Reversal of Hypertension and Amelioration of Oxidative Stress by Persea americana and Allium sativum in Experimentally-Induced Hypertensive Wistar Rats

Aim: This study evaluated the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Persea americana and Allium sativum in experimentally-induced hypertensive Wistar rats. Study Design: Experimental Research. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan (Animal House), between May 2019 and December 2019. Methodology: The experiment was carried out in 85 rats randomly divided into 17 groups. Group 1 were normotensive rats while hypertension was induced in groups 2-16 by unilateral nephrectomy and inclusion of NaCl (1%) in drinking water. Group 17 had abdominal incision without nephrectomy (sham). Treatment groups were administered P. americana or A. sativum extracts at 20 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg dose and standard antihypertensives; lisinopril or hydrochlorothiazide. Results: Results of the experiment showed treatment of hypertensive rats with 50 mg/kg of A. sativum hexane and P. americana methanol extract caused the most significant decrease in blood pressure compared to normotensive rats. Various extracts of these two plants elevated antioxidants levels (GPx, GST, GSH and SOD) in the brain, heart, kidney and liver significantly while H2O2 and MDA were significantly decreased compared to untreated hypertensive rats. NO, an important neurotransmitter for normal endothelial function was also restored in the extract-treated rat, as a deficiency contributes greatly to the development of hypertension. Conclusion: The study concluded that P. americana and A. sativum do not only lower blood pressure. The plants also inhibited generation of free radicals by enhancing the antioxidant system and mopped up generated free radicals demonstrated by decline in H2O2 and MDA levels. These plants have been shown in this study to contain potential drug candidates which can be proposed for treatment of hypertension.

Bioactive properties of Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae) fruit and leaf extracts / Propriedades bioativas de extratos de folhas e frutos de Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae)

Abstract Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

Resumo Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

Bioactive properties of Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae) fruit and leaf extracts / Propriedades bioativas de extratos de folhas e frutos de Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae)

Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

Bioactive properties of Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae) fruit and leaf extracts

Abstract Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

Resumo Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

Efeitos da suplementação de óleo de abacate sobre o perfil lipídico e índices aterogênicos em intervenção duplo-cego e randomizada em pacientes com síndrome metabólica / Effects of avocado oil supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in a double-blind and randomised intervention in patients with metabolic syndrome

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica é definida como um conjunto de condições clínicas que acometem cerca de 25% da população mundial e 29,6% dos brasileiros. Essa síndrome está relacionada ao aumento dos desfechos cardiovasculares, que podem ser preditos através do perfil lipídico. Compostos bioativos, tais como os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA), são fortes aliados na prevenção desses desfechos. Um alimento importante por conter compostos bioativos e MUFA em abundância é o abacate. Há, porém, poucos estudos avaliando o efeito do óleo puro/virgem de abacate sobre o perfil lipídico em humanos com síndrome metabólica, e seus efeitos sobre os índices aterogênicos inexistem. Objetivo: O estudo buscou avaliar a suplementação de óleo de abacate sobre os níveis lipídicos e índices aterogênicos em pacientes portadores de síndrome metabólica. Método: 31 indivíduos adultos e obesos foram randomizados em grupo controle (óleo de soja) e grupo intervenção (óleo de abacate). Estes foram avaliados nos períodos pré e pós-intervenção (12 semanas) através de anamnese clínica e avaliação nutricional. Resultados: Observou-se que tanto o grupo controle quanto o grupo intervenção tinham a ingestão de lipídeos e gordura saturada maior que o recomendável. Quanto ao perfil lipídico e índices aterogênicos, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os períodos pré e pós. Conclusão: Os resultados podem ter se dado pela ausência do controle alimentar, sobrecarga de medicamentos, duração da intervenção, modo de administração e dose do suplemento. Logo, são necessários estudos futuros sobre os efeitos do óleo de abacate nessa população, que controlem melhor essas variáveis.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is defined as a set of clinical conditions that affect approximately 25% of the world's population and 29.6% of Brazilians. This syndrome is related to increased cardiovascular outcomes, which may be predicted by the lipid profile. Bioactive compounds, such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), are strong allies in preventing these outcomes. Avocado is an important food because it contains abundant bioactive compounds and MUFAs. However, few studies evaluated the effects of pure/virgin avocado oil on the lipid profile in humans with metabolic syndrome, and its effects on atherogenic indices are not known. Objective:This study evaluated avocado oil supplementation on lipid levels and atherogenic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome. Method: Thirty-one obese adults were randomised into a control group (soybean oil) and an intervention group (avocado oil). These groups were evaluated in the pre- and post-intervention periods (12 weeks) via clinical anamnesis and nutritional assessment. Results: The control group and the intervention group had higher intakes of lipids and saturated fat than recommended. For the lipid profile and atherogenic indices, no significant difference was observed between the pre- and postintervention periods. Conclusion: These results may have been due to the absence of dietary control, medication overload, intervention duration, mode of administration and dose of the supplement. Therefore, future studies on the effects of avocado oil are needed in this population to better control these variables.

Persea americana Mill.: Evaluation of cytogenotoxicity and phytochemical prospection of leaf extracts

Abstract Persea americana Mill., belonging to the family Lauraceae, is noteworthy for the large amount of ethnopharmacological information in its regard, attributing to it many and varied medicinal properties. The tea and alcoholic extracts made from its leaves are used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. This study was designed to analyze the cytogenotoxicity and underlying chemistry of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of avocado leaves, using the Allium cepa and micronucleus tests. The results obtained by applying the experimental models demonstrate that the extracts did not have a genotoxic effect at any of the concentrations analyzed, and even demonstrated a certain protective effect, possibly due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols, both of which are antioxidant substances. However, the extracts did present a cytotoxic effect. There were numerous karyorrhectic cells and those with nuclear alterations related to cell death. At the highest concentrations, it was possible to observe cytoplasmic alterations and binucleated cells. The extracts also caused a significant reduction in the number of cells undergoing division. These effects can be a response to the phytochemical agents present in the extracts. The results suggest that the extracts contain bioactive components that deserve further studies related to cancer therapies.

Persea americana attenuates inflammatory response associated with hyperlipidemia in ovariectomized and irradiated rats by regulating MMP-3/TIMP-1 levels

Objective: To explore the effect of Persea americana supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid profiles in ovariectomized rats fed with a high-fat diet and exposed to radiation. Methods: The control group was sham operated, while groups 2-5 were ovariectomized and fed a high-fat diet. Groups 4 and 5 were exposed to γ-radiation (1 Gy/week for 5 weeks) after ovariectomy. Groups 3 and 5 were treated with 1 mL/250 g/day of Persea americana for one month. Serum levels of estrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins were measured. Additionally, hepatic oxidative stress, inflammatory and fibrogenic markers were evaluated. Results: Persea americana treatment reduced the oxidative stress markers as well as the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which in turn lowered hepatic fat accumulation. Moreover, it suppressed hepatic inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein) and downregulated pro-fibrogenic markers (transforming growth factor-β and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1). Conclusions: Persea americana provides protection against ovariectomy, and gamma radiation-mediated hepatic inflammation not only through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering effect but also by modulating the fibrogenic markers.

In vitro inhibitory potential of avocado fruits, Persea americana (Lauraceae) against oxidation, inflammation and key enzymes linked to skin diseases / Inhibidor potencial in vitro de frutos de aguacate, Persea americana (Lauraceae) contra la oxidación, inflamación y enzimas clave vinculadas a enfermedades de la piel

Abstract Introduction: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a member of Lauraceae with one-seeded berry fruit and cultivated in all tropical, subtropical regions in the world and in the Southern coast region of Turkey. Oxidative damage caused by UV can trigger inflammation, resulting in serious inflammatory skin diseases including eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, hyperpigmentation and ageing. Enzyme inhibitors involved in melanogenesis, such as tyrosinase, have been used recently for hyperpigmentation and skin diseases in cosmetic products. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase activities and total polyphenolic contents of the different parts of P. americana fruit. Methods: The fruit was divided into exocarp, mesocarp, seed, and then methanol and n-hexane extracts were prepared. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacities and inhibitory potentials on lipid peroxidation were determined to investigate the antioxidant potentials of the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated by measuring the stabilization level of the human red blood cell membrane. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the samples were determined using mushroom tyrosinase. Results: In general methanol extracts possessed remarkable higher DPPH free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The highest activity was determined in methanol extracts of seed (4.17 ± 0.04 mg/mL) followed by exocarp (5.25 ± 0.05 mg/mL). Overall methanol extracts possessed higher ABTS free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The greatest ABTS free radical scavenging activity was obtained in methanol extracts of seed (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/mL). In the anti-lipid peroxidation assay, the greatest activity was noticed in methanol extracts of seed (7.71 ± 0.36 µg/mL) followed by exocarp (12.12 ± 0.34 µg/mL), while all n-hexane extracts were inactive. Overall methanol extracts exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties than n-hexane extracts. However, the maximum anti-tyrosinase activity was determined in n-hexane extracts of exocarp (0.40 ± 0.01 mg/mL) followed by seed (0.46 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Conclusions: These extracts are promising candidates for use as natural products-based antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in inflammation-related disease, and also anti-tyrosinase properties in dermatological applications.

Resumen Introducción: El aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) es un miembro de Lauraceae, es una baya de una semilla que se cultiva en todas las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo y la región costera sur de Turquía. El daño oxidativo causado por los rayos ultravioleta puede desencadenar inflamación, lo que posteriormente da como resultado enfermedades inflamatorias graves de la piel como eccema, dermatitis seborreica, hiperpigmentación y envejecimiento. Los inhibidores de enzimas implicados en la melanogénesis, como la tirosinasa, se han utilizado recientemente para la hiperpigmentación y enfermedades de la piel en productos cosméticos. Objetivo: Evaluar las actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, antitirosinasas y los contenidos polifenólicos totales de las partes del fruto de P. americana. Métodos: El fruto se dividió en tres partes: exocarpio, mesocarpio y semilla, y se prepararon extractos de metanol y n-hexano. Se determinaron las capacidades de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH y ABTS y los potenciales inhibidores sobre la peroxidación de lípidos para investigar los potenciales antioxidantes de los extractos. Las actividades antiinflamatorias de los extractos se evaluaron midiendo el nivel de estabilización de la membrana de los glóbulos rojos humanos. Las actividades inhibidoras de tirosinasa de las muestras se determinaron utilizando tirosinasa de hongos. Resultados: En general, los extractos de metanol poseían actividades de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH notablemente más altas que los extractos de n-hexano. La actividad más alta se presentó en extractos metanólicos de semilla (4.17±0.04 mg/mL) seguido del exocarpio (5.25±0.05 mg/mL). En general, los extractos de metanol poseían una mayor actividad de eliminación de radicales libres ABTS que los extractos de n-hexano. La mayor actividad captadora de radicales libres de ABTS se obtuvo en extractos metanólicos de semilla (0.03±0.01 mg/mL). En el ensayo de anti-peroxidación lipídica, la mayor actividad se observó en los extractos metanólicos de semillas (7.71±0.36 µg/mL) seguidos del exocarpio (12.12±0.34 µg/mL), mientras que todos los extractos de n-hexano estaban inactivos. En general, los extractos de metanol exhibieron mayores propiedades anti-inflamatorias y antioxidantes que los extractos de n-hexano. Sin embargo, la actividad anti-tirosinasa máxima se determinó en extractos de exocarpio de n-hexano (0.40±0.01 mg/mL) seguido de semillas (0.46±0.01 mg/mL). Conclusiones: Estos extractos son candidatos prometedores como productos naturales debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias para tratar enfermedades relacionadas con la inflamación, y también propiedades antitirosinasas en aplicaciones dermatológicas.

Evaluación de un biorecubrimiento comestible a base de almidón modificado aplicado a aguacate (Persea americana) mínimamente procesado

RESUMEN Los recubrimientos se definen como productos comestibles que forman una fina capa sobre el alimento y se caracterizan por que constituyen una barrera semipermeable a los gases y al vapor de agua que retrasa el deterioro del alimento, mejoran las propiedades mecánicas, ayudan a mantener la integridad estructural del producto que envuelven, ayudan a retener compuestos volátiles y pueden actuar como vehículo de aditivos alimentarios. Se evaluó el desempeño de los biorecubrimientos sobre el aguacate mediante la determinación de propiedades sensoriales y fisicoquímicas. Los resultados muestran que todas las variables están significativamente influenciadas por la biomolécula empleada "almidón modificado de ñame variedad espino", observando un desempeño favorable en los biorecubrimientos comestibles, por lo cual se confirma la efectividad de utilizar biorecubrimiento comestible a base de almidón modificado de ñame con anhídrido n-octenil succínico (n-OSA) como una alternativa para la conservación del aguacate mínimamente procesado debido a que presentó menor variación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas.

ABSTRACT Coatings are defined as edible products which form a thin layer on food, and are characterized by a semipermeable barrier for gases and water vapor which slow food spoilage, improve mechanical properties, help maintain the structural integrity of product wrapping, retain volatile compounds and can act as a vehicle for food additives. We evaluated the performance of biofilms on avocado through the determination of physico-chemical and sensory properties. The results show that all the variables were significantly influenced by the biomolecule employed "modified yam variety espino starch", noting a favorable performance in edible biofilms, confirming the effectiveness of using edible biorecubation based on modified yam starch with n-octenyl succinic anhydhyded (n-OSA) as an alternative for the preservation of minimally processed avocado because it had less variation in physicochemical properties.

Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de Persea americana (Aguacate) variedad Choquette sobre el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli / Evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts of Persea americana (Avocado) variety Choquette on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Las enfermedades infecciosas se encuentran entre las primeras causas de muerte a nivel mundial y la situación se agravada por la aparición progresiva de resistencia a las terapias farmacológicas convencionales. La Persea americana (aguacate), posee sustancias activas que regulan la proliferación de algunos microorganismos patógenos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana y concentración mínima inhibitoria de extractos de Persea americana variedad Choquette sobre el crecimiento de S. aureus ATCC 29213 y E. coli ATCC 25922. La presente fue una investigación de tipo experimental en la que se utilizaron extractos de la cáscara, pulpa y semilla a partir de solventes orgánicos. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibidora (CMI) y bactericida (CMB) de cada extracto utilizando placas de agar Mueller Hinton las cuales fueron inoculadas con la suspensión bacteriana ajustada. La CMI y CMB para la E. coli. Tratada con la cáscara (solvente hexano y el cloroformo) fue de (1/2)1000 mg/ml; la CMI y CMB para el S. aureus (con los solventes cloroformo y acetato de etilo) fue de (1/2)1000 mg/ml, el extracto de la pulpa no presentó actividad antimicrobiana para ambos microorganismos. Los resultados reflejan actividad antimicrobiana en cascara y semilla, por lo que se propone desarrollar nuevas investigaciones orientadas hacia la caracterización de estos compuestos con miras al desarrollo de fármacos antimicrobianos

Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide and the situation is aggravated by the progressive emergence of resistance to conventional drug therapies. The Persea americana (avocado), has active substances that regulate the proliferation of some pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts of Persea americana variety Choquette on the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. coli ATCC 25922. The present was an experimental investigation using extracts of the shell, pulp and seed from organic solvents. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MIB) concentration of each extract was determined using Mueller Hinton agar plates which were inoculated with the adjusted bacterial suspension. The MIC and CMB for E. coli. Treated with the shell (hexane solvent and chloroform) was (1/2)1000 mg/ml; the MIC and CMB for S. aureus (with the solvents chloroform and ethyl acetate) was (1/2)1000 mg/ml, the pulp extract did not present antimicrobial activity for both microorganisms. The results reflect antimicrobial activity in shell and seed, so it is proposed to develop further research aimed at the characterization of these compounds for the development of antimicrobial drugs

Detection and epidemiological progress of quiescent avocado diseases / Detecção e progresso epidemiológico de doenças quiescentes do abacate

ABSTRACT: One of the major problems in the commercialization of avocados is the incidence of postharvest diseases, especially anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) and stem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusicoccum aesculi and Neofusicoccum spp.). As there is a lack of epidemiological information on these pathosystems, the objective of this study was to establish a method to detect quiescent infections and characterize their temporal progression and spatial pattern in a commercial orchard. Detection of quiescent infections was evaluated in flowers and fruits that were immature and in commercial harvest stage, treated with paraquat, ethrel or water. Treatment of flowers and immature fruits with paraquat led to rapid detection of Colletotrichum spp. In two seasons of a 'Hass' avocado orchard, the incidence of diseases was evaluated from open flowers to fruit harvest, totaling 11 evaluations at biweekly intervals. When fruits reached the harvest stage, the spatial distribution of diseased fruits in the trees was evaluated by means of dispersion index and modified Taylor's law. Considering the evaluation of temporal disease progression, anthracnose was the most important disease, presenting a high initial incidence of 60 and 86% diseased flowers in the two seasons, respectively, while fruits showed an average disease incidence of 70 and 87%, respectively. Stem-end rot was observed only in fruits since the beginning of their development and presented low incidence (<8% fruits), significantly inferior to that of anthracnose. The diseases showed random dispersion within the trees, indicating that their initial inoculum is evenly distributed in the plants.

RESUMO: Um dos grandes problemas na comercialização de abacates é a incidência de doenças pós-colheita, principalmente a antracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) e as podridões pedunculares (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusicoccum aesculi e Neofusicoccum spp.). Em função da carência de informações epidemiológicas sobre esses patossistemas, objetivou-se estabelecer um método para detectar infecções quiescentes e caracterizar o progresso temporal e o padrão espacial dessas doenças em pomar comercial. A detecção de infecções quiescentes foi avaliada em flores e em frutos imaturos e no ponto de colheita comercial, tratados com paraquat, ethrel ou água. O tratamento de flores e frutos imaturos com paraquat propiciou uma rápida detecção de Colletotrichum spp. Em duas safras de um pomar de abacate 'Hass', avaliou-se a incidência das doenças a partir das flores abertas até a colheita dos frutos, totalizando 11 avaliações em intervalos quinzenais. Quando os frutos alcançaram o ponto de colheita, avaliou-se a distribuição espacial de frutos doentes nas árvores por meio do índice de dispersão e da lei de Taylor modificada. Na avaliação do progresso temporal das doenças, a antracnose foi a mais importante, apresentando elevada incidência inicial, com 60 e 86% das flores doentes nas duas safras, enquanto que os frutos apresentaram médias de 70 e 87% de incidência da doença, respectivamente. As podridões pedunculares foram constatadas em frutos desde o início de seu desenvolvimento e apresentaram baixas incidências (<8% de frutos), significativamente inferior à de antracnose. As doenças apresentaram dispersão ao acaso dentro das árvores, indicando que o inóculo inicial das doenças está distribuído de maneira uniforme nas plantas.

Antidiabetic potential of methanol extracts from leaves of Piper umbellatum L.and Persea americana Mill

Objective:To determine inhibitory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Piper umbellatum and Persea americana (P.americana) (traditionally used in Cameroon against diabetes) on α-glucosidase,β-glucosidase,maltase-gluconmylase,aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activities,enzymes involved in starch digestion or diabetic complications.Methods:The methanol extracts from Piper umbellatum and P.americana were prepared by maceration.To assess relative efficacy of these extracts,the determination of concentrations that were needed to inhibit 50％ of enzyme activity was done,whereas,gas chromatography-mass spectrum was used to identify components from extracts that may be responsible for the activities.Resullts The tested extracts strongly inhibited α-glucosidase,maltase-glucoamylase,aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activities with IC50 ranging from (1.07 ± 0.03) to 01.77 + 1.17) μg/mL.Among the tested extracts,P.americana was the most active against sensitive enzymes (IC50 of 1.07 ± 0.03 to 15.63 ± 1.23).But,none of the extracts showed interesting inhibitory effect against β-glucosidase as their percentage inhibitions were less than 16％.From gas chromatographymass spectrum analysis,10 and 8 compounds were identified in Piper umbellatum and P.americana extracts respectively,using NIST library 2014.Conclusions:Results of this study provide the scientific credential for a prospective usage of these plants to treat diabetes.

Influence of spray drying process on the quality of avocado powder: a functional food with great industrial potential / Influencia del proceso de secado por aspersión en la calidad del polvo de aguacate: un alimento funcional con gran potencial industrial

Background: Colombia is the fifth largest producer of avocado and its agribusiness chain lacks value-added diversified products; therefore, at the governmental level, there has been promotion of internationalization policies aimed at opening up new markets and innovation with improved technology and food consumption patterns. The spray drying is an alternative conservation for avocado, a highly perishable fruit. Objectives: the aim of this study was to optimize the spray drying process for obtaining Hass avocado powder with better physicochemical properties and processing. Methods: an experimental design "Optimal" was used in the response surface methodology based on four factors: (A) maltodextrin (MD) concentration (2.81 to 11.25% w/w), (B) air inlet temperature (140-160°C), (C) outlet air temperature (80-90°C) and (D) atomizer disk speed (20000-26000 rpm). Results: the response variables where statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found including: moisture, water activity, solubility, color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) hygroscopicity, wettability, extractable oil and deposit formation versus factors studied. Optimized value factors were: (A) 6.93% (B) 160°C (C) 84°C and (D) 26000 rpm. Conclusions: the experimental process optimization is presented as an effective tool for agribusiness, which improves product quality in terms of the factors that affect it, and in the case of avocado, allows the development of new value-added products, with potential uses in the food industry, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, among others.

Antecedentes: Colombia es el quinto productor de aguacate y su cadena de agronegocios no cuenta con suficientes productos diversificados de valor agregado; por lo tanto, a nivel gubernamental, se han promovido políticas de internacionalización dirigidas a abrir nuevos mercados e innovación con tecnología mejorada y con patrones en el consumo de alimentos. El secado por aspersión es una alternativa de conservación del aguacate, una fruta altamente perecedera. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue optimizar el proceso de secado por atomización para obtener polvo de aguacate Hass con mejores propiedades fisicoquímicas y de procesamiento. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño experimental "optimización" en la metodología de superficie de respuesta basado en cuatro factores: (A) concentración de maltodextrina (MD) (2,81 a 11,25% p/p), (B) temperatura del aire de entrada (140-160°C), (C) temperatura del aire de salida (80-90°C) y (D) velocidad del disco del atomizador (20000-26000 rpm). Resultados: las variables de respuesta donde se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) incluyen: humedad, actividad del agua, solubilidad, coordenadas de color (L*, a*, b*), higroscopicidad, humectabilidad, extracción de aceite y formación de depósitos frente a los factores estudiados. Los factores de valor optimizados fueron: (A) 6.93% (B) 160°C (C) 84°C y (D) 26000 rpm. Conclusiones: la optimización del proceso experimental se presenta como una herramienta efectiva para los agronegocios, que mejora la calidad del producto en términos de los factores que lo afectan, y en el caso del aguacate, permite el desarrollo de nuevos productos de valor agregado, con posibles usos en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica, cosmecéutica, entre otras.

Antidiabetic potential of methanol extracts from leaves of Piper umbellatum L. and Persea americana Mill

Objective: To determine inhibitory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Piper umbellatum and Persea americana (P. americana) (traditionally used in Cameroon against diabetes) on α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, maltase-glucoamylase, aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activities, enzymes involved in starch digestion or diabetic complications. Methods: The methanol extracts from Piper umbellatum and P. americana were prepared by maceration. To assess relative efficacy of these extracts, the determination of concentrations that were needed to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity was done, whereas, gas chromatography-mass spectrum was used to identify components from extracts that may be responsible for the activities. Results: The tested extracts strongly inhibited α-glucosidase, maltase-glucoamylase, aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activities with IC

Colletotrichum fructicola, a Member of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, is the Causal Agent of Anthracnose and Soft Rot in Avocado Fruits cv. “Hass”

The filamentous Ascomycota Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato is a fungus that has been reported worldwide as a causal agent of anthracnose disease in avocado and other crops. In Mexico, this species affects fruits from an early stage of development in the orchard until the post-harvest stage. Although fungicides are continuously applied to control Colletotrichum species, pericarp cankers and soft rot mesocarp in fruits are still frequently observed. Considering the lack of a precise description of the causative agent, the aim of the current study was to determine the pathogens involved in this symptomatology. Twenty-four isolates were consistently obtained from the pericarp of avocado fruits cv. “Hass” collected in the central avocado-producing area of Mexico. Morphological features such as colony growth, conidia size, and mycelial appressorium were assessed. Bayesian multilocus phylogenetic analyses were performed using amplified sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; actin, chitin synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase partial genes; and APn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and mating type Mat1-2 partial gene from the nine selected isolates. In addition, fruits were inoculated with a conidial suspension and reproducible symptoms confirmed the presence of Colletotrichum fructicola in this area. This pathogenic species can now be added to those previously reported in the country, such as C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. godetiae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. karstii. Disease management programs to reduce the incidence of anthracnose should include C. fructicola to determine its response to fungicides that are routinely applied, considering that the appearance of new species is affecting the commercial quality of the fruits and shifting the original population structure.

INCREMENTO EN LA VIDA ÚTIL POST COSECHA DEL AGUACATE (Persea americana) UTILIZANDO RECUBRIMIENTOS A BASE DE GOMA GELANA

El aguacate es uno de los frutos de importancia económica en Colombia que presenta pérdidas en post cosecha. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un recubrimiento comestible a base de gelana de alto (GAA) y bajo acilo (GBA), sobre la calidad post cosecha del aguacate (Persea americana cv. "Hass"), almacenado durante nueve semanas. Para la elaboración de los recubrimientos, se utilizó un diseño factorial 2³, donde los factores fueron las concentraciones de GAA (0,30 y 0,60% p/v), GBA (0,30 y 0,60% p/v) y glicerol (GLI) (8,0 y 12% v/v); como agente antimicrobiano, se utilizó extracto acuoso de Toronjil (Melissa officinalis L), por ser un aditivo natural. Se evaluaron propiedades, como la firmeza, la pérdida de humedad, el pH y los sólidos solubles totales (SST), durante almacenamiento. Finalmente, para la estimación del periodo de vida útil, se empleó la ecuación de Monod Hinshelwood, previo modelado de los datos, con ayuda de la ecuación de Baranyi y Roberts. Los resultados indicaron que la aplicación de recubrimientos comestibles de goma gelana, conteniendo bajas concentraciones de glicerol, disminuye significativamente (P<0,05) la pérdida de firmeza, de humedad, de sólidos solubles y evitan grandes modificaciones del pH, manteniendo la calidad del aguacate, alargando la vida útil.

Avocado is one of the fruits of economic importance in Colombia. However, it presents losses mainly during the post-harvest period. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of an edible coating based on high acyl (HAG) and low acyl gellan (LAG) on post-harvest avocado quality (Persea americana cv. "Hass") stored during nine weeks. A factorial design 2³ was employed for the biofilm preparation, where the factors were concentrations of HAG (0.30 and 0.60% w/v), LAG (0.30 and 0.60% w/v) and glycerol (GLY v/v). As antimicrobial aqueous extract of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L) was used. Properties such as firmness, moisture loss, pH, total soluble solids (TSS) during storage were evaluated. Finally, for the microbiological shelf life estimation the Hinshelwood Monod equation was applied previous data modeling using the Baranyi and Roberts model. The results indicated that the application of edible coatings based on gellan gum containing low concentrations of glycerol reduces the loss of firmness, moisture, soluble solids and prevent large changes in pH, maintaining the quality of avocado and extend its shelf life.

Guacamole powder: standardization of the spray drying process / Guacamole en polvo: estandarización del proceso de secado por aspersión

Background: Guacamole is a sauce or dressing composed of avocado pulp and other ingredients. Guacamole powder is an important advance in the generation of value added for the avocado chain, as it is an alternative product with the potential to be used by the final consumer. Objectives: The aim of this study was to standardize the spray drying process for guacamole powder using the response surface methodology. Methods: Four independent variables were taken into account for the experiment design: atomizing disk speed (ADS), air inlet temperature (AIT), air outlet temperature (AOT) and vacuum pressure (VP). In addition, the following dependent variables were considered: water activity (aw), moisture (Xw), solubility (S), hygroscopicity (H), color (L*, a* and b*), extractable oil content (EO), peroxide index (PI) and particle size (D10, D50 and D90). Likewise, the following two dependent variables associated with the process were identified: yield (Y) and deposit formation (DF). Results: The best conditions for the process were obtained with ADS = 27451 rpm, AIT = 168ºC, AOT = 90ºC and VP = 1.77 ″H2O. These conditions yielded guacamole powder with the desired properties, namely: maximum Y, S, L*, b*, EO and minimal DF, aw, Xw, H, a*, PI, D10, D50, D90. Conclusions: The spray drying process is an effective technology that provides added value to avocado, the ADS being the independent variable that has the greatest impact on the quality of powdered guacamole.

Antecedentes: El guacamole es una salsa o aderezo compuesto por pulpa de aguacate y otros ingredientes. El guacamole en polvo representa un avance importante en la generación de valor agregado de la cadena del aguacate, al identificarse como un producto alternativo con potencial uso por el consumidor final. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio fue estandarizar el proceso de secado por aspersión para la obtención de guacamole en polvo, utilizando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Métodos: Para el diseño experimental se consideró cuatro variables independientes: velocidad del disco atomizador (VDA), temperatura de entrada de aire (TEA), temperatura de salida de aire (TSA) y presión de vacío (PV). Además, se consideraron las siguientes variables dependientes: actividad de agua (aw), humedad (Xw), solubilidad (S), higroscopicidad (H), color (L* , a* y b* ), contenido de aceite extraíble (AE), índice de peróxido (IP) y tamaño de partícula (D10, D50 y D90). Además, se determinaron dos variables dependientes asociadas al proceso, rendimiento (Y), y la formación de depósito (FD). Resultados: La mejor condición de proceso se alcanzó con VDA = 27451 rpm, TEA = 168ºC, TSA = 90ºC y PV = 1,77 ″H2O. En esta condición se obtuvo guacamole en polvo con propiedades deseadas máximo R, S, L*, b*, AE y mínima FD, aw, Xw, H, a* , IP, D10, D50, D90. Conclusiones: El proceso de secado por aspersión es una tecnología efectiva que proporciona valor agregado al aguacate, siendo la VDA la variable independiente que mayor afectación tiene sobre la calidad del guacamole en polvo.

Triterpenoid of avocado (Persea americana) seed and its cytotoxic activity toward breast MCF-7 and liver HepG2 cancer cells

Objective To determine the structure of triterpenoid isolated from avocado seeds and the cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. Methods The powder sample was macerated with ethanol, followed with separation of the extract by column chromatography. The target compound was monitored on thin layer chromatography plate and reagent Lieberman–Buchard. The isolated compound was characterized by spectral analysis, mainly ultraviolet, infrared, and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and their spectroscopic data with those reported in literature were compared. In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated against Vero, MCF-7, and HepG2 cell lines using MTT assay. Results A triterpenoid compound was isolated from ethanol extract. The extracts, fraction (F

Triterpenoid of avocado (Persea americana) seed and its cytotoxic activity toward breast MCF-7 and liver HepG2 cancer cells

Objective:To determine the structure of triterpenoid isolated from avocado seeds and the cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and HepG2 cells.Methods:The powder sample was macerated with ethanol,followed with separation of the extract by column chromatography.The target compound was monitored on thin layer chromatography plate and reagent Lieberman-Buchard.The isolated compound was characterized by spectral analysis,mainly ultraviolet,infrared,and liquid chromatographymass spectroscopy and their spectroscopic data with those reported in literature were compared.In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated against Vero,MCF-7,and HepG2 cell lines using MTT assay.Results:A triterpenoid compound was isolated from ethanol extract.The extracts,fraction (F3),and the isolated compound showed a significant cytotoxic activity against all investigated cell lines.MTT assay showed that the triterpenoid isolate inhibited cell proliferation of MCF-7 and lepG2 cell line with the IC50 values of 62 μg/mL and 12 ug/mL,respectively,and was safe to normal cells.Conclusions:The results of the present study reveal that tritcrpenoid from avocado seeds have the potential for further development as anticancer agents.

Inhibitory effect of Persea cordata Mez. (pau-andrade) bark extracts against Clostridium perfringens causing gangrenous mastitis

Introduction: Gangrenous mastitis is a special clinical presentation of mastitis in cattle and small ruminants. The bark of the tree Persea cordata Mez. is used in Brazilian ethnoveterinary medicine to treat wounds in farm animals. Objectives: Examine in vitro antimicrobial action of apolar fractions of P. cordata bark against a wild strain of C. perfringens isolated from the udder of a cow with gangrenous mastitis, and against a reference strain. Methods: A milk sample was collected from the udder, aliquots were diluted and Gram-stained smears were performed. The aliquots were inoculated in broth and planted in blood agar, and then incubated in anaerobiosis at 37oC / 24h. Biochemical identification was based on bacterial isolation. In vitro inhibitory activity of apolar fractions of P. cordata was evaluated by agar diffusion and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) using the agar dilution method. Results: In both tests the plant extracts displayed significant in vitro inhibitory activity against the clinical and reference strains of C. perfringens assayed. Conclusion: The study is the first demonstration of the inhibitory effect of P. cordata on C. perfringens, due to its antimicrobial properties, which serves as evidence supporting its folk use. The extracts could be used as coadjuvants in the treatment of gangrenous mastitis(AU)

Introducción: la mastitis gangrenosa es una presentación clínica especial de mastitis en el ganado y pequeños rumiantes. Persea cordata Mez. , es un árbol conocido en la etnoveterinaria brasileña, cuya corteza se utiliza en la curación de heridas en animales de granja. Objetivos: investigar el efecto antimicrobiano in vitro de fracciones apolares de la corteza de P. cordata contra una cepa salvaje de C. perfringens, aislada de la ubre de una vaca con mastitis gangrenosa y una cepa de referencia. Métodos: Se recogió una muestra de leche de la ubre, se diluyeron alícuotas, y se realizaron frotis teñidos por Gram. Las alícuotas fueron inoculadas en caldo y sembradas en agar sangre, y posteriormente incubados en anaerobiosis a 37 oC/24h. La identificación bioquímica fue realizada a partir del aislamiento bacteriano. La actividad inhibitoria in vitro de las fracciones apolares de P. cordata fue evaluada utilizando la técnica de difusión en agar y la CMI (concentración minima inhibitoria) mediante el método de dilución en agar. Resultados: los extractos de la planta, en ambas pruebas, presentaron significativa actividad inhibitoria in vitro contra las cepas clínica y de referencia de C. perfringens ensayadas. Conclusión: se concluyó que, por primera vez, se demuestra un efecto inhibitorio de P. cordata sobre C. perfringens, reforzando el uso popular, debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas. Los extractos podrán ser utilizados como coadyuvantes en el tratamiento de la mastitis gangrenosa(AU)