a marked delimitation among them. The hepatocytes were grouped in plates or rows which anastomosed with each other and were arranged in a layer of cells. From the histological standpoint, the liver parenchyma of the Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris can be considered similar in various aspects, to that of other mammals.

Análise quantitativa da ecogenicidade testicular pela técnica do histograma de ovinos da baixada ocidental maranhense / Quantitative analysis of testicular echogenicity by technical histogram in sheep of the western lowland region of Maranhão, Brazil

A ultrassonografia é um método de diagnóstico por imagem que permite a avaliação de diferentes órgãos e estruturas corpóreas de maneira não invasiva. No entanto, a avaliação subjetiva das imagens caracteriza um dos grandes entraves na utilização desta técnica de diagnóstico, havendo necessidade de mecanismos que minimizem a subjetividade do exame e a divergência na interpretação dos achados ultrassonográficos. Desta forma este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a ecogenicidade do parênquima e mediastino testicular de ovinos utilizando a técnica do histograma escala-cinza. Foram utilizados 30 animais divididos em três grupos de acordo com a faixa etária (FE): de três a seis meses (FE1), sete a 12 meses (FE2), 13 a 18 meses (FE3) e realizadas varreduras testiculares nos planos frontal, sagital e transversal, elaborando ao final um histograma a partir das imagens ultrassonográficas. Observou-se que tanto a ecogenicidade do parênquima quanto a do mediastino testicular aumentaram gradativamente com a progressão das idades dos animais, com média e desvio-padrão de 95,00±19,05 e 94,35±18,82 para a ecogenicidade do parênquima do antímero direito e esquerdo, respectivamente, e 127,95±12,97 para o mediastino direito e 126,59±11,78 para o esquerdo. A técnica do histograma escala-cinza demonstrou ser um método eficiente na determinação da ecogenicidade testicular, possibilitando o estabelecimento de padrões de normalidade que venham a auxiliar pesquisas futuras no monitoramento do desenvolvimento testicular bem como na detecção de patologias. Para a regimes exclusivos de criação extensiva, como na baixada maranhense, representa ferramenta valiosa para sua utilização em projetos sociais do Estado que atendem a agricultura familiar.

Ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging method that allows a no invasive evaluation of different organs and body structures. However, the personal evaluation of images is one of the major hampers in using this technique. In order to reduce this drawback, it is necessary to find out tools that can help diminish the divergence in the interpretation of sonographic findings. Therefore, this study aimed to identify features of the parenchyma's and mediastinum's testis of sheep echogenicity using the technique of gray scale histogram. 30 animals were divided into three groups according to age (FE): three to six months (FE1), seven to 12 months (FE2), 13 to 18 months (FE3). The testicular scans were performed in the frontal, sagital and transverse views, and the gray scale histograms were analyzed. It was observed that such parenchymal as the mediastinum testis echogenicity gradually increased with the aging of the animals, with mean and standard deviation of 95.00±19.05 and 94.35±18.82 for the echogenicity parenchyma of the right and left antimere, respectively, and 127.95±12.97 to 126.59±11.78, for the right and the left mediastinum. The technique of gray scale histogram was an efficient method for determination of testicular echogenicity, enabling the establishment of normal standards that may assist future research in monitoring testicular development as well as for detecting pathologies. For exclusive regimes of extensive farming, as the western lowland region of Maranhão, is a valuable tool for use in social projects of the State to attend the family farm.

Use of posterior or anterior renal lip incision for partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal hilum endophytic renal cell carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To introduce our experience of performing posterior or anterior renal lip incision for partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal hilum endophytic renal cell carcinoma.Methods From Jan.2010 to Jan.2014,five female patients with renal hilum tumors were treated in our institute.The median age was 54 (51-72) years.The median tumor diameter was 4.0 (2.8-4.8) cm.The median preoperative creatinine was 53.9 (52.6-75.4) μmol/L.One of them was solitary kidney with absolute indication; three cases had basic disease with relative indication; one was with selective indication.The patients were put in supine or lateral position.After general anesthesia,we preformed partial nephrectomy by cutting posterior renal lip in 3 cases and the anterior lip in 2 cases.We clamped the renal artery,opened the renal posterior or anterior lip,then dissected the tumor beside the pseudo-capsule.After removing the tumor,we used 3-0 absorption suture to control bleeding and repair the opened collecting system.Finally,we used 2-0 absorption suture to close the renal defect.Results The median operation time was 195 (155-215) min; the median renal warm ischemia time was 35 (15-70) min; the median postoperative hospital stay was 8 (7-9) d.There was no secondary bleeding and urine leakage happened.The pathological results showed that 3 cases with clear cell carcinoma,1 with papillary carcinoma and 1 with renal medullary interstitial cell tumor.All patients showed normal kidney shape.The median postoperative creatinine was 63.0 (59.4-75.4) μmol/L.After a median follow up of 24.2 mon,all patients survive without tumor recurrence.Conclusions The short-term result of posterior or anterior renal lip incision partial nephrectomy in treating endophytic renal hilum endophytic renal cell carcinoma is safe and feasible.

Leaf tissues proportion and chemical composition of Axonopus jesuiticus x A. scoparius as a function of pig slurry application / Proporção de tecidos foliares e composição química de Axonopus jesuiticus x A. scoparius em função da aplicação de dejeto líquido de suíno

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and anatomical attributes of leaves of giant missionary grass to application of 0, 62, 124, 186, 248 and 310m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. At 83 days after the last application of fertilizer, the leaf blades were collected, fixed in FAA 70%, sectioned, stained, photographed and digitalized. The transversal section of leaf blades were evaluated for proportion of epidermis, lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma, non-lignified vascular tissue and parenchyma with an image-processing system calibrated to 1mm pixel-1. Leaf samples were analyzed for crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose content by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The pig slurry application up to 310m³ ha-1 significantly increased the percentage of crude protein, parenchyma, epidermis, non-lignified vascular tissue and hemicellulose, while decreasing the percentage of acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The Pearson's correlation was positive between crude protein and non-lignified vascular tissue, and between acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The percentage of hemicellulose was positively correlated with epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue. A negative correlation between acid detergent fiber and epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue was observed.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos anatômicos e químicos da grama-missioneira-gigante à aplicação de 0, 62, 124, 186, 248 and 310m³ ha-1. Decorridos 83 dias do último corte e da aplicação do dejeto, as lâminas foliares foram coletadas, fixadas em FAA 70%, seccionadas, coradas, fotografadas e digitalizadas. Secções transversais das lâminas foliares foram avaliadas quanto à proporção das áreas de epiderme, tecido vascular lignificado + esclerênquima, tecido vascular não lignificado e parênquima, na região entre a quilha e o segundo maior feixe vascular, com sistema de processamento de imagem calibrado para 1mm pixel-1. Amostras de folhas foram coletadas e analisadas quanto ao teor de proteína bruta, fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido e fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro, pelo método de espectrometria de reflectância no infravermelho proximal. A aplicação de até 310m³ ha-1 do dejeto líquido de suíno aumentou os percentuais de proteína bruta, hemicelulose, parênquima e tecido vascular não lignificado, reduzindo os percentuais de fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido e tecido vascular lignificado + esclerênquima. A correlação de Pearson foi positiva entre o percentual de proteína bruta e tecido vascular não lignificado, e entre o percentual de fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido e tecido vascular lignificado + esclerênquima. O percentual de hemicelulose mostrou correlação positiva com epiderme, parênquima e tecido vascular não lignificado. Houve correlação negativa entre o percentual de fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido e epiderme, parênquima e tecido vascular não lignificado. O dejeto líquido de suínos, utilizado como fonte de nitrogênio, promove melhoria em atributos químicos e anatômicos, que afetam o valor nutritivo da grama-missioneira-gigante.

Forearm skin flap with dorsal interosseous artery transplanted in reversal position to repair the skin and soft tissue defect of palm and thumb / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To summarize the method of forearm skin flap with dorsal interosseous artery placed by turning the proximal end of the flap to the distal side of the wound to repair skin and soft tissue defect of palm and thumb of hand,and put forward the key points of operation.Methods From 2008 to 2013,the forearm skin flap with interosseous dorsal artery to repair skin and soft tissue defect of palm and the part between thumb and index finger in 20 cases.Dorsal interosseous artery in the forearm is passing through between superficial and deep layers of extensor muscles and sends out 5-13 cutaneous branches to dorsal antebrachium skin.The large skin flap has good blood supply with high survival rate.Results All flaps survived,and good results were achieved in all 20 cases.Conclusion The flap preserved two main arteries from upper limb with good blood supply,and the amount of blood supply of the flap depended on the size of flap,and the wound of donor site can be directly sutured up or covered with free skin graft,thus minimizing the alteration of appearance and function of donor area.