Déficit de Hierro en Insuficiencia Cardíaca: Un Nuevo Horizonte Terapéutico

La Insuficiencia Cardíaca (IC) es un síndrome clínico complejo en el que convergen múltiples comorbilidades que deben ser abordadas y tratadas de una manera holística, lo que redunda en resultados favorables en términos de morbimortalidad. El déficit de hierro es una más de estas comorbilidades a las que nos enfrentan estos pacientes, teniendo un papel clave en su fisiopatología. Se recomienda su detección de forma sistemática y su seguimiento con el fin de realizar un tratamiento con hierro suplementario en forma oportuna y óptima con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes, su deterioro funcional, con la consiguiente mejora en morbimortalidad y reingresos hospitalarios. Se presenta una revisión clínica de los aspectos más relevantes del concepto de déficit de hierro en Insuficiencia Cardíaca asi como su abordaje diagnóstico y de tratamiento.

Heart Failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome in which multiple comorbidities converge, which must be approached and treated in a holistic way, resulting in favorable results in terms of morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is one of many comorbidities we find in these patients, which have a key role in their pathophysiology. Systematic detection and follow-up are recommended in order to treat it with supplemental iron in a timely and optimal manner, thus improving our patients' quality of life and their functional deterioration, which will subsequentially lead to an improvement in morbidity, mortality and hospital readmissions. A clinical review of the most relevant aspects of the concept of iron deficiency in Heart Failure is presented, as well as its diagnosis and treatment approach.

A Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa em que convergem múltiplas comorbidades que devem ser abordadas e tratadas de forma holística, resultando em resultados favoráveis ​​em termos de morbimortalidade. A deficiência de ferro é uma dessas comorbidades que esses pacientes enfrentam, tendo papel fundamental em sua fisiopatologia. Recomenda-se a sua detecção e acompanhamento sistemáticos, a fim de realizar um tratamento com suplementação de ferro de forma oportuna e ideal, a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, sua deterioração funcional, com a consequente melhora da morbimortalidade e reinternações. É apresentada uma revisão clínica dos aspectos mais relevantes do conceito de deficiência de ferro na Insuficiência Cardíaca, bem como sua abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica.

Prevalencia y manejo de anemia en enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en un centro de referencia en Colombia / Prevalence and treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease in a Colombian reference center

Resumen Introducción: la anemia es la complicación más frecuente en enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia, asociaciones y tratamiento de la anemia en EII en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron de forma retrospectiva datos de pacientes adultos con EII del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe en Medellín, Colombia, que consultaron desde 2001 hasta febrero de 2019. Se emplearon frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para comparar dos proporciones se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado de independencia y se estimó el Odds ratio (OR). Resultados: se documentaron 759 pacientes con EII, de los cuales 544 (71,6 %) presentaron colitis ulcerativa (CU); 200 (26,3 %), enfermedad de Crohn (EC), y 15, EII no clasificable (1,9 %). En total, 185 (24,4 %) pacientes con EII presentaron anemia, que es menos frecuente en CU que en EC (22,2 % frente a 32,5 %, respectivamente; OR: 0,684; IC: 0,456-0,96; p = 0,03). Los pacientes con CU extensa (54,1 %) tenían más anemia que aquellos con CU no extensa (46,3 %) (OR: 4,4; IC: 2,6-7,4; p = 0,001); lo mismo se observó al comparar la CU grave (66,1 %) con la no grave (32,3 %) (OR: 4,95; IC: 2,87-8,51; p = 0,000). En la EC, los pacientes con comportamiento no inflamatorio (B2, B3: 73,9 %) presentaron más anemia en comparación con aquellos con comportamiento inflamatorio (B1: 26,2 %) (OR: 0,35; IC: 0,18-0,67; p = 0,000). 44,3 % de los pacientes no recibió tratamiento, 19,5 % recibió hierro oral, 20,0 % recibió hierro intravenoso y 16,2 % fue transfundido. Conclusiones: la anemia es una complicación frecuente de la EII en nuestro medio (24,4 %). A pesar de las guías internacionales, el tratamiento es subóptimo en nuestro medio.

Abstract Introduction: Anemia is the most frequent complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aims to determine the prevalence, connection, and treatment of anemia in IBD in a local context. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at The Pablo Tobon Uribe Hospital, in Medellín (Colombia) with adult patients who (were admitted) came for consultation from 2001, until February 2019. Absolut and relative frequencies were calculated. The Chi square test of independence was applied for comparing two proportions and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated. Results: A total of 759 IBD patients were enrolled, 544 (71.6%) with ulcerative colitis (UC); 200 (26.3%) Crohn's disease (CD), and 15 (1.9%) with non-classifiable IBD. In total, 185 (24,4 %) IBD patients had a diagnosis of anemia, that is less frequent in UC patients that in CD patients (22,2 % versus 32,5 %, respectively; OR: 0,684; CI: 0,456-0,96; p = 0,03). Extensive UC patients (54,1 %) had a more recurrent level of anemia than non-extensive UC (46,3 %) (OR: 4,4; CI: 2,6-7,4; p = 0,001); the same result was observed when severe UC (66,1 %) was compared with UC non-severe (32,3 %) (OR: 4,95; CI: 2,87-8,51; p = 0,000). In the analysis of CD, patients with a non-inflammatory response (B2, B3: 73,9 %) had a more recurrent level of anemia than patients with an inflammatory response (B1: 26,2 %) (OR: 0,35; CI: 0,18-0,67; p = 0,000). 44,3 % of the total number of patients received treatment, 19,5 % received oral iron, 20,0 % received intravenous iron, and 16,2 % received a blood transfusion. Conclusions: In our context, Anemia is a common complication in IBD cases (24,4 %). Despite the existence of international guidelines, the treatment in our context is not optimal.

A comparative study of ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose as a parenteral iron treatment in iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy

Background: Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a serious global concern specially in developing country, which is preventable with effective measures. In women who cannot tolerate oral iron or have moderate to severe anemia, parenteral iron in the form of iron sucrose or ferric carboxymaltose can be very much useful. This study aimed to compare efficacy and safety of iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose in iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy.Methods: This prospective interventional comparative study was conducted during May 2016 to April 2018 at tertiary care hospital and total 100 antenatal women from 28 to 34 weeks of gestation having moderate to severe anemia were included in this study and all women were divided in to 2 groups randomly and were given either iron sucrose or ferric carboxymaltose according to iron requirement. Rise in haemoglobin and serum ferritin were noted and data analysed statistically.Results: The mean rise of haemoglobin with iron sucrose was 1.8 gm% and with ferric carboxymaltose was 2.6 gm%. The mean rise of serum ferritin with iron sucrose was 82.4 ng/ml and with ferric carboxymaltose was 100.9 ng/ml. Other than minimal local reaction one woman had developed severe anaphylactic reaction after receiving iron sucrose.Conclusions: Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is better and safe molecule than iron sucrose and it has advantage of ability to administer large dose in single sitting which reduce overall cost of therapy.  Hence ferric carboxymaltose is a drug of choice as parenteral iron therapy in iron deficiency anemia during second trimester of pregnancy.

A study on management of maternal anemia with infusion of intravenous iron sucrose and its outcome in management of anemia

Background: In India, women become pregnant with low baseline hemoglobin level resulting in high incidence of moderate to severe anemia in pregnancy where oral iron therapy cannot meet the requirement. Pregnant women with moderate anemia are to be treated with parenteral iron therapy. The aim of the study is to the infusion of intravenous iron sucrose and its outcome in the management of anemia.Methods: Totally 100 pregnant females were included in the study. The study period was from January 2018-July 2018 at vanavil medical center in Chennai. 50 Patients of Group A was given oral iron tablets containing100mg of elemental iron. 50 patients of Group B was given a total of 1000 mg of intravenous iron sucrose divided into five doses of 200 mg each at weekly intervals. Estimation of hemoglobin was started 4 weeks after commencement of iron therapy and then repeated every 4 weeks till 36 weeks of gestation, pre-delivery and postpartum.Results: Target hemoglobin levels were achieved in 4 weeks’ time in 19 (76%) patients in the iron sucrose group as compared to 08 (32%) of patients in the oral iron group. There was a significant improvement in the various hematological parameters in iv sucrose group as compared to patients in the oral iron group. There were no significant allergic reactions in iv sucrose group.Conclusions: Our results showed that intravenous iron sucrose therapy was effective to treat moderate anemia in pregnant women. Intramuscular preparations are known to be associated with local side-effects. Iron sucrose complex iv therapy was with negligible side effects. It caused a rapid rise in hemoglobin level and the replacement of stores was faster. Long term comparative studies are required to assess if they can be used at a peripheral level.

Hierro carboximaltosa por vía intravenosa para tratamiento de la anemia ferropénica en pacientes con hemorragia uterina anormal / Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose injection for treatment iron deficiency anemia in abnormal uterine bleeding

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la administración de altas dosis de hierro carboximaltosa en el tratamiento de pacientes con anemia ferropénica secundaria a hemorragia uterina anormal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención, no controlado, con la variedad antes y después de un solo grupo (pretest-postest) efectuado en el Hospital Río de la Loza entre mayo de 2014 y septiembre de 2018. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes de 18 años o mayores con anemia y hemorragia uterina anormal severa. Criterios de exclusión: transfusión de concentrados eritrocitarios o administración de hierro parenteral en las ocho semanas previas al estudio, etc. Variables de estudio: hemoglobina, hematocrito, volumen corpuscular medio, concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media, plaquetas y concentraciones de ferritina y plaquetas. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron los datos de 18 pacientes con anemia ferropénica secundaria a hemorragia uterina anormal 13 de 18 experimentaron un incremento de 2 g/dL o mayor de hemoglobina , 9 de 18 obtuvieron un incremento de 2.5 o mayor y solo 7 de 18 obtuvieron un incremento de 3 g/dL o mayor, los incrementos fueron dependientes de las dosis administrada. La ferritina sérica final promedio fue de 33.44 mcg/L. No hubo efectos adversos graves reportados. CONCLUSIONES: En este grupo de pacientes con anemia ferropénica, la administración de hierro carboximaltosa por vía intravenosa a dosis altas fue segura en la corrección de la carencia del mineral secundaria a hemorragia uterina anormal y en el reabastecimiento de los depósitos de hierro.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate efficacy and safety of rapid, large-dose intravenous (IV) administration of ferric carboxymaltose in correcting iron deficiency anemia due to abnormal uterine bleeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study of intervention, not controlled, with the variety before and after a single group (pretest-posttest) carried out in the Hospital Río de la Loza, Mexico, between May 2014 and September 2018. Inclusion criteria: patients 18 years of age or older with anemia and severe abnormal uterine hemorrhage. Exclusion criteria: transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates or administration of parenteral iron in the eight weeks prior to the study, etc. Study variables: hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelets and concentrations of ferritin and platelets. RESULTS: 13 patients of 18 obtained an increase of 2 g/dL or greater of hemoglobin, 9 of 18 obtained an increase of 2.5 or greater and only 7 of 18 obtained an increase of 3g/dL or greater, the increases were dependent on the administered dose. The average final serum ferritin was 33.44 mcg/L. There were no serious adverse effects reported. CONCLUSIONS: The use of iron carboxymaltose intravenously at high doses is a safe treatment in the correction of iron deficiency anemia secondary to abnormal uterine hemorrhage and in the replenishment of iron stores.

Comparison of the Efficacies of Parenteral Iron Sucrose and Oral Iron Sulfate for Anemic Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Korea

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The optimal route for iron administration in anemic patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been determined. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of parenteral and oral iron therapy in IBD patients in Korea. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study was performed. Patients who had been administered parenteral iron were matched to the controls with oral iron at a 1:1 ratio according to age, sex, and type of IBD. RESULTS: Patients that received parenteral iron exhibited increases in hemoglobin levels of ≥20% from the baseline at lower doses and in shorter durations (p=0.034 and p=0.046, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, parenteral iron therapy appeared to be more efficient than oral iron therapy, but this difference was not statistically significant (hazard ratio [HR], 1.552; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.844 to 2.851; p=0.157). Patients with ulcerative colitis responded better to iron therapy than those with Crohn's disease (HR, 3.415; 95% CI, 1.808 to 6.450; p<0.001). Patients with an initial hemoglobin level of 10 g/dL or higher responded poorly to iron therapy (HR, 0.345; 95% CI, 0.177 to 0.671; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Parenteral iron therapy appears to be more efficient than oral iron therapy. Physicians should focus on the iron deficiency of IBD patients and consider parenteral iron supplements in appropriate patient groups.

Evaluation of efficacy, safety and cost of oral and parenteral iron preparations in patients with iron deficiency anemia.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of different oral and parenteral iron preparations in patients with anemia. Methods: An observational, prospective study in patients of anemia in pregnancy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving iron sucrose, oral ferrous ascorbate and ferrous sulfate were included. Demographic details, clinical history, baseline hemoglobin, anemia indices data were recorded in a case record form. The patients were followed up monthly for 12 weeks and observed for clinical and haematological improvement and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The data was analyzed using paired t-test, unpaired t-test and Fisher`s exact test. Results: Out of 232 patients, 84 received iron sucrose, 62 ferrous ascorbate and 86 ferrous sulfate. Oral and parenteral iron preparations significantly (P<0.0001) improved mean hemoglobin, anemia indices and serum ferritin at the end of study. However, mean increase in hemoglobin and anemia indices were significant (P<0.0001) with iron sucrose (4.42 ± 0.17gms/dL) as compared to ferrous ascorbate (3.45 ± 0.1) and sulfate (3.3 ± 0.4). Increase in serum ferritin was more and rapid (at 4 weeks) with iron sucrose as compared to ferrous ascorbate in CKD patients. Surprisingly, ADRs were more in patients treated with oral ferrous sulfate (86%) and ascorbate (71%) compared to iron sucrose (63%). Conclusion: Parenteral iron sucrose improves hemoglobin. anemia indices and replenish iron stores rapidly and is well tolerated than oral iron preparations.

Evaluation of effectiveness of intravenous iron sucrose in antenatal patients of iron deficiency anemia.

Background: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional deficiency in pregnancy. Prophylactic oral iron is recommended during pregnancy to meet the increased requirement of iron. In India, more than 50% women become pregnant with low baseline haemoglobin level resulting in high incidence of moderate to severe anaemia in pregnancy where oral iron therapy cannot meet the requirement. This study was undertaken for critical evaluation of iron sucrose in terms of efficacy, safety, and feasibility along with any reduction in blood transfusion rate. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous Iron sucrose in antenatal patients with Iron deficiency anaemia and to study the side effects of intra venous Iron sucrose. Material and Methods: This prospective study was conducted from Nov 2012 to June 2013 at VS General Hospital, Ahmedabad. 60 antenatal patients found to have anaemia having Hb level < 9 gm% were admitted and given intravenous iron sucrose therapy 100mg alternate day after calculating the dose of the iron requirement. Results: In patients having moderate anaemia (Hb 7-9 gm%), the rise in Hb found to be 2.17 ± 0.45 gm% from pre-treatment Hb of 7.88 ± 0.58 gm% to 9.9 ± 0.53 gm%. In patients with severe anaemia (Hb < 7 gm%), the rise in Hb was observed up to 2.73 ± 0.51 (SD) gm% after 1 month of iron sucrose treatment. No major side effects or anaphylactic reactions were noted during the study period. Conclusion: Parenterally administered iron sucrose elevates Hb and restores iron stores earlier and also that intravenous iron administration has led to the reduction in the rate of blood transfusion rate.

Intravenous Iron Sucrose for Three Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia Failing to Respond to Oral Iron Therapy / 임상소아혈액종양

Iron deficiency anemia is still a common pediatric hematologic disease in the world. First line treatment for iron deficiency anemia is oral iron supplementation. However, some children need parenteral iron therapy either because they cannot receive oral iron or because they do not respond to it. We used intravenous iron sucrose for three children with iron deficiency anemia who did not respond to oral iron. All were successfully treated without any significant adverse effects. Since studies about effects and adverse effects of intravenous iron sucrose on pediatric patients with iron deficiency anemia are limited, further studies are needed.

Intravenous Iron Sucrose for Three Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia Failing to Respond to Oral Iron Therapy / 임상소아혈액종양

Iron deficiency anemia is still a common pediatric hematologic disease in the world. First line treatment for iron deficiency anemia is oral iron supplementation. However, some children need parenteral iron therapy either because they cannot receive oral iron or because they do not respond to it. We used intravenous iron sucrose for three children with iron deficiency anemia who did not respond to oral iron. All were successfully treated without any significant adverse effects. Since studies about effects and adverse effects of intravenous iron sucrose on pediatric patients with iron deficiency anemia are limited, further studies are needed.