Perfil das pessoas com diabetes que utilizaram a telefarmácia na pandemia de covid-19: resultados da DIABETES / Profile of people with diabetes who used telepharmacy during the covid-19 pandemic: results from DIABETES / Perfil de personas con diabetes que usaron telefarmacia durante la pandemia de covid-19: resultados de DIABETES

O objetivo foi analisar o perfil das pessoas com diabetes que utilizaram a telefarmácia na pandemia de covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da websurvey DIABETESvid que ocorreu nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2020. Verificou-se que 45 participantes recorreram à telefarmácia, sendo que 55,6% eram do sexo masculino, 42,2% tinham idade compreendida entre 18 e 34 anos e 46,7% estudaram 12 ou mais anos. Além disso, 48,9% autorreferiram diabetes mellitus tipo 1. A maioria usava insulina (55,6%) e obteve os medicamentos para o diabetes em farmácias do sistema público de saúde (60%). Ademais, as pessoas que tiveram o diagnóstico de covid-19 buscaram mais pela telefarmácia (RP=2,20; IC95% 1,23­3,94). Sabe-se que os medicamentos são essenciais para o tratamento do diabetes. Logo, no período estudado em que se preconizava o distanciamento físico, os participantes apropriaram-se da telefarmácia a fim de obter a integralidade do cuidado

The objective was to analyze the profile of people with diabetes who used telepharmacy during the covid-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the DIABETESvid websurvey that took place in September and October 2020. It was found that 45 participants used telepharmacy, 55.6% of whom were male, 42.2% were between 18 and 34 years-old and 46.7% studied 12 or more years. In addition, 48.9% self-reported type 1 diabetes mellitus. Most used insulin (55.6%) and obtained their diabetes medication from pharmacies in the public health system (60%). Also, people diagnosed with covid-19 used telephar-macy more often (PR=2.20; 95%CI 1.23­3.94). It is known that drugs are essential for the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, in the period studied in which physical distancing was advocated, the participants used telepharmacy to obtain comprehensive care

El objetivo fue analizar el perfil de las personas con diabetes que utilizaron la telefarmacia durante la pandemia del covid-19. Estudio transversal con datos de la encuesta por internet DIABETESvid realizada en septiembre y octubre de 2020. Se encontró que 45 participantes recurrieron a la telefarmacia, de los cuales el 55,6% eran hombres, el 42,2% tenían entre 18 y 34 años y el 46,7% estudiaban 12 o más años. Además, el 48,9% se autorrefirió diabetes mellitus tipo 1. La mayoría utilizaba insulina (55,6%) y recibía su medicación antidiabética en farmacias del sistema público (60%). Además, las personas diagnosticadas con covid-19 buscaron telefarmacia con más frecuencia (RP = 2,20; IC 95% 1,23­3,94). Los medicamentos son esenciales para el tratamiento de la diabetes. Por lo tanto, en el período estudiado en el que se propugnaba el distanciamiento físico, los participantes se apropiaron de la telefarmacia para la atención integral

Analysis of the current performance of pharmacy outpatient services at grassroots medical institutions at home and abroad / 中华医院管理杂志

Pharmacy services in grassroots medical institutions provide professional pharmacy services for patients. This service not only expanded the scope of primary care delivery, but also meets the residents′need for appropriate medication. At present, the majority of grassroots medical institutions in China provide outpatient pharmacy services by means of pharmacy service alliance, and foreign grassroots medical institutions mainly provide pharmaceutical outpatient services with drug treatment management as the core for patients by granting pharmacists partial prescription rights.In recent years, pharmaceutical outpatient services in grassroots medical institutions had achieved good results in improving patient clinical outcomes, enhancing medication rationality, and enhancing patient compliance. However, there were many unresolved issues, including low public awareness, shortage of pharmaceutical talents, and imperfect guarantee systems. The author suggestted that efforts should be made to increase the publicity of pharmaceutical outpatient services, improve the training mechanism for pharmacists, strengthen cooperation between pharmacists and clinical physicians, include pharmacists in the contracted service team of family doctors, and improve various guarantee systems, in order to provide reference for promoting the sustainable development of pharmaceutical outpatient services in grassroots medical institutions in China.

Investigation on the Use of an Automated Question-and-Answer Post-Dispensing Follow-up Application during the Medication Period / 医薬品情報学

Objective: Continuous medication management is demanded from community pharmacists, including mandatory follow-ups (FUs) during the medication period. To improve their efficiency and quality, a software application (app) is being introduced. We investigated the use of the app for FUs by comparing it to the use of phone calls.Design: This was a retrospective studythat collected FU records from participating pharmacies.Methods: FU records of an automated question-and-answer post-dispensing app and phone calls made at 10 pharmacies in June-July 2021 were collected. Differences in the work time and contents of each FU tool were evaluated.Results: Of the 138 eligible cases, 69 (50.0%) used the app and 62 (44.93%) used phones. There was 1 case of FU interruption using the app and 12 for those using phone calls. Preparation time to initiate FU was shorter using the app than phone calls (0.28 ± 0.96 min vs. 5.06 ± 5.44 min). Moreover, there were more cases of pharmaceutical problems identified using the app than phone calls (69.57% vs. 35.48%).Conclusion: The FU app maybe a more efficient tool for identifying problems than phone calls. Further studies are needed to optimize the tool according to patient characteristics.

Mapping community pharmacy services in Brazil: a scoping review

Abstract The delivery of clinical pharmacy services has been growing in Brazilian community pharmacies, and it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of Brazilian studies about clinical pharmacy services in community pharmacies. Original research articles, with no restriction of time, study design, or patient's health condition, were included. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Lilacs. Two reviewers conducted the screening, full-text reading, and data extraction independently. ROB and ROBINS-I were used for the assessment of quality. Charts and tables were built to summarise the data. Seventy-two articles were included. A diversity of study designs, number of participants, terms used, and outcomes was found. São Paulo and Sergipe States had the highest number of studies (n=10). Pharmacists' interventions were not fully reported in 65% of studies, and most studies presented an unclear risk of bias. Studies were very diverse, impairing the comparisons between the results and hindering their reproducibility. This review suggests using guidelines and checklists for better structuration of pharmacists' interventions as well as reporting results and measuring fidelity in future research.

Sources of medicines for hypertension and diabetes in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey / Fontes de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Fuentes de medicamentos para la hipertensión y diabetes en Brasil: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud

This study aims to analyze the sources people over 18 years of age use to obtain medication for the treatment of hypertension and diabetes, according to sociodemographic characteristics from 2013 to 2019. Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey were analyzed. Most individuals with diagnosis and prescription to pharmacological treatment reported obtaining medicines exclusively from one type of source. The percentage of people who acquired hypertension medicine exclusively from public pharmacies decreased, from 24.5% in 2013 to 16.2% in 2019; while there was an increase in those obtaining from the Popular Pharmacy program, from 23.5% to 31.4%; as well as for out-of-pocket payment, which rose from 30.9% to 35.5% The percentage of people who acquired diabetes medication exclusively from public pharmacies increased from 7.4% to 18.6% and with out-of-pocket payment increased from 21.6% to 26.8%, while the percentage of those who acquired from the Popular Pharmacy program decreased from 47.2% to 36.4%. The percentage of those who acquired medication from various sources decreased for both hypertension and diabetes. For men, white, and those with higher education, the source of medication acquisition, for both conditions, was mostly by out-of-pocket payment. The high number of medicine acquisition from public sources represents an advance in Brazil's response to the treatment of these conditions, but reducing regional differences still represents a challenge to be overcome by the healthcare system.

Este estudo buscou analisar as fontes utilizadas por pessoas com mais de 18 anos para obter medicamentos para o tratamento de hipertensão arterial e diabetes de acordo com características sociodemográficas de 2013 a 2019. Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. A maioria dos indivíduos com diagnóstico e prescrição para tratamento farmacológico relatou a obtenção de medicamentos exclusivamente de um tipo de fonte. O percentual de pessoas que adquiriram medicamentos para hipertensão exclusivamente de farmácias públicas diminuiu de 24,5% em 2013 para 16,2% em 2019. Por outro lado, o percentual daqueles que adquiriram pelo Programa Farmácia Popular aumentou de 23,5% para 31,4% e gastos próprios foram de 30,9% para 35,5%. O percentual de pessoas que adquiriram medicamentos para diabetes exclusivamente de farmácias públicas aumentou de 7,4% para 18,6% e gastos próprios aumentaram de 21,6% para 26,8% enquanto o percentual dos que adquiriram da Farmácia Popular diminuiu de 47,2% para 36,4%. O percentual daqueles que adquiriram medicamentos de diversas fontes diminuiu tanto para hipertensão quanto para diabetes. Homens, pessoas brancas e pessoas com Ensino Superior adquiriram medicamentos para ambas as condições principalmente por gastos próprios. O alto número de aquisições de medicamentos de fontes públicas representa um avanço na resposta do Brasil ao tratamento dessas condições, mas reduzir as diferenças regionais ainda é um desafio a ser superado pelo sistema de saúde.

Este estudio buscó analizar las fuentes utilizadas por personas mayores de 18 años para obtener medicamentos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes según las características sociodemográficas de 2013 a 2019. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud. La mayoría de los individuos con diagnóstico y prescripción de tratamiento farmacológico reportaron obtener los medicamentos exclusivamente de un tipo de fuente. El porcentaje de personas que compraban medicamentos para la hipertensión exclusivamente en farmacias públicas disminuyó del 24,5% en 2013 al 16,2% en 2019. Por otro lado, el porcentaje de quienes lo compraban a través del programa Farmacia Popular aumentó del 23,5% al 31,4% , y el gasto pasó del 30,9% al 35,5%. El porcentaje de personas que compraban medicamentos para la diabetes exclusivamente en farmacias públicas aumentó del 7,4% al 18,6% y el gasto propio aumentó del 21,6% al 26,8%, mientras que el porcentaje de los que compraban en Farmacia Popular descendió del 47,2% al 36,4%. El porcentaje de quienes compraban medicamentos de diferentes fuentes disminuyó tanto para la hipertensión como para la diabetes. Los hombres, los individuos de raza blanca y las personas con educación superior adquirieron medicamentos para ambas afecciones a sus expensas.. El alto número de compras de medicamentos de fuentes públicas es un avance en la respuesta de Brasil al tratamiento de estas condiciones, pero la reducción de las diferencias regionales sigue siendo un desafío para ser superado por el sistema de salud.

Perceptions of Pharmacy students about their competences for professional practice in community pharmacy

Abstract Pharmaceutical education should enable the development of competences for community pharmacy practice, which is an important field for the pharmacist workforce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the competences perceived by pharmacy interns from a Brazilian pharmacy school for community pharmacy practice. This study adopted a combined quantitative and qualitative approach. The study cohort included undergraduate students who undertook internships in community pharmacy in the final year of the pharmacy course. Students responded to an 11-item structured questionnaire according to a five-point Likert scale that included perceptions of their competences for community pharmacy practice. Among the 693 possible answers, 605 (87.3%) agreed that the course promoted the development of competences for professional practice in community pharmacy. Less than 70% of students perceived themselves as prepared to respond to symptoms and provide non-prescription medicines. Qualitative analysis of the comments revealed three themes: the need to improve patient information skills, improve practice as a member of a health care team, and improve dispensing according to legal requirements. These findings may support improvements in undergraduate pharmacy programs, such as the inclusion of experiential learning, active learning methods, interprofessional education, and development of clinical skills.

Análise da produção científica sobre os serviços farmacêuticos comunitários no enfrentamento da pandemia pelo coronavírus / Analysis of scientific production on community pharmaceutical services in confronting the coronavirus pandemic

RESUMO Esta revisão buscou sintetizar as práticas em serviços farmacêuticos relacionadas ao gerenciamento e às atividades clínicas em distintos contextos para a prevenção e a assistência durante a epidemia da Covid-19. Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura sobre políticas públicas de saúde para a reorganização da assistência farmacêutica em países atingidos pela Covid-19 realizada nas bases de dados Web of Science, Science Direct e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Foram selecionados 9 artigos, sendo todos publicados em 2020. Destes, 90% foram publicados pelo periódico 'Research in Social an Administrative Pharmacy' e tiveram como local de realização de estudo países de três continentes. Foram relatadas e debatidas experiências sobre a atuação do profissional farmacêutico e o papel da farmácia comunitária no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19, e sobre a reorganização destes serviços, evidenciadas no contexto de crise, tanto no que tange à oferta de serviços quanto ao próprio espraiamento da doença. O modelo adotado pelos países para o enfrentamento da Covid-19, no âmbito dos serviços farmacêuticos comunitários, baseou-se em atividades para a garantia da qualidade e logística de insumos e medicamentos, triagem e monitoramento de pacientes, acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico, educação em saúde e informações sobre o uso de medicamentos.

ABSTRACT This review sought to synthesize the practices in pharmaceutical services related to management and clinical activities in different contexts for prevention and assistance during the Covid-19 epidemic. This is a review of the literature on public health policies for the reorganization of pharmaceutical assistance in countries affected by Covid-19 carried out in the Web of Science, Science Direct and Virtual Health Library databases. 9 articles were selected, all published in 2020. Of these, 90% of the articles were published by the journal 'Research in Social an Administrative Pharmacy' and had countries of three continents as study sites. Experiences about the performance of the pharmaceutical professional and the role of the community pharmacy in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, and about the reorganization of these services, evidenced in the context of crisis, were reported and debated, both with regard to the provision of services and the spread of the disease itself. The model adopted by countries to confront Covid-19, within the scope of community pharmaceutical services, was based on activities for quality assurance and logistics of supplies and medicines, screening and monitoring of patients, pharmacotherapeutic accompaniment, health education and information on medication use.

Validating the Utilization of the Patient Compliance Instruction Support System “FollowNavi” for Follow-up Inhalation Instructions / 医薬品情報学

Objective: Following the amendment of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act in December 2019, continuous follow-up of patients during treatment has been mandated for pharmacists. The follow-up methods may involve contacting patients via telephone and social networking services (SNS). The SNS is advantageous over telephone, because patients can respond to the pharmacists at their convenience. Therefore, we developed a patient compliance instruction support system “FollowNavi” using LINE. We prepared a content of inhalation drugs used to treat bronchial asthma for assessment using FollowNavi and conducted questionnaire surveys among patients and pharmacists to validate its utility.Methods: FollowNavi was used from May1 to July 31, 2020, to follow up patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma for whom long-term control medicine (inhalation drugs) was prescribed for the first time or prescriptions were changed from other inhalation drugs. Subsequently, when the patients revisited the pharmacy, we conducted a questionnaire survey regarding the usability of FollowNavi. We also conducted a questionnaire survey among the pharmacists.Results: Seven and five responses were received from patients who were followed up via FollowNavi and pharmacists who used FollowNavi, respectively. Furthermore, 28.6% of the patients responded “I could solve the problem through LINE” and 71.4% responded “I did not have anything in particular that I could not understand.” As for pharmacists, 60.0% responded that they could obtain sufficient information from the patients through FollowNavi.Conclusion: The results suggest that follow-up after providing inhalation instructions using the inhalation drug content of FollowNavi may be useful for both patients and pharmacists.

Rol del farmacéutico en la atención integral de pacientes con hepatitis C: revisión sistemática / The role of pharmacists in the comprehensive care of patients with hepatitis C: a systematic review

Resumen Objetivo: identificar y caracterizar las acciones/intervenciones realizadas desde los servicios farmacéuticos en el abordaje de pacientes con hepatitis C y proponer una vía clínica para la gestión de la enfermedad que incluya la participación del farmacéutico. Método: revisión sistemática en PubMed y EMBASE empleando los términos "Hepatitis C", "Pharmaceutical Services", "Community Pharmacy Services", y "Pharmacies"; artículos publicados hasta el 31 de marzo de 2019, cuyo tema central fueran las actividades realizadas por los servicios farmacéuticos en la atención a pacientes con hepatitis C. Se recopiló información sobre la actividad realizada, responsable, si la intervención era individual o colectiva y el entorno de aplicación. Las actividades se agruparon en promoción y prevención, gestión administrativa, atención farmacéutica, investigación y otros servicios de apoyo. De acuerdo con esto, se propuso una vía clínica para el manejo de la hepatitis C con participación del farmacéutico. Resultados: se incluyeron 60 artículos, principalmente de estudios descriptivos. La mayoría de las publicaciones reportó intervenciones realizadas en Estados Unidos y España. Se identificó la participación del personal farmacéutico en cada una de las etapas del proceso de atención, que incluye la provisión de servicios de reducción del daño, tamizaje del virus de la hepatitis C, vinculación de los pacientes al tratamiento, prescripción de medicamentos y órdenes de laboratorio. Conclusiones: se identifican y caracterizan las acciones/intervenciones realizadas desde el servicio farmacéutico para el manejo de la hepatitis C y se propone una vía clínica en la que se integran los servicios profesionales farmacéuticos a las demás actividades de la atención del paciente.

Abstract Objective: To identify and characterize the actions/interventions carried out by pharmaceutical services to approach patients with Hepatitis C and propose a clinical pathway for managing the disease that involves pharmacists. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE using the terms "Hepatitis C," "Pharmaceutical Services," "Community Pharmacy Services," and "Pharmacies." Articles published until March 31, 2019, whose central topic was the activities carried out by the pharmaceutical services in the care of patients with Hepatitis C, were included. Information on the activity performed, the person in charge, whether the intervention was individual or collective, and the implementation environment was collected. The activities were grouped into promotion and prevention, administrative management, pharmaceutical care, research, and other support services. Based on the above, a clinical pathway for the management of Hepatitis C involving pharmacists was proposed. Results: Sixty articles were included, mainly descriptive studies. Most publications reported interventions in the United States and Spain. Pharmaceutical staff involvement was identified at each stage of the care process, including the provision of harm reduction services, Hepatitis C virus screening, enrolling patients to treatment, medication prescription, and laboratory orders. Conclusions: The actions/interventions carried out by the pharmaceutical service for Hepatitis C management were identified and characterized. A clinical pathway has been proposed to integrate professional pharmaceutical services with other patient care activities.

Cost analysis of a medication dispensing service in community pharmacy in Brazil

This study was aimed to calculate in detail the costs of a medication dispensing service in community pharmacy in Brazil. Descriptive and retrospective analysis with a cost analysis based on mixed costing; absorption costing and time-driven activity based-costing, considering year 2018 and both public and private health system perspectives within a one-year time horizon to estimates costs related to implement and to deploy the service, costs per patient and costs per activity of process (US$ 1 = R$ 3.8310 in October, 2018). Total costs of dispensing service ranged from US$ 24,451.61 to US$ 37,914.48. Costs per patient ranged from US$ 2.43 to US$ 3.77. Costs per activity of the process ranged from US$ 0.39 in pharmacotherapy assessment to US$ 2.46 in pharmaceutical interview. This provides evidence to deploy and implement a structured medication dispensing service in community pharmacy in Brazil with a view to optimize the usage of medicines.

Knowledge and attitude of health care professional’s towards clinical pharmacy services in Nedjo General Hospital, Western Ethiopia

Background:Clinical pharmacy service(CPS) is an expanding patient-oriented, hospital role with the potential for encroachment on the physician's role. In large part, the success of CPS will depend on the degree to which other health professionals accept the concept and are willing to cooperate with its disciples. Unfortunately, our information about the degree of knowledge regardingacceptance and reaction toward clinical pharmacy by other health workers is meager. Methods:A cross sectional study design was carried outby using self–administered questionnaires on 110 health care professionals (HCP)in Nedjo General Hospital 10th March to 10th April, 2018..Results:From the total respondents 91 (82.7%) were malesand majority of them were nurses 46(41.8%) followed by midwifes 23(20.9%). This study showed that 67(60.9%) of the HCPs hada good knowledge and 67.3% of the HCPs hada positive attitude about CPS. There was no significant difference between the HCPs knowledge of clinical pharmacy services in relation to their sex (p=0.744), age (p=0.313), profession (p=0.997), level of education (p=0.509), and experience (p=0.553).Regarding HCPs’ attitude of CPs role, there was no significant difference in relation to their sex (p=0.588), age (p=0.144), profession (p=0.059) and experience (p=0.394). However, the study revealed that there was a significant difference (p=0.009) between HCPs attitude and level education of HCPs.Conclusions:Majority of the HCPs hada good knowledge and a positive attitude towards CPS. Attention should focus to hospitals to implement ward based CPS and increasing inter-professional relationships between HCPs and pharmacists.

Do Brazilian hospital pharmacists record, document, archive and disseminate their clinical practice?

An exploratory study was conducted to present the approach of Brazilian hospital pharmacists to registering, documenting, archiving and disseminating clinical practice. The data were collected using an electronic questionnaire (n=348). In fact, 97.41% of pharmacists record their clinical practice, out of which 64.01% (n=217) do in electronic form, mainly in private hospitals (p<0.000), in the central, southern and southeastern regions (p=0.040), and by professionals with 1-5 years of experience (p=0.001). The main software used is non-specific to clinical practice: an electronic spreadsheet (47.93%; n=104) and text editor (13.37%; n=29). The archiving of records is performed by 87.61% (n=297) of professionals, where 80.13% (n=238) do so in physical form; however, 77.31% (n=184) of these files are kept for less than the standard recommended time. Documentation in medical records is carried out by 55.17% (n=192) of pharmacists, increasing among those with 1-5 years of clinical practice (p=0.001), and dissemination is performed by 74.71% (n=260) of hospital pharmacists, with a lower frequency in public hospitals (p=0.012) and among professionals with fewer hours dedicated exclusively to clinical pharmacy (p=0.012). These results can undergird the revision of competency-based training programs of Brazilian clinical pharmacists to remain pharmacists as a valuable health team member

Nível de satisfação dos usuários e verificação do conhecimento dos farmacêuticos em farmácias públicas do Espírito Santo, Brasil / Satisfaction levels of users and verification of the knowledge of pharmacists in public pharmacies in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o nível de satisfação dos usuários de farmácias públicas e verificar o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos com relação à dispensação de medicamentos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado em municípios de uma mesma região, no interior do Estado do Espírito Santo, no período de maio a agosto de 2013. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o Software SPSS20. Para os dados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram aplicados o teste t student ou ANOVA, enquanto que para os demais foram aplicados os testes Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal -Wallis. A correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para avaliar a satisfação do paciente em relação ao tempo de atendimento e ao tempo de espera. O nível de significância adotado para os testes foi de 5%. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o alto nível de insatisfação por parte dos usuários e a correlação com o tempo de espera até o atendimento. Além disso, o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos em relação à dispensação foi classificado como satisfatório/regular. Conclui-se que são necessárias medidas na gestão de serviços farmacêuticos para atender as expectativas dos usuários na dispensação de medicamentos.

Abstract The scope of this study was to determine the satisfaction levels of users of public pharmacies and verify the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to dispensing of medicines. This is a descriptive study, conducted in municipalities in the State of Espírito Santo, in the period from May to August 2013. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and SPSS20 software was used for statistical analysis. The Student t or ANOVA test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for data without normal distribution. The Spearman correlation was used to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service time and the waiting time. The significance level for the tests was 5%. The main results obtained were the high level of dissatisfaction among users and the correlation with the waiting time to be attended. Apart from this, the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to the medication dispensed was classified as satisfactory/regular. The conclusion drawn is that actions are necessary in the management of pharmaceutical service to address the expectations of users in the dispensation of drugs.

Pharmacist-led interventions in Brazil: a scoping review protocol

Drug-related problems consist an important avoidable risk factor to the hospitalization in the general population. The increase of technologies to promote and recovery health and their use makes the design of services aimed at preventing health and drug problems, as well as their adequate management, a priority for public health. Pharmacist-led interventions are capable to optimize the use of medicines. However, it is important to know the characteristics and assessed outcomes of interventions, since, as a complex intervention, the variability between services can explain different performances. The objective of the scoping review is to explore randomized and non-randomized clinical trial, quasi-experimental and cohort studies to explore characteristics and assessed outcome of pharmacist-led interventions conducted in Brazil. This review will consider studies about pharmacist-led interventions, regardless of patient profile or health setting. Electronic searches will be performed in PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases with no time limit of publication. Two researchers, independently, will select registries and extract data of study and service characteristics, and outcomes measures. The findings will be presented in a narrative form including tables and figures to aid in data presentation, where appropriate.(AU)

Impact of a drug dispensing model at a Community Pharmacy in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Although dispensing of medication has been addressed by theoretical models, studies that confirm the impact of this service are still needed. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a new model of medicine dispensing system on patients' medication knowledge, adherence to treatment and satisfaction. One hundred and four patients attending the dispensing service of a community pharmacy between 21 January 2013 and 20 April 2013 were included in this intervention study. The impact of the service on patients' medication knowledge, adherence to treatment and satisfaction was assessed by using validated questionnaires at two time points: at the moment of medication dispensing and 30 days thereafter by telephone contact. Statistical analysis was performed by McNemar's test, and a p<0.05 was set as statistically significant. The number of patients showing insufficient knowledge about medications decreased by 50% (p < 0.05), and the number of those showing sufficient knowledge was three times greater (p < 0.05) after medicine dispensing. A high level of satisfaction was observed. Improvement of medication adherence, however, was not observed. The proposed system model for drug dispensing improved patients' knowledge about medication and satisfaction

Resultados de seguimento farmacoterapêutico a pacientes hipertensos em farmácia comunitária privada do interior da Bahia / Results of hypertensive patients pharmacotherapeutic follow up in a private community pharmacy in Bahia / Resultados del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico a pacientes hipertensos en una farmacia comunitaria privada en Bahia

A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma doença de alta prevalência e grande morbidade, quando não tratada de forma correta. A adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso é um fator determinante no controle da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir o papel do farmacêutico, por meio dos resultados encontrados, no tratamento de pacientes hipertensos, na adesão à farmacoterapia e sua influência nos níveis pressóricos, na qualidade de vida e na satisfação dos pacientes. Foi realizada a análise dos dados obtidos por meio do seguimento farmacoterapêutico de 60 pacientes atendidos em uma farmácia comunitária privada, no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Esta análise permitiu observar uma redução significativa dos níveis de pressão arterial dos pacientes, assim como resultados positivos na satisfação com o serviço e na possibilidade de remuneração pela prestação de serviços de Atenção Farmacêutica.

Hypertension is a disease of high prevalence and high morbidity, if not treated correctly. Adherence to therapy is an important factor in controlling the progression of this disease. The objective of this study was to discuss the role of the pharmacist in the treatment of hypertensive patients, and their influence on adherence to pharmacotherapy, blood pressure control, quality of life and patient satisfaction. Data of 60 patients from a pharmaceutical care program in a private community pharmacy in the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia were analyzed. From this analysis, a significant reduction on blood pressure levels, as well as positive results regarding satisfaction with the service, and the possibility of compensation for the provision of pharmaceutical care were observed.

La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia y gran morbilidad, cuando no tratada de forma correcta. La adhesión al tratamiento farmacológico es un factor determinante en el control de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue discutir el papel del farmacéutico, por medio de los resultados encontrados, en el tratamiento de pacientes hipertensos, en la adhesión a la terapia farmacológica, y su influencia en los niveles de presión arterial, en la calidad de vida, y en la satisfacción de los pacientes. Fue realizado un análisis de los datos obtenidos por medio del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico de 60 pacientes, atendidos en una farmacia comunitaria privada, en el municipio de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Este análisis, permitió observar una reducción significativa de los niveles de Presión Arterial de los pacientes, así como resultados positivos en la satisfacción con el servicio, y la posibilidad de remuneración por la prestación de servicios de Atención Farmacéutica.

Errores en las recetas médicas y en la preparación de estas en farmacia de pacientes ambulatorios: El caso del Hospital de Nueva Imperial / Errors in prescriptions and their preparation at the outpatient pharmacy of a regional hospital

Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. Material and Methods: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. Results: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. Conclusions: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.

Investigation of the Potential Needs and Peace of Mind of Patients in Relation to Out-of-Hours Pharmacy Services / 社会薬学

This study aimed to investigate pharmacy service needs of patients and peace of mind of patients in relation to out-of-hours pharmacy services. For patients who came to the health insurance pharmacy, we conducted a survey on the patients’ attitudes toward composition and consultation needs and peace on mind in relation to out-of-hours pharmacy services to investigate the potential characteristic of the needs regarding pharmacy services. We also found that a factor that influenced their peace of mind with regard to services offered by pharmacies was out-of-hours dispensation services. We analyzed patient attributes and local and composition and consultation needs using chi-square test. As a result, significant difference was observed in a ratio of distribution of the composition needs in six items including “sex” and “age.” Similarly, significant difference was observed in four items including “sex.” In addition, in a patient with multiple factors that needs becomes higher, it was shown that composition and consultation had a big influence of “the living together with a child.” The patient attribute that composition and consultation became high in the needs together was “a woman”, “under 60 years old”, “the living together with a child” and “local region”. For analysis by Generalized Linear Model, the two factors of “consultation during holiday,” “nighttime dispensation” were extracted. Furthermore, in a crowd “a woman” and “local region”, “consultation during holiday” was extracted, and a difference was seen in influence in a case for the whole. In this study, it became clear that pharmacy service to give the peace of mind to a patient was a holiday and night composition. From the result, in the community medicine system, it was suggested that the improvement of these service offers was important.

Full Pharmaceutical Services in Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services Under New Situation / 医药导报

With the development of clinical pharmacy in hospital,the demand for pharmacy intravenous admixture services (PIVAS) has been gradually increased.By being built inside the pharmacies,PIVAS of this hospital has created a full range of integrated pharmacy service platform.With independent research and development of information management system,innovative design of the modules and equipments based on the concept of internet of things,and integration of artificial and computerized checking,PIVAS of this hospital has formed a system of prevention and control chain,it has been deepening the connotation of clinical pharmacy services,and providing higher quality pharmacy services to clinical drug using.

Calidad del servicio en la farmacia Reparto Iglesias de Matanzas según percepción de los usuarios / Service Quality in the Iglesias Neighborhood Pharmacy in Matanzas according to Users’ Perception

Fundamento: El servicio que brindan las farmacias comunitarias es parte del sistema integral de salud en Cuba, por lo cual la calidad de ese servicio debe ser motivo de análisis constante. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del servicio que brinda la farmacia reparto Iglesias. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra (150 usuarios) se obtuvo mediante un muestreo probabilístico y asistemático de los usuarios de la farmacia. A partir de las dimensiones definidas en el modelo Service Perfomance, fueron identificados los indicadores que permiten, mediante el criterio de los usuarios, evaluar la calidad del servicio en la farmacia. Las variables del estudio fueron las dimensiones del modelo y sus respectivos indicadores, identificados mediante el criterio de expertos. Resultados: los indicadores explicación de posibles reacciones de los medicamentos y disponibilidad de los medicamentos solicitados, resultaron los de más baja evaluación. Las dimensiones del modelo peor evaluadas fueron las de fiabilidad y capacidad de respuesta. Conclusión: al evaluar los indicadores de calidad del servicio que brinda la farmacia reparto Iglesias, a partir del criterio de los usuarios, se obtuvo que hay un indicador con evaluación de mal y cuatro de regular, lo que indica problemas en la valoración de la calidad que tienen los clientes sobre la farmacia.

Background: the services provided by community pharmacies are part of Cuba’s comprehensive health system. Consequently, quality of pharmacy services should be constantly measured. Objective: to assess the quality of the services provided by the Iglesias neighborhood pharmacy. Methods: a descriptive correlational study was conducted. The sample (including 150 users) was obtained by using an unsystematic random selection of the pharmacy users. The Service Performance model was applied to identify the indicators that allowed assessing service quality in the pharmacy according to the users’ opinion. The study variables were the dimensions included in the model and their respective indicators, which were chosen based on expert opinion. Results: the explanation of possible adverse reactions and the availability of requested medicines were the indicators with the poorest ratings. The dimensions of the model with the lowest scores were reliability and responsiveness. Conclusion: in the assessment of the service provided by the Iglesias neighborhood pharmacy based on the users’ opinion, an indicator was rated as poor and four as fair, which reveals the presence of problems in the pharmacy service.