Research progress of microglia regulating phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons after intracerebral hemorrhage / 中华神经科杂志

Intracerebral hemorrhage is the bleeding caused by spontaneous non-traumatic rupture of blood vessels in brain parenchyma. It has high disability rate and mortality. A series of injuries after intracerebral hemorrhage will lead to neuronal apoptosis. If apoptotic neurons are not cleared in time, intracellular toxic substances will be released, thereby further aggravating the inflammatory reaction. Therefore, the timely clearance of apoptotic cells is of great significance to the brain homeostasis after intracerebral hemorrhage. At the same time, a large number of phagocytic "eat me" signal phosphatidylserine (PS) will appear on the surface of apoptotic neurons. Microglia, as resident macrophages in the brain, have a variety of PS receptors on their surface, which promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons by microglia and reduce the occurrence of local inflammatory responses.

Effect of compound electrolyte injection on phosphatidylserine exposure in erythrocytes after blood salvage-retransfusion in dogs / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of compound electrolyte injection on phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in erythrocytes after blood salvage-retransfusion in dogs.Methods Twenty healthy mongrel dogs,weighing 10-15 kg,aged 3-5 weeks,were divided into 2 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table method:normal saline group (group NS) and compound electrolyte injection group (group MEI).The process of intraoperative blood salvage-retransfusion was simulated in both groups:femoral vein was cannulated for blood withdrawal until the volume of blood lost was 400 ml,and the shed blood was salvaged by a blood recovery machine.The washing solution was normal saline in group NS and compound electrolyte injection in group MEI.The erythrocytes were retransfused after being labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.Blood samples were obtained before and after blood salvage for determination of erythrocyte ATP content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Blood samples were obtained at 24,48 and 72 h after blood retransfusion,and the PS exposure rate of the salvaged erythrocytes was determined by flow cytometry.The spleen was taken at 72 h after retransfusion to detect the phagocytosis rate of salvaged erythrocytes by monocytes.Results There was no significant difference in ATP content before and after blood salvage between the two groups (P＞0.05).Compared with NS group,the PS exposure rate of the salvaged erythrocytes at each time point after retransfusion and phagocytosis rate of salvaged erythrocytes by monocytes were significantly decreased in MEI group (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Compound electrolyte injection as a washing solution for intraoperative blood salvage can reduce the PS exposure in salvaged erythrocytes and is helpful in prolonging the lifespan of erythrocytes after retransfusion in dogs.

Effect of compound electrolyte injection on phosphatidylserine exposure in erythrocytes after blood salvage-retransfusion in dogs / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the effect of compound electrolyte injection on phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in erythrocytes after blood salvage-retransfusion in dogs.@*Methods@#Twenty healthy mongrel dogs, weighing 10-15 kg, aged 3-5 weeks, were divided into 2 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table method: normal saline group (group NS) and compound electrolyte injection group (group MEI). The process of intraoperative blood salvage-retransfusion was simulated in both groups: femoral vein was cannulated for blood withdrawal until the volume of blood lost was 400 ml, and the shed blood was salvaged by a blood recovery machine.The washing solution was normal saline in group NS and compound electrolyte injection in group MEI.The erythrocytes were retransfused after being labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.Blood samples were obtained before and after blood salvage for determination of erythrocyte ATP content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Blood samples were obtained at 24, 48 and 72 h after blood retransfusion, and the PS exposure rate of the salvaged erythrocytes was determined by flow cytometry.The spleen was taken at 72 h after retransfusion to detect the phagocytosis rate of salvaged erythrocytes by monocytes.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in ATP content before and after blood salvage between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with NS group, the PS exposure rate of the salvaged erythrocytes at each time point after retransfusion and phagocytosis rate of salvaged erythrocytes by monocytes were significantly decreased in MEI group (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Compound electrolyte injection as a washing solution for intraoperative blood salvage can reduce the PS exposure in salvaged erythrocytes and is helpful in prolonging the lifespan of erythrocytes after retransfusion in dogs.

Apoptotic Cell-Mimetic Polymers for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy / 전남의대학술지

The field of biomaterials has seen a strong rejuvenation due to the new potential to modulate immune system in our body. This special class of materials is called “immunomodulatory biomaterials”. Generally, three fundamental strategies are followed in the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials: (1) immuno-inert biomaterials, (2) immuno-activating biomaterials, and (3) immuno-tolerant biomaterials. While many applications of immuno-inert biomaterials such as biocompatible medical implants have been already proposed in the past decades, the ability to engineer biological activity into synthetic materials greatly increases the number of their potential uses and improves their performance in more traditional applications. The major focus of researchers is now set on developing immuno-tolerant biomaterials for anti-inflammatory therapies. In this review, we therefore introduce recent developments of immuno-tolerant biomaterials. Especially we introduce an apoptotic cell membrane-inspired polymer and its post-inflammatory effects on immune cells in this article.

In vivo detection of tumor apoptosis using a novel PET/NIRF imaging probe: 18F-PSVue643 / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To evaluate the ability of a synthetic PET/NIRF probe,named 18F-PSVue643,on the apoptosis detection in animal models with the anti-cancer drugs therapy,and compare the advantages and disadvantages between PET and NIRF.Methods Cell apoptosis was detected by MTT and flow cytometry in vitro.Established U87MG glioblastoma xenograft tumors in nude mice were treated with retinol and paclitaxel for nine days (for PET imaging) or eleven days (for NIRF imaging) continuously.The uptake values were recorded by ROI and expressed as ％ID/g.Results The apoptosis ratios in 10 and 100 nmol/L paclitaxel-treated groups were 7.4％ and 7.5％,respectively,and the apoptosis ratio of the control group was 4.3％.The apoptosis could be well detected by both NIRF and PET imaging during the whole process of treatment.However,the amount of probe for PET imaging was only a half of that for optical imaging to get the same apoptosis visualization.Conclusion 18F-PSVue643 is suitable for NIRF and PET imaging in detection of apoptosis,and it may be a promising agent for further clinical studies.

Role of microparticles in thrombotic diseases / 中华检验医学杂志

Circulating microparticles (MPs) derive from a variety of cells,including platelets,leukocytes,endothelial cells and erythrocytes.In addition,tumor cells release MPs into blood.MPs are formed as a result of membrane lipid remodeling and proteolytic cleavage of cytoskeleton.Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and tissue factor (TF) provide a surface for the assembly of Xase and prothrombianse to activate coagulation and induce thrombosis.Considerable levels of platelet-derived PS+ MPs are detected in healthy subjects.However,the level of PS+ and TF+ MPs,the latter of which predominantly derived from monocytes,greatly increased in thrombotic diseases,such as sepsis,cancer,and myocardial infarction.Therefore,MPs could be a useful biomarker for the evaluation of thrombosis risk.