RESUMEN
En dos sistemas lóticos del páramo de Santurbán, durante lluvia y sequía, se seleccionaron tres tramos de muestreo: nacimiento, zona media y río, evaluando en cada tramo la influencia de las variables ambientales en la estructura del ensamblaje de diatomeas perifíticas. Un nálisis de componentes principales evaluó la variación ambiental y mediante una matriz de correlaciones se estableció la importancia de los factores ambientales en las especies registradas. La conductividad, el potencial redox, el pH y el caudal fueron factores determinantes de la variación ambiental y de las diferencias en la estructura del ensamblaje; el género Eunotia es tolerante a pH ácido, y la polución orgánica favoreció el desarrollo de los géneros Nitzschia y Navícula. Seis especies reportaron una abundancia significativa: Navicula tantula, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Achnanthidium lanceolatum, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula cryptocephala y Gomphonema lagenula. Los tramos de los ríos presentaron valores altos de caudal y conductividad, que influyeron en la baja diversidad de estas zonas mientras que los valores bajos de caudal y la ausencia de condiciones químicas extremas en las zonas medias explicaron la mayor diversidad y la similitud del ensamblaje entre estas zonas. El ensamblaje no registró variación estacional significativa, presentando mayores diferencias entre los tramos que entre períodos de muestreo, indicando que las diatomeas perifíticas fueron afectadas principalmente por diferencias en el hábitat entre los tramos y enfatizando la importancia de las condiciones ambientales en los sistemas acuáticos tropicales de alta montaña sobre la composición y abundancia de diatomeas perifíticas.
Three sample zones: the headwater zone, the mid flow zone and the stream zone were selected in two lotic system of the Páramo de Santurbán, during rainy and dry season. In each zone the influence of physical, chemical and hydrological variables on the structure of the benthic diatom assemblage were evaluated. A component principal analysis evaluated the environmental variation. A correlation matrix established the importance of the environmental factors in the registered species. Conductivity, redox potential, pH, and flow, were determinant factors on the environmental variation and on the assemblage structure differences between the zones. Acidity allowed the high occurrence of Eunotia species, and organic pollution allowed the abundance of Nitzchia and Navicula species. Six species were abundant: Navicula tantula, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Achnanthidium lanceolatum, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula cryptocephala and Gomphonema lagenula. The stream zones registered high values of flow and conductivity, which were related with their lower diversity. Low flow and little stress condition on the mid flow zones were correlated with the highest values of diversity and with the similarity found in the dominant species between these zones in the two systems. The assemblage did not register seasonal variation; dissimilarity of diatom assemblages was larger among samples from different reach, compared with samples of different periods of the same reach, indicating that benthic diatom assemblages in the Páramo de Santurbán were mainly affected by habitat differences between zones. Our results highlight the importance of environmental factors in the composition and abundance of benthic diatoms in tropical aquatic systems.
RESUMEN
Associations of diatom species were identified, in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on monthly samplings over a year along Arroio Sampaio and its main tributaries, using polyamide thread as an artificial substrate. The species groupings showed four different environments: medium-lower course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Teresinha; upper course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Duvidosa. Among the physical and chemical variables measured, water pollution, particularly organic contamination and eutrophication, measured from BOD5 and total phosphate concentration, respectively, appeared to be one of the most important environmental factors determining the composition and structure of species associations in the area studied.
Foram identificadas associações de espécies de diatomáceas na Bacia do Arroio Sampaio, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O resultado baseou-se em amostragens mensais, no período de um ano, ao longo do Arroio Sampaio e seus afluentes, utilizando-se fio de poliamida como substrato artificial. Os agrupamentos de espécies revelaram quatro ambientes distintos: curso médio-inferior do Arroio Sampaio; curso inferior do Arroio Teresinha; curso superior do Arroio Sampaio; e curso inferior do Arroio Duvidosa. Dentre as variáveis físicas e químicas medidas, a poluição da água, particularmente, a contaminação orgânica e a eutrofização, determinadas a partir da DBO5, e a concentração de fosfato total, respectivamente, destacaram-se como os fatores ambientais mais importantes na determinação da composição e da estrutura das associações de espécies na área de estudo.