Perceived stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological adjustment, and death distress of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic / Estrés percibido, optimismo-pesimismo, ajuste psicológico y angustia ante la muerte en profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Estresse percebido, otimismo-pessimismo, ajuste psicológico e angústia de morte em profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between death distress, psychological adjustment, optimism, pessimism and perceived stress among nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: this study was designed as cross-sectional/cohort. The population of the study involved 408 nurses from Northern Cyprus, which are registered as full members of the Nurse Council. The sample comprised 214 nurses, who volunteered to participate in the study. The study data was collected using a web-based online survey (Demographic form, the Coronavirus Stress Measure, The Optimism and Pessimism Questionnaire, The Brief Adjustment Scale-6, The Death Distress Scale). Results: the results indicated that perceived stress significantly and negatively predicted optimism (β = -0.21, p < 0.001) and pessimism (β = 0.38, p < 0.001). Perceived stress had significant and positive predictive effects on psychological adjustment (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) and death distress (β = 0.17, p < 0.01). Further analysis results revealed that pessimism mediates the association of stress with psychological adjustment and death distress; however, optimism only mediates the effect of stress on psychological adjustment among nurses. Conclusion: a low level of pessimism is effective in strengthening nurses' psychological adjustment skills againt perceived stress and death distress. Nurses should consider behavioral strategies to help reduce the level of pessimism during periods such as pandemics.

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre la ansiedad ante la muerte, el ajuste psicológico, el optimismo, el pesimismo y el estrés percibido entre los profesionales de enfermería que trabajaron durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: este estudio se diseñó como un estudio transversal/de cohortes. La población del estudio incluía a 408 profesionales de enfermería del Chipre del Norte registrados como miembros de pleno derecho del Consejo de Enfermería. La muestra consistió en 214 profesionales de enfermería que se ofrecieron voluntariamente a participar en el estudio. Los datos del estudio se recogieron a través de una encuesta online basada en la web (formulario demográfico, Medida de Estrés por Coronavirus, Cuestionario de Optimismo y Pesimismo, Escala Breve de Adaptación-6 y Escala de Sufrimiento por Muerte). Resultados: los resultados indicaron que el estrés percibido predecía significativa y negativamente el optimismo (β = -0,21, p < 0,001) y pesimismo (β = 0,38, p < 0,001). El estrés percibido tuvo efectos predictivos significativos y positivos sobre el ajuste psicológico (β = 0,31, p < 0,001) y angustia de muerte (β = 0,17, p < 0,01). Los resultados de otros análisis revelaron que el pesimismo es mediador en la asociación del estrés con el ajuste psicológico y la angustia de muerte; sin embargo, el optimismo sólo es mediador del efecto del estrés sobre el ajuste psicológico entre los profesionales de enfermería. Conclusión: un bajo nivel de pesimismo es eficaz para reforzar las habilidades de ajuste psicológico de los profesionales de enfermería frente al estrés percibido y la angustia por la muerte. Los profesionales de enfermería deberían considerar estrategias conductuales para ayudar a reducir el nivel de pesimismo durante periodos como las pandemias.

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a relação entre angústia de morte, ajuste psicológico, otimismo, pessimismo e estresse percebido entre profissionais de enfermagem que trabalham durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: este estudo foi concebido como estudo transversal/coorte. A população do estudo envolveu 408 profissionais de enfermagem do Chipre do Norte, que estão registrados como membros plenos do Conselho de Enfermagem. A amostra foi composta por 214 profissionais de enfermagem que se ofereceram para participar do estudo. Os dados do estudo foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa online baseada na web (formulário demográfico, Medida de Estresse por Coronavírus, Questionário de Otimismo e Pessimismo, Escala Breve de Ajuste-6 e Escala de Sofrimento por Morte). Resultados: os resultados indicaram que o estresse percebido previu significativa e negativamente o otimismo (β = -0,21, p < 0,001) e pessimismo (β = 0,38, p < 0,001). O estresse percebido teve efeitos preditivos significativos e positivos sobre o ajuste psicológico (β = 0,31, p < 0,001) e angústia de morte (β = 0,17, p < 0,01). Os resultados de outras análises revelaram que o pessimismo é mediador da associação do estresse com o ajuste psicológico e a angústia de morte; no entanto, o otimismo é mediador apenas do efeito do estresse sobre o ajuste psicológico entre os profissionais de enfermagem. Conclusão: um baixo nível de pessimismo é eficaz para fortalecer as habilidades de ajuste psicológico dos profissionais de enfermagem contra o estresse percebido e a angústia por morte. Os profissionais de enfermagem devem considerar estratégias comportamentais para ajudar a reduzir o nível de pessimismo durante períodos como os de pandemias.

Optimismo disposicional, ansiedad, depresión y estrés en una muestra del Ecuador. Análisis inter-género y de predicción / Dispositional Optimism, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in a Sample of Ecuador. Inter-gender and Prediction Analysis

Resumen.Objetivo. Determinar las diferencias inter-género del optimismo disposicional, la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y el rol predictor sobre estos rasgos patológicos en una muestra de universitarios del Ecuador. Método. Investigación descriptiva, comparativa, predictora y de corte transversal con las pruebas de Orientación Vital y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés con 288 participantes de una universidad pública de Ambato, Ecuador (63.9% son mujeres y 31% hombres). Con edades entre 17 a 39 años (M = 21.6 años; DT = 2.5). Resultados. Hay diferencias (p < .05) de género en ansiedad y estrés (con mayor presencia en mujeres que en hombres. También, hay correlaciones entre el optimismo disposicional y los rasgos patológicos. Finalmente, el optimismo disposicional explica en la depresión (15.2%), la ansiedad (9.7%) y el estrés (5.5%) los cambios de la varianza. Se concluye que el optimismo disposicional es un predictor de la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract.Objective. To determine the inter-gender differences in dispositional optimism, depression, anxiety, and stress; as well as the predictive role of optimism on pathological features in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. Method. This is a descriptive, comparative, predictive and cross-sectional study using the Life Orientation (LOT-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) tests with 288 university students belonging to one university of Ambato; 63.9% women, 31% men aged between 17 to 39 (M = 21.6 years, SD = 2.5). Results. Gender differences were found at the Anxiety and Stress level, with greater presence in women than in men. As regards dispositional optimism and depression, gender is invariant. There were both slight and significant correlations between dispositional optimism and the dimensions evaluated by the DASS 21 test. Dispositional optimism also explains changes in variance in depression (15.2%), anxiety (9.7%) and stress (5.5%). As a conclusion, dispositional optimism is a relevant predictor of depression, as well as anxiety and stress in university students.

Knowledge and perceptions of Indian primary care nurses towards mental illness

Objective. To assess nurses' knowledge and perceptions towards mental illness. Methods. This was a crosssectional descriptive study conducted among 126 randomly selected nurses those are working under District Mental Health program in Karnataka (India). The data was collected through self-reported questionnaires Using the modified version of Public perception of mental illness questionnaire and Attitude Scale for Mental Illness. Results. The findings revealed that majority of the subjects were women (74.4%), Hindus (92.1%) and were from rural background (69.8%). The mean Knowledge score 10.8±1.6 adequate knowledge (maximum possible =12) among 91% of the subjects, and 52% of them hold negative attitudes towards people with mental illness (88.9±13.6). While majority of the subjects hold negative attitudes in 'Separatism' (53.5%), 'Stereotyping' (73%), 'Benevolence' (54%), 'Pessimistic prediction' (53%) domains, they hold positive attitudes in 'Restrictiveness'(88%) and 'Stigmatization' (72%) domains. Women than men endorsed positive attitudes towards persons with mental illness in Stereotyping' (p<0.001), 'Restrictiveness' (p<0.01), 'Benevolence' (p<0.001) and 'Pessimistic prediction' (t= 2.22, p<0.05) domains. Similarly, Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery found to be less restrictive (p<0.05), more benevolent (p<0.001) and less pessimistic (p<0.05) compared to nurses with higher education (General Nursing and Midwifery and Bachelor of Science in Nursing). Conclusion. The present study showed adequate knowledge on mental illness among nurses. Yet they hold stigmatizing and negative attitudes towards mental illness. Hence, it is an urgent priority to develop andimplement educational programs to inculcate positive attitudes towards people with mental illness to provide optimal care to this vulnerable population.

Objetivo. Evaluar los conocimientos y percepciones de las enfermeras de atención primaria hacia la enfermedad mental. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 126 enfermeras que trabajan en el programa de Salud Mental del Distrito en Karnataka (India). Los datos se recolectaron a partir de cuestionarios contestados por autorreporte, empleando la versión modificada del cuestionario Percepción pública de la enfermedad mental y la Escala de Actitudes hacia la enfemedad mental. Resultados. Los hallazgos revelaron que la mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres (74.4%), hindúes (92.1%) y de origen rural (69.8%). El puntaje promedio de conocimiento fue de 10.8±1.6, que indica un conocimiento adecuado (máximo posible = 12). El 52% de los participantes tienen actitudes negativas hacia las personas con enfermedades mentales, siendo mayor este porcentaje en los dominios 'Estereotipos' (73%), 'Benevolencia' (54%), 'Separatismo' (53.5%), 'Predicción pesimista' (53%); mientras que tienen actitudes positivas en 'Restricción' (88%) y 'Estigmatización '(72%). Las mujeres, en mayor porcentaje que los hombres, tuvieron actitudes positivas hacia las personas con enfermedades mentales en los dominios 'Estereotipos' (p<0.001), 'Restricción' (p<0.01), 'Benevolencia' (p<0.001) y 'Predicción pesimista' (p<0.05). Del mismo modo, las enfermeras parteras auxiliares fueron menos restrictivas (p<0.05), más benévolas (p<0.001) y menos pesimista (p<0.05) en comparación con las enfermeras con mayor educación (enfermeras parteras generales y licenciadas en ciencias de la enfermería). Conclusión. El presente estudio mostró un conocimiento adecuado sobre las enfermedades mentales entre las enfermeras. Sin embargo, tienen actitudes estigmatizantes y negativas hacia la enfermedad mental. Por lo tanto, es una prioridad implementar programas educativos para la adquisición de actitudes positivas hacia las personas con enfermedades mentales con el fin de brindar una atención integral a esta población vulnerable.

Objetivo. Avaliar os conhecimentos e percepções à doença mental das enfermeiras de atenção primária. Métodos. Se realizou um estudo descritivo transversal com 126 enfermeiras que trabalham no programa de Saúde Mental do Distrito em Karnataka (Índia). Os dados foram recolhidos a través de questionários respondidos por autorreporte, empregando a versão modificada do questionário Percepção pública da doença mental e a Escala de Atitudes à doença mental. Resultados. As descobertas revelaram que a maioria dos participantes eram mulheres (74.4%), hindus (92.1%) e de origem rural (69.8%). A pontuação média de conhecimento foi de 10.8±1.6 indicando conhecimento adequado (máximo possível = 12). 52% dos participantes têm atitudes negativas às pessoas com doenças mentais, sendo maior esta porcentagem nos domínios 'Estereótipos' (73%), 'Benevolência' (54%), 'Separatismo' (53.5%), 'Predição pessimista' (53%); enquanto que têm atitudes positivas em 'Restrição' (88%) e 'Estigmas'(72%). As mulheres, em maior porcentagem que os homens, tiveram atitudes positivas às pessoas com doenças mentais nos domínios 'Estereótipos' (p<0.001), 'Restrição' (p<0.01), 'Benevolência' (p<0.001) e 'Predição pessimista' (p<0.05). Do mesmo modo, as enfermeiras parteiras auxiliares formam menos restritivas (p<0.05), mais benévolas (p<0.001) e menos pessimista (p<0.05) em comparação com as enfermeiras com maior educação (enfermeiras parteiras gerais e licenciadas em ciências da enfermagem). Conclusão. O presente estudo mostrou um conhecimento adequado sobre as doenças mentais entre as enfermeiras. Porém, tem atitudes de estigmas e negativas à doença mental. Por tanto, é uma prioridade implementar programas educativos para o melhoramento das atitudes positivas às pessoas com doenças mentais com o fim de brindar uma atenção integral a esta população vulnerável.

Niveles de Optimismo: Diferencias entre adultos de países latinoamericanos / Levels of Optimism: Differences between adults in Latin American countries

Resumen El optimismo disposicional es la variable dentro de la Psicología Positiva que más se ha estudiado en distintos entornos, pues se presenta como relacionada y predictora de otras variables y entornos de salud. El presente estudio se dedicó a conocer si existían diferencias significativas en los niveles de Optimismo medidos a través del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) en función del país de residencia que tenían las personas, en una muestra accidental de 464 personas de Argentina, México y Chile. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la dimensión Optimismo pero sí en la dimensión Pesimismo, en donde Argentina presenta los mayores niveles. Además, se detectaron diferencias significativas en 2 de los ítems de la dimensión Optimismo, en la que los residentes mexicanos presentaban mejores niveles, y en un ítem de la dimensión Pesimismo. Los resultados son limitados al estudio que se realizó, pero destacan la importancia de realizar más estudios en temas que los gobiernos actuales están trabajando para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, que puede estar directamente influenciada por variables positivas como el Optimismo.

Abstract Dispositional optimism is the variable within Positive Psychology that has been studied in different environments, as it is presented as related and predictor of psychological variables and health environments. The present study investigated whether there were significant differences in Optimism levels measured through the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) according to the country of residence of the people, in an accidental sample of 464 people from Argentina, Mexico and Chile. No significant differences were found in the Optimism dimension, but in the Pessimism dimension, where Argentina presents the highest levels. In addition, significant differences were detected in 2 of the items in the Optimism dimension, where Mexican residents presented themselves with better levels, and in an item of the dimension Pessimism. The results are limited to the study that was carried out but they emphasize the importance of carrying out more studies in subjects that the present governments are working to improve the quality of life of the people that can be directly influenced by positive variables like Optimism.

Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and its relationship with psychological well-being and academic progress in college students / Propiedades psicométricas del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) y su relación con el bienestar psicológico y el progreso académico en estudiantes universitarios

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and dispositional optimism/pessimism in a sample of college students (n = 291), as well as to consider the effect of dispositional optimism/pessimism on academic progress. The results indicated that the properties of the Spanish version of the LOT-R (a= .72) were very similar to the original. The questionnaire clearly presented two partially independent factors, and the items assessing optimism demonstrated greater discriminant validity than the items assessing pessimism. Optimism was positively linked to psychological well-being and negatively related to psychological-distress. In the male students, a certain degree of preoccupation about academic results was linked to progress in studies, while excessive worry about academic progress could obstruct the successful completion of studies in the female students. These results suggest that the LOT-R can be used as a reliable and valid tool for the analysis of optimism and its positive effects on health and academic progress.

Resumen Este estudio pretende analizar la dimensionalidad de la versión española del Revised Life Orientation Test, para examinar la relación entre el bienestar psicológico y el optimismo/pesimismo disposicional en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios (n = 291) y analizar la repercusión del optimismo/pesimismo disposicional en el progreso académico. Los resultados indican que las propiedades de la versión española del Revised Life Orientation Test (a = 0.72) son muy similares a los de la versión original. El test presenta una estructura clara con dos factores parcialmente independientes, los ítems del factor optimismo tienen un poder discriminatorio mayor que los del factor de pesimismo. El optimismo está relacionado positivamente con el bienestar psicológico y negativamente con el malestar psicológico. En hombres, cierto grado de preocupación por los resultados académicos estaría relacionado con el progreso académico en los estudios, mientras que en mujeres, una excesiva preocupación académica podría ser perjudicial para finalizar con éxito los estudios. Estos resultados sugieren que el Revised Life Orientation Test puede ser un instrumento fiable y válido para analizar el optimismo y su relación con la salud y progreso académico.

AUTOESTIMA Y DESESPERANZA EN ADOLESCENTES DE UNA INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA DEL QUINDÍO / ESTEEM AND HOPELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS IN AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF QUINDÍO

Esta es una investigación empírico-analítica de tipo correlacional cuya intención es hallar la relación entre niveles de autoestima y desesperanza en 224 adolescentes de los grados 9º, 10º y 11º de bachillerato de una institución educativa pública del departamento del Quindío. Se aplicó la escala de Desesperanza de Beck y el inventario de autoestima de Rosenberg. Se encontró que el Riesgo de Suicidio o grado de Desesperanza "ninguno o mínimo" fue del 59,4%, el riesgo leve 26,8%, moderado 12,9% y alto 0,9%. El riesgo mínimo en mujeres fue del 33,5% y alto del 0,9%, mientras en los hombres prevalece el riesgo mínimo 29,5%, leve 17% y moderado 7,1%. La desesperanza se incrementa en los adolescentes por factores motivacionales y cognitivos que dan forma a la ideación suicida y elevan los riesgos de suicidio. La autoestima baja no es un factor consistente en la ideación suicida.

This is an empirical-analytic correlational research whose intent is to find the relationship between levels of self-esteem and hopelessness in adolescents in an educational institution of Quindío-Colombia. The Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Self-Esteem Scale Rosenberg were applied. It was found that the risk of suicide or grade of hopelessness "none or minimal" is 59.4%, "mild" 26.8%, "moderate" 12.9% and "high" 0.9%. The type of suicide risk is minimal in women 33.5% and high 0.9 %, while in the men is minimal 29.5 %, mild 17 %, and moderate 7.1%. Expressing as conclusion that hopelessness is increase for motivational and cognitive factors that shape suicidal ideation and raise the risk of suicide. Low self-esteem is not a consistent factor in suicidal ideation.

The Mediating Role of Optimism and Pessimism on the Relationship between Spirituality and Depression among Elderly Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated that spirituality has protective effects on depression. However, there are only few studies on the theoretical mechanism showing how spirituality effects on depression. Thus, to find mediating variables explaining the relationship between the spirituality and depression may help to develop appropriate program for reducing depression in elderly cancer patients. In this study, we examined the effect of optimism and pessimism as their mediating effects on depression. METHODS: This study is to verify the relationships between spirituality and depression along with the mediating effects of optimism and pessimism among 600 South Korean elderly cancer patients who participated in a community-based study about their mental health. RESULTS: Optimism and pessimism are linked with spirituality and depression. Higher spirituality levels were associated with increased optimistic thinking, and then optimistic thinking is associated with low possibility of depression, whereas lower spirituality levels were associated with more pessimistic thinking, and in turn pessimistic thinking is associated with high depression scores. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding optimism and pessimism affecting depression level is critical for developing spirituality-based programs to reduce depression in elderly cancer patients.

Relation of fear of success to self-esteem,self-handicapping, and defensive pessimism in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the relation of fear of success to self-esteem,academic self-handicapping, and defensive pessimism in college students.Methods:Totally 291 college students were surveyed with the Self-Es-teem Scale (SES ),Academic Self-handicapping Questionnaire (ASHQ ),Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire (DPQ)and Fear of Success Questionnaire for Undergraduates (FOSQ).The structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation analysis were used to test the hypotheses.Results:Self-esteem negatively predicted quality of life (β=-0.16),working pressure (β=-0.17)and interpersonal relationship (β=-0.14).In the 95% level of confi-dence,the lower range output of Bootstrapping in the path model of self-esteem through self-handicapping,defen-sive pessimism to a fear of success respectively was -0.29 and -0.14.The upper range output of those respec-tively was -0.14 and -0.01.Conclusion:Academic self-handicapping and defensive pessimism may play a medi-ating role in the relationship between self-esteem and fear of success.

Validación del cuestionario de optimismo dispositional usando la teoría de respuesta al ítem / Validation of questionnaire dispositional optimism using item response theory

La presente investigación tenía por objetivo establecer las condiciones psicométricas de validez y confiabilidad del Cuestionario de Optimismo Dispositional, se aplicó a una muestra incidental de 608 personas (16 a 60 años), nivel educativo diverso, de ambos géneros y residentes en Bogotá. La validación de contenido se hizo con metodología ANGOFF, la validación concurrente con el Test de orientación vital LOT y el análisis de confiabilidad con el modelo de Rasch. Se concluye que la prueba cuenta con una confiabilidad adecuada, está ajustada y cumple criterios de calidad psicométrica, teniendo en cuenta que aunque el Alpha de Cronbach no es tan elevado, el nivel de separación reportado desde el modelo de Rasch es el esperado, un nivel de ajuste apropiado.

The aim of this research was to find the psychometric qualities of validity and reliability of the Dispositional Optimism Questionnaire, with a convenience sample of 608 participants aged 16 to 60, from diverse educational backgrounds, both genders, and residing in Bogota, Colombia. The content validity was performed with an ANGOFF methodology, the concurrent validity with the Life Orientation Test (LOT) and the reliability analysis with the Rasch model. The test was found to be reliable and psychometrically adequate. Even though the Cronbach's alpha was not so high, the separation reported by the Rasch model was expected, an appropriate fit.

Diseño y validación de la Escala de Optimismo Disposicional/Pesimismo-EOP / Design and Validation of the Dispositional Optimism/Pesimism Scale-EOP

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo principal el diseño y validación de una escala que permitiera la evaluar la tendencia optimista/pesimista en adolescentes y jóvenes universitarios. La muestra estuvo conformada 617 estudiantes de educación superior, de ambos géneros, con una edad entre 18 y 31 años, provenientes de cuatro instituciones educativas ubicadas en dos ciudades colombianas. El análisis psicométrico mostró que la prueba cuenta con las condiciones de confiabilidad y validez necesarias para ser utilizada en poblaciones similares a la de validación. Las conclusiones muestran diferencias de género en los puntajes de optimismo y pesimismo, la presencia de sesgo optimista no realista en los adolescentes y la existencia de diferencias en la tendencia optimista según la procedencia. Se discuten las limitaciones del presente estudio.

This study's main objective was the design and validation of a scale that allowed the evaluate trend of optimistic / pessimistic in adolescents and university young. The sample consisted of 617 university students aged between 18 and 31 years, from 4 educational institutions located in two Colombian cities. The psychometric analysis showed that the scale meets the conditions of reliability and validity for use in related populations . The conclusions show differences between genders in scores of optimism and pessimism trends; the presence of unrealistically optimistic bias in adolescents and the differences in the optimistic trend according to city. Limitations of this study are discussed.

Effects of adult attachment and life orientation style on job burnout among nurses / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship of adult attachment,life orientation style and job burnout among nurses.Methods Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) and Experience of close relationships (ECR) inventory were used to measure 566 nurses' adult attachment.Life orientation test (LOT-R) and Maslach's Burnout Inventory-General Scale (MBI-GS) were administrated to measure subjects'optimism,pessimism,and job burnout.Results ①Distribution of adult attachment style in nurses were 36％ for secure,29.3％ for dismissing,18.4％for preoccupied and 6.7％ for fearful.②Attachment avoidance were positive correlated with pessimism (r =0.139) and negative correlated with optimism (r =-0.212) significantly; and there was significant positive correlation between attachment avoidance and ineffectiveness (r=0.122) also.Attachment anxiety was positively related to pessimism (r=0.151),and three indexes of job burnout (r=0.238,0.281,0.143 respectively).Meanwhile,there were significant negative correlations among optimism and job burnout indexes (r =-0.12,-0.193,-0.230).③There were significant differences among four attachment groups on optimism and pessimism.For job burnout,the four groups had significant differences only on depersonalization,instead of ineffectiveness and emotion exhaustion.④ Regression analysis suggested that attachment anxious was a valid positive predictor of job burnout,while optimism was a negative predictor.Conclusion Both adult attachment and life orientation style are contributed to job burnout among nurses.

The Neural Basis of Optimism and Pessimism

Our survival and wellness require a balance between optimism and pessimism. Undue pessimism makes life miserable; however, excessive optimism can lead to dangerously risky behaviors. A review and synthesis of the literature on the neurophysiology subserving these two worldviews suggests that optimism and pessimism are differentially associated with the two cerebral hemispheres. High self-esteem, a cheerful attitude that tends to look at the positive aspects of a given situation, as well as an optimistic belief in a bright future are associated with physiological activity in the left-hemisphere (LH). In contrast, a gloomy viewpoint, an inclination to focus on the negative part and exaggerate its significance, low self-esteem as well as a pessimistic view on what the future holds are interlinked with neurophysiological processes in the right-hemisphere (RH). This hemispheric asymmetry in mediating optimistic and pessimistic outlooks is rooted in several biological and functional differences between the two hemispheres. The RH mediation of a watchful and inhibitive mode weaves a sense of insecurity that generates and supports pessimistic thought patterns. Conversely, the LH mediation of an active mode and the positive feedback it receives through its motor dexterity breed a sense of confidence in one's ability to manage life's challenges, and optimism about the future.

Pesimismo freudiano: salud mental y malestar en la cultura / Pessimismo freudiano: saúde mental e o mal estar na civilização / Freudian pessimism: mental health e discontent in civilization / Le pessimisme freudien: santé mentale et malaise dans la culture

Las relaciones entre el psicoanálisis y el pensamiento social hunden sus raíces en los primeros desarrollos del descubrimiento freudiano. El propio Freud no es ajeno a esta cuestión y después de la Primera Guerra Mundial dedica una parte significativa de su producción a los llamados textos sociológicos. Tanto la teoría social como la concepción pulsional en sus últimas elaboraciones representan el equipaje más comprometedor de la herencia freudiana, que sólo algunos autores como Jacques Lacan están dispuestos a retornar. El llamado pesimismo freudiano asociado a estos textos critica la lectura optimista de la metáfora poder-expresión que establece la acción unilateral del poder sobre algo que queda imposibilitado de expresarse libremente. Es desde estas coordenadas que pretendemos adentrarnos en la concepción freudiana de salud mental. El hecho de que la ley no sea tan enemiga de la pulsión, que la ley no esté depurada de la satisfacción patológica, tendrá importantes efectos para la retórica de la liberación personal y política.

As relações entre a psicanálise e o pensamento social têm suas raízes nos primeiros passos da descoberta freudiana. O próprio Freud não é alheio a esta questão e após a Primeira Guerra Mundial dedica uma parte significativa de sua produção aos chamados textos sociológicos. Tanto a teoria social como o conceito de pulsão em suas últimas elaborações representam a bagagem mais comprometedora da herança freudiana, que somente alguns autores como Jacques Lacan estão dispostos a retomar. O chamado pessimismo freudiano associado a esses textos critica a leitura otimista da metáfora poder-expressão que estabelece a ação unilateral do poder sobre algo que fica impossibilitado de se expressar livremente. É a partir destas coordenadas que pretendemos adentrar na concepção freudiana de saúde mental. O fato de que a lei não seja tão inimiga da pulsão e que não está livre da satisfação patológica, terá efeitos importantes na retórica da liberação pessoal e política.

The relations between psychoanalysis and social thought find their roots in the early developments of Freud's work. He took on this question and dedicated a considerable part of his production on the so-called sociological texts, published after the World War I. Social theory and his final conception of the drives represent the most compromising aspects of Freud's inheritance, to which only a few authors, such as Jacques Lacan, have been willing to return. Freud takes a pessimistic view in these texts and criticizes the optimistic reading of the metaphor of power-expression, which establishes the unilateral action of power on something that cannot be expressed freely. It is from these coordinates that the author of this article endeavors to update the Freudian conception of mental health and explore how the law is in a paradoxical relationshipwith the drives and with pathological satisfaction. This conception has important effects for the rhetoric of personal and political liberation.

Les rapports entre la psychanalyse et la pensée sociale remontent au début du développement de la découverte freudienne. Freud lui-même en est conscient et après la Première Guerre mondiale, il consacre une partie importante de sa production aux textes que certains appellent culturels. Autant la théorie sociale que la conception de pulsion représentent les bagages les plus compromettants de l'héritage freudien que seuls quelques auteurs comme Jacques Lacan sont prêts à reprendre. Le pessimisme freudien associé à ces textes critique la lecture optimiste de la métaphore puissance-expression qui établit l'action unilatérale de la puissance sur quelque chose qui est incapable de s'exprimer librement. C'est à partir de ces coordonnées que l'article sonde la conception freudienne de la santé mentale. Le fait que la loi n'est pas l'ennemie absolue de la pulsion et qu'elle n'est pas exemptée de la satisfaction pathologique produira d'importantes répercussions sur la rhétorique de la libération personnelle et politique.

Evaluación del optimismo: un análisis preliminar del Life Orientation Test versión revisada (lot-r) en población chilena / Optimism Evaluation: preliminary analysis of the Life Orientation Test revised version (lot-r) in chilean population

El optimismo disposicional ha sido investigado ampliamente en diferentes culturas, mostrando su utilidad como variable relacionada y predictora de importantes variables psicológicas y estados de salud. El presente estudio reporta las propiedades psicométricas preliminares del Life Orientation Test (LOT- R), en una muestra de 309 jóvenes universitarios con edades entre los 18 y 25 años, pertenecientes a la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. La estimación de la consistencia interna fue de 0.65. Del análisis factorial exploratorio surge una estructura bifactorial, alusiva a optimismo y pesimismo, que explica un 55.55% de la varianza. No se encuentra diferencia de medias entre hombres y mujeres. En términos generales la evidencia muestra la adecuación del LOT-R para su utilización en Chile.

The dispositional optimism has been researched widely in different cultures,proving its utility as a related variable and as a predictor of importantpsychological variables and states of health. The following study reports thepreliminary psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT- R), in a sample of 309 young university students with ages between 18 and 25years, from Santiago of Chile. The estimation of the internal consistencywas of 0,65. From the exploratory factorial analysis a two factors structureemerges, of optimism and pessimism, which explain a 55.55% of the variance.There are not significant sex differences between men and women. In general terms, evidence support the adequacy of the test for its use in Chile.