Perspectiva holística en salud: la contribución de la Homeopatía / Holistic Perspective in Health: The Contribution of Homeopathy

En el panorama de la salud, el cuerpo humano, en su estado natural, se revela como una intrincada unidad que opera en armonía para mantener el equilibrio dinámico. Sin embargo, esta homeostasis puede verse afectada, dando lugar a la dualidad y a trastornos que comprometen la estabilidad vital. Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre la perspectiva homeopática, destacando su enfoque único en comparación con la medicina convencional. Diferenciándose al tratar al individuo como un todo integrado, la Homeopatía reconoce la transitoriedad de la dualidad representada por las enfermedades y enfatiza la importancia de la armonía entre el cuerpo y la mente en la búsqueda de la homeostasis. Inspirada en las ideas de Hahnemann, la Homeopatía se destaca por su visión holística, rechazando el dualismo estricto y proponiendo intervenciones que van más allá de la supresión de los síntomas. Anclada en la ley de los similares, busca sustancias que reproduzcan los síntomas del paciente en un estado saludable, buscando una cura profunda y la restauración de la unidad dinámica del organismo. A pesar de los desafíos, como la resistencia y la falta de métodos de investigación universalmente aceptados, la Homeopatía persiste a nivel mundial, sugiriendo un valor único. Este artículo promueve una reflexión sobre el enfoque homeopático, enfatizando su contribución a la comprensión de la salud y su papel en el panorama terapéutico.

n the landscape of health, the human body, in its natural state, reveals itself as an intricate unity, operating harmoniously to maintain dynamic balance. However, this homeostasis can be disrupted, leading to duality and disturbances that compromise vital stability. This article reflects on the homeopathic perspective, highlighting its unique approach compared to conventional medicine. Distinguishing itself by treating the individual as an integrated whole, homeopathy recognizes the transience of duality represented by diseases and emphasizes the importance of harmony between body and mind in the pursuit of homeostasis.Inspired by Hahnemann's ideas, homeopathy stands out for its holistic view, rejecting strict dualism and proposing interventions that go beyond symptom suppression. Anchored in the Law of Similars, it seeks substances that would reproduce the patient's symptoms in a healthy state, aiming for a profound cure and the restoration of the dynamic unity of the organism. Despite challenges, such as resistance and a lack of universally accepted research methods, homeopathy persists globally, suggesting unique value. This article encourages reflection on the homeopathic approach, emphasizing

Violence suffered by Venezuelan immigrant female sex workers: an intersectional view / Violencia sufrida por trabajadoras sexuales inmigrantes venezolanas: una mirada interseccional / Violências sofridas por mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas profissionais do sexo: um olhar interseccional

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize and analyze violence committed against Venezuelan immigrant female sex workers, from the perspective of an intersectional look at social class, gender and race-ethnicity. Method: Exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Data sources: interviews with 15 Venezuelan immigrant women sex workers and 37 Brazilian online media reports that addressed the topic. Data were submitted to thematic content analysis, with the support of Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA) software. Results: Thematic analysis of data from reports and interviews allowed the emergence of three empirical categories: Structural violence and reasons that led to prostitution: a question of social class; Among the forms of violence, the most feared: physical violence; Violence based on gender and race-ethnicity. Conclusion: The study made it possible to recognize that Venezuelan immigrant women who are sex workers in Brazil are subject to different types of violence and exploitation. This scenario is due to a reality of life and work that is based on the exploitation of female workers who experience the consequences of the interweaving of subalternities characteristic of their social insertion of class, gender and race-ethnicity.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar y analizar la violencia ejercida contra trabajadoras sexuales inmigrantes venezolanas, desde una mirada interseccional de clase social, género y raza-etnia. Método: Estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo. Fuentes de datos: entrevistas con 15 trabajadoras sexuales inmigrantes venezolanas y 37 informes de medios en línea brasileños que abordaron el tema. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido temático, con el apoyo del software Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA). Resultados: El análisis temático de los datos de los informes y entrevistas permitió la emergencia de tres categorías empíricas: Violencia estructural y motivos que llevaron a la prostitución: una cuestión de clase social; Entre las formas de violencia, las más temidas: la violencia física; Violencia basada en el género y la raza-etnia. Conclusión: El estudio permitió reconocer que las mujeres inmigrantes venezolanas que ejercen el trabajo sexual en Brasil están sujetas a diferentes tipos de violencia y explotación. Este escenario obedece a una realidad de vida y de trabajo que se fundamenta en la explotación de los trabajadores que experimentan las consecuencias del entrecruzamiento de subalternidades propias de su inserción social de clase, género y raza-etnia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar e analisar violências praticadas contra mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas profissionais do sexo, na perspectiva de um olhar interseccional de classe social, gênero e raça-etnia. Método: Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa. Fontes dos dados: entrevistas com 15 mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas trabalhadoras do sexo e 37 reportagens da mídia online brasileira que abordavam o tema. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática, com o apoio do software Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA). Resultados: A análise temática dos dados das reportagens e das entrevistas permitiu a emergência de três categorias empíricas: Violência estrutural e motivos que levaram à prostituição: uma questão de classe social; Entre as violências, a mais temida: a violência física; Violências baseadas no gênero e na raça-etnia. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu reconhecer que mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas profissionais do sexo no Brasil estão sujeitas a diferentes tipos de violência e exploração. Este cenário deve-se a uma realidade de vida e trabalho que se fundamenta na exploração de trabalhadoras que vivenciam as consequências do entrelaçamento das subalternizações características da sua inserção social de classe, gênero e raça-etnia.

Mujeres consumidoras de drogas en tratamiento ambulatorio: estudio cualitativo desde una perspectiva de género y de salud mental comunitaria / Women drug-users in outpatient treatment: a qualitative study from a gender and community mental health perspective

RESUMEN Las mujeres consumidoras de drogas se enfrentan a grandes desafíos en el acceso y la adherencia al tratamiento ambulatorio. Sin embargo, esta cuestión ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo del estudio es comprender las experiencias de un grupo de mujeres en tratamiento por consumo de drogas. Entre marzo y diciembre de 2021, se realizó un estudio cualitativo fenomenológico interpretativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 16 mujeres usuarias de un centro de atención a las drogodependencias de Cataluña (España). Los datos se procesaron mediante el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que las mujeres, pese a percibir un impacto positivo del tratamiento, viven realidades de vulnerabilidad relacionadas con la estigmatización, la falta de apoyo social y una baja cobertura de necesidades específicas con implicaciones en el seguimiento terapéutico. Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de mejorar los recursos para una atención especializada y promover una red de apoyo social donde participen activamente las mujeres consumidoras de drogas.

ABSTRACT Women drug-users face significant challenges in accessing and adhering to outpatient treatment. However, this issue has been underexplored. The study aims to understand the experiences of a group of women undergoing drug use treatment. Between March and December 2021, a qualitative phenomenological interpretative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 16 women attending a drug-dependence care center in Catalonia, Spain. Data were processed through content analysis. The results indicate that, despite perceiving a positive impact of the treatment, women experience vulnerabilities related to stigmatization, lack of social support, and insufficient coverage of specific needs, impacting therapeutic follow-up. The findings emphasize the need to enhance resources for specialized care and promote a social support network where women drug-users actively participate.

Investigação de surtos e epidemias: transformações na teoria, nos conceitos e nas práticas do século XVIII ao século XXI / Outbreaks and epidemics investigations: changes in theories, concepts, and practices from the 18th to the 21st century

Resumo Este ensaio objetiva discutir as investigações de surtos e epidemias, desde os primeiros relatos disponíveis na literatura científica do século XVIII até o momento atual, utilizando para sua construção artigos científicos e livros sobre a temática. O principal argumento desenvolvido é a passagem de abordagens qualitativas da epidemiologia, predominantes nos períodos iniciais, para a abordagem quantitativa, que inicialmente convive com a qualitativa, mas se torna dominante a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. Conclui-se com uma breve reflexão sobre o momento atual de enfrentamento da epidemia da covid-19.

Abstract This essay aims to discuss the investigation of outbreaks and epidemics, from the first reports available in scientific literature from the 18th century to the present time, using scientific articles and books on the subject for its construction. The main argument developed is the transition from qualitative approaches of epidemiology, which predominated in the early periods, to the quantitative approach, which initially coexists with the qualitative one but became dominant from the second half of the 19th century. It concludes with a brief reflection on the current moment of confronting the COVID-19 epidemic.

Teorías subjetivas sobre el tiempo de espera y experiencias de la parentalidad adoptiva / Subjective theories about waiting time and experiences from adoptive parenting

Resumen El proceso de adopción comprende cambios importantes en las familias adoptivas, pues implica una reestructuración y adaptación a una nueva organización del sistema familiar. Durante este proceso los padres elaboran expectativas y creencias respecto a cómo comportarse frente a los cambios y adaptarse a sus hijos, desde donde dirigen sus prácticas de crianza. La percepción del tiempo que tenga cada persona posee un papel en cómo se desarrolla la identidad tanto individual como familiar, pues las experiencias pasadas, vivencias actuales y expectativas del futuro influyen en sus acciones. Por lo tanto, es posible decir que los padres adoptivos elaboran teorías subjetivas sobre este proceso y especialmente en relación con el tiempo de espera de la adopción, explicaciones que podrían incidir en la forma en que enfrentan este nuevo desafío y se preparan para la parentalidad. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender las teorías subjetivas sobre el tiempo de espera y las experiencias de la parentalidad adoptiva. Participaron diez madres y padres adoptivos mediante entrevistas episódicas individuales. Se analizaron los datos obtenidos utilizando técnicas de tres procedimientos de análisis: de contenido basado en la Teoría Fundamentada, específico para las teorías subjetivas y de la perspectiva temporal. De los hallazgos se destacan teorías subjetivas de contenido emocional ansioso durante el proceso de adopción. Además, contar con una red de apoyo, compartir experiencias con otros padres y el uso de estrategias personales son las principales estrategias de adaptación de los padres adoptivos que les permiten sobrellevar los sentimientos negativos durante el proceso.

Abstract The adoption process includes important changes in adoptive families, since it implies a restructuring and adaptation to a new organization of the family system. The path to parenthood entails changes at levels of mental, physical and social health, which in the case of adoptive parents, the challenges are greater or are altered in some way due to the unique characteristics of their experiences and the obstacles they face. To these challenges are added the usual stressors that parents face, such as changes in roles, increased stress, lack of sleep, alterations in the relationship and intimacy of the couple and difficulties that arise in raising their children. On the other hand, time is configured as a concrete dimension through which life develop. The relationship between objective time and subjective or psychological time will shape the perception of time that each person has, which has a role in how both individual and family identity develops. This is because people´s actions are influenced by past experiences, current experiences and future expectations. One of the areas of the adoption process that has not yet been deepened is the waiting time, the period of time between obtaining the suitability and assignment of the minor to the adoptive family, which can be considered important for the future family depending on how adoptive parents face it, this because the way in which the adoption process is experienced impacts both the path to parenthood and post-adoption adaptation. In fact, it confirms that waiting time influences the psychological well-being of adoptive parents. Therefore, it is possible to say that adoptive parents elaborate subjective theories about this process and especially in relation to the waiting time for adoption, explanations that could influence the way in which they face this new challenge and prepare for parenthood. The present study aimed to understand subjective theories about the waiting time and experiences of adoptive parenting. Ten adoptive mothers and fathers participated in this study through individual episodic interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using techniques of three analysis procedures: content based on Grounded Theory, specific for subjective theories and time perspective.

Influencia del tiempo psicológico y el autocontrol en el malestar psicológico en adultos argentinos / Influence of psychological time and self-control on psychological distress in Argentinian adults

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

Motivación Intrínseca y Perspectiva Temporal de Universitarios del Noroeste de México / Intrinsic Motivation and Temporal Perspective of University Students in Northwestern Mexico

Resumen Se buscó identificar el perfil de motivación intrínseca (MI) y su relación con la perspectiva temporal en estudiantes universitarios del noroeste de México. En una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 553 estudiantes, se puso a prueba un modelo de motivación intrínseca, autoeficacia, orientación al logro, percepción escolar, morosidad y orientaciones temporales (pasado, presente y futuro). Se conformó un modelo estructural de MI que posee bondad de ajuste práctica adecuada. El modelo explica 48% de la variabilidad de la motivación intrínseca; destaca el efecto positivo de la orientación al logro (peso estructural=.65*) y el efecto negativo e indirecto (a través de la autoeficacia) de la morosidad (peso estructural=-.53*) sobre la MI. Y un efecto positivo de las orientaciones temporales (pasado negativo, presente hedonista y presente fatalista) sobre la morosidad (peso estructural=.54*). El estudio ofrece información sobre los aspectos que deben ser desarrollados en los estudiantes universitarios en relación con la motivación intrínseca.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the intrinsic motivation (IM) profile and its relationship with time perspective in a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 553 students university students from a northwestern region in Mexico. Structural equation models were fitted for intrinsic motivation, with self-efficacy, achievement orientation, school perception, procrastination and temporal orientations (past, present and future) as direct and indirect predictors. A structural model of IM was formed that has adequate practical goodness-of-fit. The overall model explained 48% of the variance for intrinsic motivation. Achievement orientation was positively associated (structural weight =.65*) with intrinsic motivation while procrastination was negatively and indirectly (through self-efficacy) related (structural weight =.53*) to IM. Temporal orientations (negative past, hedonistic present and fatalistic present) were positively related to procrastination (structural weight =.54*). This study provides information regarding important predictors of intrinsic motivation that can be targeted among university students.

Estrategias de aprendizaje y estudio, perspectiva temporal y rendimiento académicoen estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires / Learning and study strategies, temporal perspective and academic performance in university students of Buenos Aires

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre estrategias de aprendizaje y estudio, perspectiva temporal y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires. Se trató de un estudio correlacional ­de diferencias entre grupos, con un diseño no experimental, de corte transversal. Participaron 334 sujetos (68.6% mujeres, 31.4% hombres; Medad=25.90, DEedad= 8.23). Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron: una encuesta sociodemográfica y de datos académicos, el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo, y el Inventario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje. En los análisis de diferencias de medias se hallaron diferencias según rendimiento académico. Se encontró que los alumnos con mejor rendimiento académico presentaron mayores puntajes en Motivación, Competencias para el Manejo de la Información, Futuro Neutro y menores en Pasado Negativo, Presente Fatalista AU

The aim of the research was to analyze the relationship between learning and study strategies, time perspective and academic performance in university students from Buenos Aires. A correlational study ­of differences between groups, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design was conducted. Participants were 334 subjects (68.6% women, 31.4% men; Mage=25.90, SDage= 8.23). The data collection instruments were: a sociodemographic and academic data survey, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the Learning Strategies Inventory. In the analysis of differences in means, differences were found according to academic performance. It was found that the students with the best academic performance presented higher scores in Motivation, Information ManagementCompetences, Neutral Future and lower scores in Negative Past, Fatalistic Present AU

Acesso às práticas corporais/atividade física durante o ciclo da vida: relato de idosas aposentadas / Access to body practices/physical activity during the life cycle: report of retired elderly women

O objetivo foi verificar o acesso às práticas corporais/atividade física (PCAF) ao longo da vida de idosas aposentadas participantes de um grupo de PCAF. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com 16 mulheres idosas com idade entre 65 a 75 anos, selecionadas por conveniência, participantes de um grupo de PCAF de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Londrina, Paraná. As informações foram coletadas a partir de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado, conduzidas individualmente pelo profissional responsável pelo grupo. Os dados foram analisados por elementos da análise de conteúdo pelo sistema de categorias. Três categorias de análise foram consideradas: infância/adolescência; idade adulta; e terceira idade. Na infância/adolescência as mulheres relataram que não tiveram incentivo de seus pais, bem como não tiveram educação física na escola. Na fase adulta, a falta de tempo e de incentivo dos parceiros, além do desconhecimento de atividades ofertadas foram relatadas pelas mulheres. Somente a partir da terceira idade, especialmente após a aposentadoria, com a melhora da condição financeira e com o fato de terem maior tempo livre, as mulheres indicaram uma melhora no acesso, inclusive com a possibilidade da participação no grupo de PCAF. Em geral os resultados revelaram a dificuldade do acesso dessas mulheres às PCAF ao longo de suas vidas e reforçam a importância de ações e políticas públicas que busquem aumentar o incentivo e o acesso as PCAF ao longo da vida das mulheres

The objective was to verify the access to body practices/physical activity (BPPA) throughout the life of retired elderly women participating in a group of BPPA. This is a qualitative study with 16 elderly women aged between 65 and 75 years, selected for convenience, participants of a PCAF group at a Public Health Centre in Londrina, Brazil. The information was collected from interviews with a semi-structured script, which were conducted individually by the professional responsible for the group and analyzed from the content analysis by the category system. Three analysis categories were considered: childhood/adolescence; adulthood; and Old age. In childhood/adolescence, the women reported that they had no encouragement from their parents and had no physical education at school. In adulthood, lack of time and lack of encouragement from partners, in addition to the lack of knowledge of activities offered, were reported by women. Only from old age, especially after retirement, with the improvement of the financial condition and the fact of having more free time, the women indicated an improvement in the access to physical activity, including the possibility of participating in the PCAF group. In general, the results revealed the difficulty of these women's access to PCAF throughout their lives and reinforce the importance of public actions and policies that seek to increase incentives and access to PCAF throughout women's lives

Análise de casos de feminicídio em Campinas, SP, Brasil, entre 2018 e 2019 por meio do modelo ecológico da violência / Analysis of femicide cases in Campinas, SP, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 through the ecological model of violence

Resumo A violência letal contra a mulher é um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional no qual interseccionam e confluem um amplo número de fatores para que aconteça um feminicídio em um momento e lugar específico. Identificaram-se os principais fatores que contribuíram na ocorrência de feminicídios na cidade de Campinas no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram feitas entrevistas com membros da família, amigos, vizinhos, testemunhas e agentes de saúde sobre 24 casos de feminicídio utilizando a técnica da autópsia verbal. As autópsias foram complementadas, quando possível, com informações veiculadas na mídia e informes de autópsia clínica. Para o processo de análise de dados, foram realizadas narrativas dos casos resgatando os aspectos mais importantes das autópsias verbais e organizando os fatores encontrados nos quatro níveis do modelo ecológico da violência utilizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde: individual, relacional, comunitário e social. Estruturou-se a análise em categorias seguindo uma abordagem dedutiva. Partindo de casos particulares delimitados no tempo (2018 e 2019) e no espaço (a cidade de Campinas), espera-se compreender o fenômeno da violência letal contra as mulheres em sua dimensão mais ampla.

Abstract Lethal violence against women is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which a wide number of factors intersect and converge to make a femicide happen at a specific time and place. The main factors that contributed to the occurrence of femicides in the city of Campinas were identified from January 2018 to December 2019. Interviews were conducted with family members, friends, neighbors, witnesses, and health agents about 24 femicides using the verbal autopsy technique. The autopsies were supplemented, when possible, with information from the media and clinical autopsy reports. For the data analysis process, narratives of the cases were carried out, recovering the most important aspects of the verbal autopsies and organizing the factors found in the four levels of the ecological model of violence used by the World Health Organization: individual, relational, community, and social. The analysis was structured in categories following a deductive approach. Starting from particular cases delimited in time (2018 and 2019) and in space (municipality of Campinas) it is expected to understand the phenomenon of femicide in its broadest dimension.

Time Perspective and Decision-Making: A Study on Decisional Patterns in Argentinian Adults / Perspectiva temporal y toma de decisión: un estudio sobre patrones decisionales en adultos argentinos / Perspectiva temporal e tomada de decisão: um estudo sobre padrões decisórios em adultos argentinos

The first aim of this study was to adapt the mdmq to Argentinian Spanish and to collect evidence of its va-lidity and reliability; the second was to determine if time perspectives were adequate predictors of decision-making styles. A first sample of 536 participants served in the validation process; a second sample of 209 individuals who completed the mdmq and the Brief Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ztpi) was used to conduct descriptive-correlational and regression analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated a fourfactor model with adequate internal consistency for each subscale. Regression analyses showed that future time perspective positively predicted the display of higher vigilant coping patterns ­adaptive and ratio-nal decision-making style­. Meanwhile, less future- time-oriented people were more likely to engage in defensive avoidance mechanisms to reach a decision. Past-negative and present-fatalistic time perspectives were positive predictors of non-vigilant decision-making style. It indicates that individuals with an aversive vision over their past experiences and present situation are more likely to engage in emotionally based and avoidant decision-making patterns. These findings support the reliability and construct-related validity of the mdmq for assessing decision-making styles among Argentinian individuals and set a step for con-ducting more in-depth research in the field of decision-making and time perspective.

El primer objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar el mdmq al español argentino y recolectar evidencia de su validez y confiabilidad; el segundo fue determinar si las perspectivas temporales eran predictores adecuados de los estilos de toma de decisiones. Una primera muestra de 536 participantes sirvió para el proceso de validación y una segunda muestra de 209 individuos completó el mdmq y el Brief Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ztpi), para un análisis descriptivo-correlacional y de regresión. El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró un modelo de cuatro factores con adecuada consistencia interna para cada subescala. Los análisis de regresión mostraron que la perspectiva del tiempo futuro predijo positivamente la aparición de patrones de afrontamiento más vigilantes ­estilo de toma de decisiones adaptativo y racional­, mientras que las personas que estaban menos orientadas al tiempo futuro tenían más probabilidades de involucrarse en mecanismos de evitación defensiva para tomar una decisión. Las perspectivas temporales negativas del pasado y fatalistas del presente fueron predictores positivos del estilo de toma de decisiones no vigilante, lo que indicaría que las personas con una visión aversiva sobre sus experiencias pasadas y la situación presente, son más propensas a involucrarse en tipos de toma de decisiones basadas en emociones y evasivas. Estos hallazgos respaldan la confiabilidad y la validez relacionada con el constructo del mdmq para evaluar los estilos de toma de decisiones entre los argentinos y marcan un paso para realizar investigaciones más profundas en el campo de la toma de decisiones y la perspectiva temporal.

O primeiro objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar o mdmqpara o espanhol argentino e coletar evidências de sua validade e confiabilidade; a segunda foi determinar se as perspectivas de tempo eram preditores adequados dos estilos de tomada de decisão. Uma primeira amostra de 536 participantes foi usada para o processo de va-lidação e uma segunda amostra de 209 indivíduos completarou o mdmq e o Brief Zimbardo Time Perspec-tive Inventory (ztpi) e foi usada para realizar análises descritivas-correlacionais e de regressão. A análise fatorial confirmatória corroborou um modelo de quatro fatores com consistência interna adequada para cada subescala. As análises de regressão mostraram que a perspectiva do tempo futuro previu positivamente o surgimento de padrões de enfrentamento mais vigilantes ­estilos de tomada de decisão racionais e adaptativos­ enquanto as pessoas menos orientadas para o futuro eram mais propensas a se envolver em mecanismos de enfrentamento de evasão defensiva para tomar uma decisão. Perspectivas temporais negativas do passado e fatalistas do presente foram preditores positivos do estilo de tomada de decisão não vigilante, indicando que pessoas com uma visão aversiva de suas experiências passadas e da situação presente são mais propensas a se envolver em tipos de tomada de decisão baseadas em emoções e padrões evasivos. Essas descobertas apoiam a confiabilidade e a validade relacionada ao construto do mdmq para avaliar os estilos de tomada de decisão entre os argentinos e marcam um importante passo para realizar pesquisas mais profundas no campo da tomada de decisão e perspectiva de tempo.

Trabajar en salud durante la pandemia: Experiencias de vinculación con la comunidad relativas a la producción social del cuidado en Mar del Plata, Argentina / Work in health during the pandemic: Experiences of linking with the community related to the social production of care in Mar del Plata, Argentina

Resumen En este artículo proponemos visibilizar las estrategias de vinculación comunitaria de trabajadores/as de salud pública relativas a la producción del cuidado en el contexto crítico de la pandemia de la covid-19, signado por la profundización de la pobreza, la restricción de los servicios de salud y las tensiones del sistema sanitario en Argentina. Con un diseño metodológico cualitativo y enfoque etnográfico, entrevistamos a trabajadoras/es de distintas disciplinas, ocupaciones y géneros que se desempeñan en centros de salud y hospitales públicos en Mar del Plata y zonas rurales circundantes, entre los meses de marzo y diciembre de 2021. A partir de sus narrativas, analizamos las dimensiones de acceso a la alimentación, medicación y terapias holísticas, las dificultades encontradas y su contribución a la producción social del cuidado en salud. Concluimos que las estrategias generadas conllevan el potencial instituyente para la reorientación de los servicios públicos de salud de acuerdo con los desafíos del derecho a la salud desde la perspectiva de género y derechos en el tránsito a la postpandemia.

Abstract In this article we propose to make visible the strategies of community engagement of public health workers related to the production of care in the critical context of the covid-19 pandemic, marked by the deepening of poverty, the restriction of health services and the tensions of the health system in Argentina. With a qualitative methodological design and ethnographic approach, we interviewed workers from different disciplines, occupations and genders, who work in health centers and public hospitals in Mar del Plata and surrounding rural areas, between the months of March and December 2021. Based on their narratives, we analyze the dimensions of access to food, medication and holistic therapies, the difficulties encountered and their contribution to the social production of health care. We conclude that the strategies generated carry the instituting potential for the reorientation of public health services in accordance with the challenges of the right to health from the perspective of gender and rights in the transition to the post-pandemic.

Terapia ocupacional social, gêneros e sexualidades dissidentes: experiências a partir da extensão universitária / Social occupational therapy and dissenting genders and sexualities: experiences from extension projects

Resumo Este artigo trata do relato de experiência do projeto de extensão ResisTO em parceria com uma política pública municipal numa capital do nordeste voltada à população dissidente de gêneros e sexualidades. O relato está organizado em três partes: na primeira parte, o projeto de extensão é apresentado e contextualizado; na segunda parte, discute-se a terapia ocupacional social, seu histórico e a aproximação com as discussões sobre gêneros e sexualidades; a terceira parte contém a trajetória das ações desenvolvidas e as parcerias realizadas ao longo dos seis anos de existência do projeto, elencando e refletindo sobre os principais desafios e a potencialidade do trabalho desenvolvido. O projeto tem se dedicado a ações e reflexões que tomam como base a análise dos marcadores sociais da diferença — em especial, gêneros e sexualidades — e da interseccionalidade. Ancora-se também no referencial teórico-metodológico da terapia ocupacional social e nas políticas públicas voltadas à população LGBTQIAP+. Ao longo dos seis anos de execução do projeto, por meio de diferentes ações, foi possível promover o acesso a um conhecimento democrático problematizando a essencialização das diferenças e desigualdades, buscando formas para uma convivência pautada no respeito e na solidariedade, produzindo estratégias que respondem às necessidades dos sujeitos - individuais e coletivos, visando construir e ampliar os direitos sociais e produzindo reflexões e ações democráticas.

Abstract This study addresses the experience report of the ResisTO university extension project in partnership with a municipal public policy in a state capital in northeastern Brazil aimed at the gender and sexuality dissenting population. The report is organized into three parts: in the first part, the extension project is presented and contextualized; the second part discusses social occupational therapy, its history, and the approach to debates on gender and sexualities; the third part presents the trajectory of the actions developed and the partnerships carried out over the six years of the project's existence, listing and reflecting on the main challenges and the potential of the work developed. The project has been dedicated to actions and reflections that are based on the analysis of social markers of difference—especially, genders and sexualities—and intersectionality. It is also anchored in the theoretical-methodological framework of social occupational therapy and public policies aimed at the LGBTQIAP+ population. Over six years of project execution, through different actions, it was possible to promote access to democratic knowledge questioning the essentialization of differences and inequalities, seek ways of living together based on respect and solidarity, produce strategies that respond to the individual and collective needs of subjects, aiming to build and expand social rights and producing reflections and democratic actions.

Trato digno en la atención de salud a la comunidad LGBTIQA+ / Dignity in treatment in health care to the LGBTIQA+ community

El trato digno, igualitario e inclusivo se ha constituido en un fenómeno de estudio en el contexto de la atención sanitaria, pero su abordaje es aún limitado frente al desconocimiento respecto al tema por parte del equipo de salud hacia las personas de la comunidad de la diversidad sexual, hoy conocida con la sigla que les representa como LGBTIQA+, quienes están inmersos fundamentalmente, en una sociedad heteronormada, donde la formación profesional con enfoque de género y diversidad sexual es aún limitada. El objetivo de la argumentación del escrito es presentar algunas referencias conceptuales, derechos legales, consecuencias para la salud que fundamentan una propuesta para el cambio de las instituciones de salud y de las enfermeras y enfermeros que iluminen el derecho de las personas de esta comunidad a recibir un trato digno.

Dignified, equal and inclusive treatment has become a study phenomenon in the context of health care, but its approach is still limited due to the lack of knowledge on the subject by the health team towards people from the diversity sexual, today known by the acronym that represents them as LGBTIQA+, who are fundamentally immersed in a heteronormative society, where professional training with a gender and sexual diversity approach is still limited. The objective of the argumentation of the writing is to present some conceptual references, legal rights, health consequences that support a proposal for the change of the health institutions and of the nurses that illuminate the right of people in this community to receive a decent deal.

Carga económica de la degeneración macular neovascular y el edema macular diabético en Colombia / Economic burden of neovascular macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema in Colombia

Antecedentes: La pérdida de visión tiene consecuencias tanto en la salud como en la estabilidad económica, ya que promueve retrasos en el desarrollo emocional, social, además de reducciones en la productividad laboral. Objetivo: Estimar la carga económica de la degeneración macular asociada a la edad neovascular (DMAEn) y el edema macular diabético (EMD) en Colombia para el año 2022. Método: Para una perspectiva social se incluyeron costos directos utilizando la aproximación de Bottom-up y costos indirectos relacionados con la pérdida de productividad. Resultados: El costo directo de un paciente con DMAEn fue 5.974 USD$ desde una base teórica. A nivel nacional, la DMAEn costaría 179,9 millones USD$. Los costos indirectos de DMAEn se estimaron en 13,9 millones USD$. Los costos directos teóricos en EMD fueron 741,6 millones USD$. El costo nacional sería de 132,04 millones USD$. Para los costos indirectos de EMD, se estimó un costo de 93,3 millones USD$. Conclusiones: La DMAEn y el EMD tienen un alto impacto para el sistema de salud y la sociedad.

Background: The vision loss has consequences for both health and economic stability, since it promotes delays in emotional and social development, as well as reductions in labor productivity. Objective: To estimate the economic burden of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME) in Colombia for 2022. Method: For a social perspective, direct costs were included using the bottom-up approach, and indirect costs related to lost productivity. Results: The direct costs of treating a patient with AMD were USD $5,974 from a theoretical background. At national level, the AMD would cost USD $179.9 million. The AMD indirect cost in Colombia was estimated in USD $13.9 million. Patients theoretical direct cost of DME was USD $741.6 million. The cost at national level is USD $132.04 million. Regarding the indirect costs result for DME, a cost of USD $93.31 million was estimated. Conclusions: The AMD and the DME have a considerable impact on the health system and society.

Validez de contenido para una entrevista autobiográfica para adultos mayores / Content validity for an autobiographical interview for older adults

RESUMEN Objetivo Validar una propuesta de Entrevista Autobiográfica orientada al adulto mayor típico. Método Se diseñaron preguntas para una entrevista de memoria autobiográfica semiestructurada y se desarrolló un protocolo para la aplicación de esta. Se utilizaron 28 jueces; 14 fonoaudiólogos y 14 adultos mayores. Adicionalmente, se pilotaron 2 entrevistas. Posteriormente, la validez de contenido se obtuvo mediante el procedimiento clásico de Lawshe, utilizando complementariamente una evaluación para la comprensibilidad y extensión de la entrevista, así como un procedimiento de triangulación de datos con los jueces y participantes de la experiencia piloto. Resultados De los 22 ítems evaluados, solo 4 estuvieron por sobre el valor crítico de referencia (0.49). Conclusión Se discute sobre la necesidad de incorporar esta medida de análisis en el contexto del respeto, la identidad y la agencia de los adultos mayores, como parte de un cambio de paradigma bajo la mirada de las atenciones centradas en la persona y un modelo de competencia comunicativa. Así como la necesidad de incorporar paradigmas culturales diferentes y el uso de tecnologías digitales.

ABSTRACT Purpose To validate a proposal for an autobiographical interview oriented to the typical older adult. Methods Questions for a semi-structured autobiographical memory interview were designed and a protocol for its application was developed. Fourteen Speech and Language Pathologists judges and 14 older adults were used. Additionally, 2 interviews were conducted. Subsequently, content validity was obtained by means of Lawshe's classic procedure. Also, using a complementary evaluation for comprehensibility and length of the interview, as well as a data triangulation procedure with the judges and participants of the pilot experience. Results Of the 22 items evaluated, only 4 were above the critical reference value (0.49). Conclusion The need to incorporate this measure of analysis in the context of respect, identity and agency of older adults is discussed as part of a change in thinking under the gaze of person-centered care and a communicative competence model. As well as the need to incorporate different cultural paradigms and the use of digital technologies.

A global player from the South: the Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires and the transnational network of zoos in the early twentieth century / Um player global do Sul: o Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires e a rede transnacional de zoológicos no início do século XX

Abstract Under the directorship of Clemente Onelli (1904-1924), the Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires became a major public attraction and gained an international reputation for its innovations in animal keeping and as a supplier of Latin American fauna. It was a hybrid institution that combined the tasks of public instruction, zoological research, and acclimatization of useful animals, and also served as a symbol of national pride. Despite its seemingly peripheral geographical location, the institution was firmly integrated in the global network of zoological gardens. This paper utilizes a transnational perspective to tease out the numerous, multidirectional exchanges of animals and knowledge between the Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires and Northern metropolises.

Resumo Sob a direção de Clemente Onelli (1904-1924), o Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires se tornou uma importante atração pública e ganhou reputação internacional por suas inovações no abrigo e fornecimento de fauna latinoamericana. Era uma instituição híbrida que combinava instrução pública, pesquisa zoológica e aclimatação de animais úteis, sendo também símbolo de orgulho nacional. Apesar da localização geográfica aparentemente periférica, a instituição estava fortemente integrada na rede global de jardins zoológicos. O artigo utiliza a perspectiva transnacional para lançar luz sobre as muitas trocas multidirecionais de animais e conhecimento entre o Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires e as metrópoles do Norte.

Prescripción de protectores gástricos en pacientes reumatológicos: análisis desde Consulta Externa de Gastroenterología / Prescription of gastric protectors in rheumatological patients: Analysis from a gastroenterology outpatient clinic

Introducción: Los antinflamatorios no esteroideos son los medicamentos más recetados por reumatólogos y traumatólogos. Pero a pesar de tener una eficacia similar para controlar la inflamación y el dolor, los diferentes antinflamatorios no esteroideos disponibles presentan variabilidad en su perfil de seguridad. Objetivo: Brindar una panorámica sobre la prescripción de protectores gástricos en pacientes reumatológicos, en dos centros hospitalarios, desde una perspectiva gastroenterológica. Métodos: La investigación se inscribe en el paradigma cuantitativo con un estudio observacional. Se conformaron dos grupos de pacientes, uno de ellos provenientes del hospital A y el segundo grupo pertenecía al hospital B. Discusión: Los gastroprotectores se han convertido en los fármacos de mayor demanda en las farmacias comunitarias de Ecuador, y los más prescritos son los inhibidores de la bomba de protones y en menor frecuencia los antihistamínicos H2. Respecto a los gastroprotectores más frecuentemente prescritos, según nuestro estudio, estos valores podrían obedecer a la disponibilidad y los costos de la famotidina y el omeprazol con respecto a otros medicamentos de probada eficacia (ansoprazol, pantoprazol, rabeprazol y ranitidina). Conclusiones: Durante los últimos años, el uso de los fármacos gastroprotectores en América Latina ha experimentado un importante desarrollo, con la observancia de normas y guías clínicas de manejo de casos que ofrecen recomendaciones importantes al respecto. Por tanto, desde una perspectiva gastroenterológica, para tener éxito, es indispensable procurar un conocimiento de estos aportes y evidencias científicas(AU)

Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most prescribed medications by rheumatologists and traumatologists. However, despite having similar efficacy in controlling inflammation and pain, the different available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs show variability in their safety profile. Objective: To provide an overview of the prescription of gastric protectors in rheumatological patients, in two hospital centers, from a gastroenterological perspective. Methods: The research is part of the quantitative paradigm with an observational study. Two groups of patients were formed, one of them from hospital A and the second group belonged to hospital B. Discussion: Gastroprotectors have become the drugs in greatest demand in community pharmacies in Ecuador, the most prescribed being Proton Pump Inhibitors (IBPS) and, to a lesser extent, H2 antihistamines (anti-H2). Regarding the most frequently prescribed gastroprotectors, according to our study, these values ​​could be due to the availability and costs of famotidine and omeprazole compared to other drugs with proven effectiveness, such as ansoprazol, pantoprazole, rabeprazole and ranitidine. Conclusions: In recent years, the use of gastroprotective drugs in Latin America has undergone significant development, with the observance of clinical case management norms and guidelines that offer important recommendations in this regard. Therefore, from a gastroenterological perspective, to be successful, it is essential to seek knowledge of these contributions and scientific evidence(AU)

Estilo parental desde la perspectiva de los padres: Adaptación argentina del Inventario de Estilos Parentales de Power / The evaluation of parenting style from the perspective of parents: Argentine adaptation of Power's Parenting Styles Inventory

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es adaptar el Inventario de dimensiones parentales en su versión abreviada (Power, 2002) a la población argentina. Se tradujeron los 13 ítems incluidos en la evaluación de la dimensión general, que abarca las dimensiones de: Apoyo/cuidado, Inconsistencia y Seguimiento a través de la disciplina/control. El inventario traducido se administró a una muestra intencional de 771 adultos, 535 mujeres y 236 varones, de entre 26 y 63 años de edad (M = 38.56; DE = 4.76), de clase media (Estrato II de la Escala Graffar/Méndez Castellanos), de población no clínica, y padres y madres de niños que cursaban preescolar en 12 escuelas privadas de distintas provincias de Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe y Tucumán). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo teórico de tres dimensiones, propuesto por los autores de la prueba original, ajustó satisfactoriamente a los datos e indicó una adecuada consistencia de la estructura de la prueba. Además, se analizó la confiabilidad como consistencia interna evaluada a través del omega de McDonald y se obtuvieron los siguientes valores: Apoyo/cuidado = .74; Seguimiento a través de la disciplina/control = .70, e Inconsistencia = .74. Es de hacer notar que, en este inventario, la dimensión Seguimiento a través de la disciplina corresponde a un control moderado, es decir, apropiado para un estilo autoritativo. Finalmente, dado que el inventario ha sido estudiado con una muestra extensa, extraída de varias provincias argentinas, los resultados obtenidos son generalizables a casi todo el país.

Abstract Diana Baumrind (1966) proposed three primary parenting styles: the authoritarian style, the permissive style, and the authoritative style. Almost two decades later, Maccoby and Martin (1983) theoretically added a fourth (negligent) parenting style. Parental styles are based on variations in the levels of the parental dimensions of sensitivity (warmth, affection), parental demand (parental control) and autonomy granted (Richaud, Lemos & Vargas Rubilar, 2013). It has been suggested that the findings related to broad parenting styles are not always easy to interpret (Stewart & Bond, 2002) and that Baumrind's three-category parenting style typology can be usefully disaggregated into parenting dimensions (Darling and Steinberg, 1993). A dimensional approach can be particularly valuable in allowing an independent assessment of parenting and discipline (Locke & Printz, 2002). One of these dimensional models is that of Power (2002), which includes 11 dimensions of which the first three: Sensitivity, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline, evaluate a general dimension of the relationship of parents with their children, as perceived by parents. These three basic dimensions correspond to those of Baumrind described above: sensitivity (warmth, affection), autonomy granted (permissiveness) and parental demand (parental control), respectively. Power's Parenting Styles Inventory (PDI) assesses parenting styles from a parent's perspective. It is a self-report that, as we said, assesses 11 dimensions of parents' attitudes and behaviors towards their children. It has 57 items organized into 11 scales, each of which evaluates different dimensions of parent-child relationships. The first three scales, which include 13 items, measure a "general dimension" (Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The following scales assess different types of control and are distinguished from the general dimensions, in that they focus on disciplinary practices in response to the child's misbehavior. The PDI-S is a shortened version, which retains the most valid and reliable components of the original PDI. The PDI-S can be used with parents of children between 3 and 12 years old, and was developed from the PDI (Slater & Power, 1987). Given the importance of having an adequate instrument to assess parental style from the parents' perspective, the objective of this study is to adapt the Inventory of Parental Dimensions in its short version (Power, 2002) to the Argentine population. The 13 items included in the evaluation of the General Dimension, were translated, which includes the dimensions: Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The translated Inventory was administered to an intentional sample of 771 adults, 535 women and 236 men, between 26 and 63 years of age (Me = 38.56 SD = 4.76), middle class (Stratum II of the Graffar / Méndez Castellanos Scale), of the non-clinical population, and parents of children who attended pre-school in 12 private schools in different provinces of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe and Tucumán). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the three-dimensional theoretical model, proposed by the authors of the original test, satisfactorily adjusted to the data, indicating an adequate consistency of the test structure. In addition, reliability was analyzed as internal consistency evaluated through McDonald's omega, obtaining the following values: Support / care = .74; Follow-up through discipline / control = .70 and Inconsistency = .74. Finally, given that the Inventory has been studied with an extensive sample, drawn from several Argentine provinces, the results obtained are generalizable to almost the entire country.

Efectos del entrenamiento en marcos relacionales de condicionalidad sobre el responder relacional deíctico / Effects of Training in Conditional Relational Framing on the Deictic Relational Responding

Resumen Desde la Teoría de los Marcos Relacionales, la toma de perspectiva se concibe como un patrón de responder relacional arbitrariamente aplicable bajo control de claves contextuales deícticas personales, espaciales y temporales. Además, se asume necesaria la capacidad para responder relacionalmente bajo el control de claves contextuales condicionales. Sin embargo, no se ha reportado evidencia empírica que permita identificar la relación existente entre los marcos de condicionalidad y la precisión en el responder relacional deíctico. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar si el entrenamiento en marco de condicionalidad podría facilitar el desempeño sobre el responder deíctico. Participaron cuatro niños con desarrollo normalizado que fueron divididos en dos condiciones experimentales (C1 y C2). Los participantes de ambas condiciones se expusieron a un protocolo de evaluación y entrenamiento en marcos deícticos. A su vez, solo los participantes de la C2 se expusieron a una fase de evaluación y entrenamiento en marcos de condicionalidad previo al entrenamiento en marcos deícticos. Los resultados mostraron que todos los participantes exhibieron mejoras en sus ejecuciones post-test en las relaciones deícticas y que los participantes de C2 obtuvieron mejores resultados con respecto a su pre-test en los niveles de mayor complejidad deíctica tras el entrenamiento en marcos condicionales. Se discute la necesidad de protocolos de toma de perspectiva más naturalistas que posibiliten indagar en cómo se desarrollan los términos relacionales y se abstrae la función de las claves contextuales que permiten interpretar, atribuir y predecir el comportamiento de otro.

Abstract According to Relational Frame Theory, perspective taking is conceived as an arbitrarily applicable relational pattern of relational responding under the control of personal, spatial, and temporal deictic contextual cues. Furthermore, the ability to respond relationally under the control of conditional contextual cues is assumed to be necessary. However, no empirical evidence has been reported to identify the relationship between conditionality frames and accuracy in deictic relational responding. The study aimed to analyze whether training in conditionality frames could facilitate performance on deictic responding. Four children with normalized development participated and were divided into two experimental conditions (C1 and C2). Participants in both conditions were exposed to an evaluation protocol and training on deictic frames. In turn, only C2 participants were exposed to an evaluation and training phase in conditionality frames before the training in deictic frames. Results showed that all the participants exhibited improvements in their post-test performances on deictic relations and that the C2 participants performed better with respect to their pre-test on the levels of greater deictic complexity after training in conditional frames. We discuss the need for more naturalistic perspective-taking protocols that allow us to investigate how relational terms are developed and abstract the role of contextual cues that allow us to interpret, attribute, and predict another's behavior.