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Abstract Tuberculosis is certainly one of the diseases considered to be ancient on planet Earth. The etiological agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This terrible bacterial infection still results in severe socioeconomic consequences to date, and its complete eradication represents a great challenge. It constitutes one of the most important public health problems in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, this infection results in more than 4,000 deaths daily worldwide, with 10.4 million being affected annually and 1.5 million deaths from TB every year. With the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the disease became the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare infection that represents 1% to 1.5% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, whose etiological agents are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and the attenuated form of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG vaccine). Cutaneous tuberculosis can be exogenous; endogenous: caused by contiguity or autoinoculation and by hematogenous spread; induced by the Calmette-Guérin bacillus and manifest as a tuberculid. The diagnosis of the infection is carried out through the direct test, culture, histopathology, tuberculin skin test, polymerase chain reaction, interferon-gamma release assay, and genotyping. Drugs used comprise isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol.x
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Abstract Background: Migraines are headaches caused by changes in the trigeminovascular metabolic pathway. Migraine headache attacks are associated with neurovascular inflammation, but their pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully explained. Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels and the frequency of attacks in migraine headache. Methods: Three groups were established: migraine with aura (n = 50), migraine without aura (n = 50) and control group (n = 50). The migraine diagnosis was made in accordance with the International Classification of Headache Disorders-III beta diagnostic criteria. The analyses on serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: The serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels were found to be significantly higher in the migraine patients than in the control group (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences in serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels were found among the migraine patients during attacks or in the interictal period (p>0.05). The serum visfatin and chemerin levels of the migraine patients were positively correlated with their serum IL-18 levels (p < 0.01), while their serum chemerin and visfatin levels were positively correlated with their serum vaspin levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that these biomarkers may be related to migraine pathogenesis. Nonetheless, we believe that more comprehensive studies are needed in order to further understand the role of vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels in the pathophysiology of migraine headaches.
Resumo Introdução: A migrânea é causada por alterações nas vias metabólicas do sistema trigeminovascular. Crises de migrânea estão associadas à inflamação neurovascular, mas seus mecanismos patofisiológicos ainda não são totalmente explicados. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre níveis séricos de vaspina, visfatina, quemerina e interleucina-18 (IL-18) e a frequência de crises de migrânea. Métodos: Três grupos foram formados: migrânea com aura (n = 50), migrânea sem aura (n = 50) e grupo controle (n = 50). A migrânea foi diagnosticada de acordo com os critérios da Classificação Internacional das Cefaleias (ICHD-III). As análises dos níveis séricos de vaspina, visfatina, quemerina e IL-18 foram realizadas utilizando-se o método imunoenzimático (ELISA). Resultados: Os níveis séricos de vaspina, visfatina, quemerina e interleucina-18 (IL-18) foram significativamente mais elevados em pacientes com migrânea do que no grupo controle (p < 0.01). Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada nos níveis séricos de vaspina, visfatina, quemerina e interleucina-18 (IL-18) entre os pacientes com migrânea durante crises ou no período interictal (p>0,05). Os níveis séricos de visfatina e quemerina em pacientes com migrânea se correlacionaram positivamente com os níveis séricos de IL-18 (p < 0,01), ao passo que os níveis séricos de quemerina e visfatina se correlacionaram positivamente com os níveis séricos de vaspina (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou que estes biomarcadores podem estar relacionados à patogênese da migrânea. Contudo, acreditamos que estudos mais abrangentes são necessários a fim de melhor compreendermos o papel dos níveis de vaspina, visfatina, quemerina e IL-18 na fisiopatologia da migrânea.