Perineal trauma as an existential change: a qualitative study with women experiencing humanized birth / Trauma perineal como mudança existencial: um estudo qualitativo com mulheres vivenciando o parto humanizado

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate how women experienced perineal trauma during a humanized birth.Methods: A qualitative study with 22 postpartum women was performed from January to December 2018. The Husserlian phenomenology was used as theoretical framework using individual, in-depth interviews that were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Results: Twenty-four categories emerged from women ́s reports. During the prenatal phase, we found lack of information regarding perineal trauma, the alterity as a facilitating process to incentive women towards vaginal delivery and the perception of the beginning of an existential transition. During labor, it was noticed trust and attachment with the health professional giving physical and emotional support, the fear of the unknown linking to insecurity, the need for internal surrender to the process, empowerment as a result of trust and commitment, to give herself to the moment and no concerns with intrapartum injury but at the same time, having the possibility to share a decision-making process of suturing(or not). The postpartum period has shown the completion of the existential transition, the body as a place of estrangement, the loosening of some ties, but the construction of new networks of personal support to overcome postpartum. Conclusions: Most of women after humanized birth perceived perineal trauma as an existential transition that was initiated during antenatal period. (AU)

RESUMO: Objetivos: Investigar como as mulheres experienciaram o trauma perineal durante um parto humanizado. Métodos: Um estudo qualitativo com 22 mulheres pós-parto foi realizado de janeiro a dezembro 2018. A fenomenologia Husserliana foi usada como referencial teórico usando entrevistas individuais que foram audiogravadas e transcritas verbatim. Resultados: Vinte e quatro categorias emergiram durante os relatos. Durante o período pré-natal, a falta de informação sobre o trauma perineal, a alteridade como processo facilitador para incentivar as mulheres em direção ao parto vaginal e a percepção do começo de uma transição existencial. Durante o parto, a confiança e ligação com o(a) profissional de saúde com suporte físico e emocional, o medo do desconhecido e a insegurança, a necessidade de se entregar ao processo, o empoderamento como resultado de confiança e comprometimento, e o processo de tomada de decisão compartilhada da sutura (ou não). O período pós-parto mostra a completude da transição existencial, o corpo como local de estranhamento, o afrouxamento de alguns laços, mas a construção de novas redes de suporte pessoal para superar esse período. Conclusão: A maior parte das mulheres depois do parto humanizado percebe o trauma perineal como uma transição existencial que fora iniciada durante o período antenatal. (AU)

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial on the Efficacy of Hyaluronidase in Preventing Perineal Trauma in Nulliparous Women

Do we know How to avoid OASIs in non-Supine Birth Positions? a retrospective cohort analysis / Sabemos como evitar as LOEAs em posições de parto não supinas? Uma análise de coorte retrospectiva

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between the upright and supine maternal positions for birth and the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs). Methods Retrospective cohort study analyzed the data of 1,728 pregnant women who vaginally delivered live single cephalic newborns with a birth weight of 2,500 g. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effect of the supine and upright positions on the incidence of OASIs after adjusting for risk factors and obstetric interventions. Results In total, 239 (13.8%) births occurred in upright positions, and 1,489 (86.2%) in supine positions. Grade-III lacerations occurred in 43 (2.5%) patients, and grade-IV lacerations occurred in 3 (0.2%) women. Supine positions had a significant protective effect against severe lacerations, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0,47 [0.22- 0.99], adjusted for the use of forceps 4.80 [2.15-10.70], nulliparity 2.86 [1.44-5.69], and birth weight 3.30 [1.56-7.00]. Anesthesia (p<0.070), oxytocin augmentation (p<0.228), shoulder dystocia (p<0.670), and episiotomy (p<0.559) were not associated with the incidence of severe lacerations. Conclusion Upright birth positions were not associated with a lower rate of perineal tears. The interpretation of the findings regarding these positions raised doubts about perineal protection that are still unanswered.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre as posições maternas verticais e supinas ao nascimento e a taxa de incidência de lesões obstétricas do esfíncter anal (LOEAs). Métodos Estudo coorte retrospectivo que analisou os dados de 1.728 gestantes que tiveram parto vaginal cefálico simples com peso ao nascer de 2.500 g. Análises de regressão múltipla foram usadas para investigar o efeito de posições supinas ou verticais sobre a taxa de incidência de LOEAs após o ajuste para fatores de risco e intervenções obstétricas. Resultados No total, 239 (13,8%) nascimentos ocorreram nas posições verticais, e 1,489 (86,2%), nas posições supinas. Lacerações graves de grau III ocorreram em 43 (2,5%) pacientes, e de grau IV, em 3 (0,2%) mulheres. As posições supinas tiveram um efeito protetor significativo contra lacerações graves, razão de probabilidades [Intervalo de Confiança de 95%]: 0,47 [0.22-0.99], ajustado para o uso de Fórceps 4.80 [2.15-10.70], nuliparidade 2.86 [1.44-5.69], e peso ao nascer 3.30 [1.56-7.00]. Anestesia (p<0.070), aumento de ocitocina (p<0.228), distocia de ombro (p<0.670), e episiotomia (p<0.559) não estiveram associados à incidência de laceração grave. Conclusão As posições de parto verticais não estiveram associadas a uma menor taxa de ruptura perineal. A interpretação dos achados referentes a essas posições levantou dúvidas sobre a proteção perineal que ainda aguardam respostas.

A case of foetal macrosomia

Fetal macrosomia is an upcoming challenge in the field of obstetrics due to its rising incidence. The incidence varies according to ethnicity, genetic differences and anthropometric discrepancies between populations. Obesity, previous history of macrosomia, multiparity, diabetes and post-dated pregnancy are few risk factors associated with macrosomia. Management of macrosomia is a big challenge as no precise guidelines have been set. Macrosomia is associated with multiple maternal and foetal complications like operative delivery, post partum haemorrhage, perineal trauma, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, skeletal injury, birth asphyxia etc. We report a case of foetal macrosomia, weighing 5.5kg which was delivered by LSCS to a woman having BMI - 26.6kg/m² with 39 weeks of pregnancy with history of previous LSCS. There was no maternal or foetal complication. There was no history of diabetes in present pregnancy and inter conception period. Because of rarity of this condition we report this case of foetal macrosomia with a short review of literature.

Maternal and neonatal complications in macrosomic pregnancies

 Background: Fetal macrosomia is a common problem in obstetrics which leads to morbidity and mortality to both mothers as well as to the new-born due to complications of fetal macrosomia like prolonged labour, operative delivery, postpartum haemorrhage, perineal trauma, shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, perinatal asphyxia and perinatal mortality. This prospective study was conducted on fetal macrosomia to help future identification of such pregnancies, anticipate complications and to plan proper management.Methods: Maternal, fetal and neonatal consequences of macrosomia with specific attention to etiology of macrosomia in 170 pregnant women having gestational age of 37 weeks or more and high risk of fetal macrosomia were studied. Clinical estimation of fetal body weight was done using Leopold’s maneuvers and patient then referred for ultrasonography.  Data was collected about mode of delivery, nature and severity of birth trauma.Results: It was found that maternal age (51.76%), multiparity (61.76%), maternal diabetes (20.59 %) was significantly associated with macrosomia. Total caesarean rate in macrosomia was 26.4%. We got only 8 cases of birth trauma out of 170 macrosomic births.Conclusions: Pregnancies complicated by fetal macrosomia can be best managed by giving a trial of labour for babies with fetal weight below 5000 gram. Post gestation, multiparity found to be main risk factor for macrosomia.

Perineal trauma in a low-risk maternity with high prevalence of upright position during the second stage of labor / Trauma perineal em uma maternidade de baixo risco com alta prevalência de parto vertical durante o período expulsivo

Abstract Objective Perineal trauma is a negative outcome during labor, and until now it is unclear if the maternal position during the second stage of labormay influence the risk of acquiring severe perineal trauma. We have aimed to determine the prevalence of perineal trauma and its risk factors in a low-risk maternity with a high incidence of upright position during the second stage of labor. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 264 singleton pregnancies during labor was performed at a low-risk pregnancymaternity during a 6-month period. Perineal trauma was classified according to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG), and perineal integrity was divided into three categories: no tears; first/ second-degree tears + episiotomy; and third and fourth-degree tears. A multinomial analysis was performed to search for associated factors of perineal trauma. Results From a total of 264 women, there were 2 cases (0.75%) of severe perineal trauma, which occurred in nulliparous women younger than 25 years old. Approximately 46% (121) of the women had no tears, and 7.95% (21) performed mediolateral episiotomies. Perineal trauma was not associated with maternal position (p = 0.285), health professional (obstetricians or midwives; p = 0.231), newborns with 4 kilos or more (p = 0.672), and labor analgesia (p = 0.319). The multinomial analysis showed that white and nulliparous presented, respectively, 3.90 and 2.90 times more risk of presenting perineal tears. Conclusion The incidence of severe perineal trauma was low. The prevalence of upright position during the second stage of labor was 42%. White and nulliparous women were more prone to develop perineal tears.

Resumo Objetivo O trauma perineal é um desfecho negativo durante o parto, e é incerto, até omomento, se a posiçãomaternal durante o período expulsivo pode influenciar o risco de evoluir com trauma perineal severo. Nós objetivamos determinar a prevalência de trauma perineal e seus fatores de risco em uma maternidade de baixo risco com alta prevalência de posição vertical durante o período expulsivo. Métodos Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 264 gestações únicas durante o trabalho de parto foi realizado durante 6 meses consecutivos. O trauma perineal foi classificado de acordo com o Royal College of Obstetricianns and Gynecologists (RCOG). A integridade perineal foi dividida em três categorias: períneo íntegro; trauma perineal leve (primeiro e segundo graus + episiotomia); e trauma perineal severo (terceiro e quarto graus). Uma análise multinomial foi realizada para buscar variáveis associadas ao trauma perineal. Resultados De um total de 264 mulheres, houve 2 casos (0,75%)de trauma perineal severo m nulíparas com menos de 25 anos. Aproximadamente 46% (121) das mulheres não tiveram trauma perineal e 7,95% (21) realizaram episiotomias mediolaterais. Não houve correlação do trauma perineal com a posição de parto (p = 0,285), tipo de profissional que realizou o parto (p = 0,231), recém-nascidos com 4.000 gramas ou mais (p = 0,672), e presença de analgesia de parto (p = 0,319). Uma análise multinomial evidenciou que mulheres brancas e nulíparas apresentaram, respectivamente, um risco 3,90 e 2,90 vezes maior de apresentar trauma perineal. Conclusão A incidência de trauma perineal severo foi baixa. A prevalência de parto vertical durante o período expulsivo foi de 42%. Mulheres brancas e nulíparas foram mais suscetíveis a apresentar trauma perineal.

Trauma perineal: parto acuático versus parto convencional en Centro Hospitalario Nuevo Sanatorio Durango en la Ciudad de México / Perineal trauma: water birth versus conventional vaginal deliveries in Hospital Center Nuevo Sanatorio Durango in Mexico City

Resumen Introducción La atención de parto acuático ha incrementado en popularidad en la Ciudad de México. El Centro Hospitalario Nuevo Sanatorio Durango ha sido pionero en ofrecer la atención de parto bajo el agua. Hasta la fecha, no se han realizado estudios sobre la conducta de los partos acuáticos en México. Objetivo Este estudio intenta evaluar si el parto bajo el agua está asociado a mayor incremento en las tasas de trauma perineal comparándolo con un grupo control de pacientes atendidas por parto convencional. Material y métodos Archivos clínicos de mujeres que se atendieron de parto acuático en el Centro Hospitalario Sanatorio Durango en la Ciudad de México en el periodo comprendido entre 2016 y 2017, revisados retrospectivamente. Los resultados de interés fueron estimar el trauma perineal (desgarros de tercer y cuarto grado) comparándolo con un grupo control de parto convencional. Resultados Se registraron 120 pacientes que se atendieron de parto acuático. Hubo diferencia significativa en los resultados en trauma perineal en el grupo de parto acuático: mayores tasas de periné intacto en mujeres atendidas bajo el agua, por lo que se propone que el parto acuático es protector del trauma perineal. Conclusiones El parto en agua en nuestro centro no parece estar asociado a incremento en los resultados adversos maternos (trauma perineal). Los resultados de este estudio establecen que el parto acuático es una alternativa aceptable para el nacimiento en mujeres de bajo riesgo obstétrico, siempre y cuando cuente con adecuada vigilancia y profesional capacitado.

Abstract Introduction Waterbirth has been increasing in popularity in Mexico City. Hospital Center Nuevo Sanatorio Durango in Mexico City is the pioneer hospital offering water births to women. To date, no studies have been done on the conduct of waterbirths in Mexico. Objective This study aims to evaluate if water immersion during delivery is associated with increased rates of perineal trauma as compared with conventional vaginal deliveries. Material and methods Clinical records of women who birthed underwater at Hospital Center Sanatorio Durango in Mexico City between 2016 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The outcomes of interest were estimated perineal trauma, third or fourth degree. Outcomes were compared against a matched control group of women who had conventional vaginal deliveries. Results Records of 120 women who birthed underwater were accrued. There was a significant difference in maternal outcomes in perineal trauma in water birth: higher rates of intact perineums in women who birth underwater, proposing that water birth is protective against perineal trauma. Conclusions Water birth at our center does not appear to be associated with an increased incidence of adverse maternal outcomes (perineal trauma). The results of this study supported water birth as a birthing option for groups of low-risk women in an obstetrician led setting with good midwifery support.

Tratamiento de urgencia para trauma anal / Emergency management for anal trauma

El trauma anal es considerado de baja frecuencia, teniendo en cuenta que en las estadísticas se incluye asociado al trauma de recto. Se debe tener claro el abordaje quirúrgico pues pueden presentarse secuelas que afectan en una forma muy importante la calidad de vida futura de los pacientes. Se presenta un caso de trauma anal contuso y se muestra el tratamiento de urgencias(AU)

Anal trauma is considered a low frequency trauma because it is associated with rectal trauma in statistical records. The surgical approach should be taken into account because some sequelae affecting in a very important way the future quality of life of patients may occur. A case of blunt anal trauma and the emergency management indicated were presented in this report(AU)

The effect of innovative hands-poised method on delivery and neonatal outcomes and health service utility / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of the two methods of delivery,hands-on vs.handspoised,on maternal and neonatal outcomes and health service utility during vaginal delivery.Methods 218 primiparous pregnant women admitted from January to May 2013 were randomly assigned to the control group,who adopted two hands-on or traditional method (108 cases) and the intervention group who chose hand-poised method (110 cases).The delivery outcomes and medical resource utilization were compared between two groups.Results The rate of perineal trauma,postpartum hemorrhage and edema was significantly lower in the intervention group compared with that of the control group.No significant difference in neonatal outcome was observed between the two groups.The second stage duration of the intervention group was longer but the whole hospital duration and costs was significantly lower than those of the control group.Conclusions Our data suggest that a policy of hands-poised care is a safe and effective birthing alternative and could improve delivery outcome and reduce hospitalization days and costs.

Research in the pudendal nerve block anesthesia timing during second stage of labor / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To discuss the influence of pudendal nerve block anesthesia on pain degree and labor course when presentation at different positions during the second stage of labor,in order to find the better anesthesia timing and method to reduce pain,shorten labor,increase maternal comfort to a maximum extent and provide the best service for the maternal.Methods 200 cases of primiparas with fullterm and single-birth were selected and numbered randomly,patients with odd numbers were set to the observation group,patients with even numbers were set to the control group,100 cases in each group.In the observation group,when the presentation reached S+1,1％ lidocaine was used to perform pudendal nerve block anesthesia.In the control group,the pudendal nerve block anesthesia was performed before perineal incision.Results The pain intensity,time of the second labor stage,perineum damage degree between the two groups were statistically different.The observation group with Ⅱ-grade level,Ⅲ-grade level pain were 32 cases less than that of the control group.The perineum incision later crack number in the observation group was 24 cases less than that of the control group.The number of delivery within 1 hour in the second labor process in the observation group was 21 cases more than that in the control group.Conclusions Implementation of bilateral pudendal nerve block anesthesia in the second stage of labor when the presentation reaches S+1 can alleviate childbirth pain,shorten the second stage of labor,reduce the degree of perineal trauma.