A case of successfully treated self-ingested yellow phosphorous poisoning in a known case of epilepsy

Ratol is a rodenticide (rat killer paste) that contains yellow phosphorus, a dangerous toxin that harms the gastrointestinal, hepatic, cardiovascular, and renal systems both locally and systemically. The liver is one of these that is most frequently injured, and the most terrifying result is acute liver failure with coagulopathy. A 25-year-old male who is a known case of epilepsy and was on medication was brought to the Emergency Department by his mother with an alleged history of consuming approximately 15 g of Ratol paste mixed in water 5 days before presentation to our hospital at around 5 pm at his residence. The patient sustained nausea and vomiting during the following day of consumption and was treated for the same in a nearby hospital. The main element in lowering morbidity and death is the provision of effective and timely supportive care.

Respuesta del banano clon Valery en alta densidad a la inoculación con micorrizas y fósforo en Apartadó - Colombia

El cultivo de banano en el Urabá Antioqueño viene presentando disminución en los rendimientos, lo que exige la búsqueda de alternativas para incrementar o mantener la producción actual, entre las cuales, se encuentra el aumento en la proporción de fertilizantes inorgánicos, conllevando a sobrecostos y problemas ambientales. En vista de esta situación, se ha generado un interés por el uso de biofertilizantes, como el caso de las micorrizas (HFM), con las que se han demostrado beneficios al sistema suelo-planta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de los HFM con la disminución de la dosis fosforada en el clon de banano Valery, en un sistema de alta densidad, bajo condiciones edafoclimáticas de Apartadó-Antioquia. Para ello, en los tratamientos, al momento de la siembra, se realizaron inoculaciones de 100 g de HFM comercial con 5 dosis de fósforo, que correspondieron a: 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100 kg*ha-1. Se midieron variables morfológicas, rendimiento y simbiosis micorrízica. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 3 repeticiones; cada unidad experimental estuvo constituida por 10 plantas contenidas en 5 sitios. La información se procesó con el programa estadístico SAS 9.1, se obtuvo el análisis de varianza y una prueba de comparación de medias (Tukey), con un nivel de significancia del 95 %. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables morfológicas, pero sí en las variables productivas, siendo el tratamiento HFM + 50 kg P2O5*ha-1 el de mejor resultado y, además, presentó el mayor porcentaje de colonización micorrízica, con 59,5 %.

The banana crop in Uraba Antioqueño has been presenting a decrease in the yields, which requires the search for alternatives to increase or maintain current production, among which is the increase in the proportion of inorganic fertilizers leading to cost overruns and environmental problems. In view of this situation, there has been a growing interest in the use of biofertilizers such as mycorrhiza (HFM) with which multiple benefits to the soil-plant system have been demonstrated. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of HFM with the reduction of phosphorus dose in the Valery banana clone under a high-density system under edaphoclimatic conditions of Apartado-Antioquia. For this purpose, 100 g of commercial HFM were inoculated with 5 doses of phosphorus at time of sowing, corresponding to: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg*ha-1. Morphological variables, performance and mycorrhizal symbiosis were measured. The experimental design was completely random with 3 repetitions, each experimental unit was made up of 10 plants contained in 5 sites. The information was processed with the statistical program SAS 9.1, variance analysis was obtained and a mean comparison test (Tukey) with a significance level of 95 %. No significant differences were found in the morphological variables, but in the productive variables, the HFM + 50 Kg P2O5*ha-1 treatment was the best and also presented the highest percentage of mycorrhizal colonization with 59.5 %.

Beyond Creatinine - A Focus on Mineral Bone Disease

Background:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a term that encompasses all degrees of decreased renal function, from damaged–at risk through mild, moderate, and severe chronic kidney failure. CKD is now a public health problem affecting an estimated 10-13% of the world population. The Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) define CKD as either structural or functional kidney damage or a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months. CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a broader, newly defined term to define the mineral, bone, hormonal, and calcific cardiovascular abnormalities occurring in CKD. Ours study aims to evaluate the prevalence CKD-MBD in CKD stages 3, 4 and 5. Material And Methods:Ours is a retrospective observational study involving Patients >18 years known cases of CKD as per KDIGO guidelines with a minimum follow up duration of 3 or more months. Result:Our study population had a mean age of 52.8 years with male preponderance (72%). All of the patients had some form of MBD present. Conclusion:Our study was able to demonstrate a very high prevalence of CKD-MBD in patients of CKD indicating a need for better understanding the factors behind MBD in Indian patients and the need to emphasize on preventing and treating MBD in patients.

Association of serum Vitamin D and salivary calcium and phosphorus levels in 3-11-year-old schoolchildren with dental caries

Background: Vitamin D plays an essential role in the formation of healthy teeth, protection against dental caries, and the appropriate secretion of salivary calcium. Salivary calcium and phosphate help in maintaining equilibrium between demineralization and remineralization of teeth. If we know the association between serum Vitamin D and salivary calcium and phosphorus, we may get a clue regarding serum Vitamin D levels which in turn is essential for good oral health. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association of serum Vitamin D levels and salivary calcium and phosphorus levels in children with dental caries. Settings and Design: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: One hundred children of age 6–11 years, 50 with Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) ?5 (test group) and 50 with DMFT = 0 (control group), were included in the study. Oral examination was carried out and DMFT/deft scores were recorded. Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels and salivary calcium and phosphorous levels were measured. Statistical Analysis: Independent sample t-test, linear regression analysis, and Pearson correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Children with dental caries have shown lesser mean serum Vitamin D levels (15.37 ± 3.53) than caries-free children (17.26 ± 3.16). Children with decayed teeth have exhibited lower salivary calcium levels (3.92 ± 0.99) than those without caries (4.42 ± 1.37). Conversely, children with dental caries have shown higher mean salivary phosphate levels (6.27 ± 1.74) than caries-free children (5.18 ± 1.47). There is a significant decrease in salivary calcium (P = 0.018) and serum Vitamin D (P = 0.004) with a significant increase in number of decayed teeth. The greater the Vitamin D deficiency, the lesser are the salivary calcium levels observed (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Children with Vitamin D deficiency have lower salivary calcium levels. Vitamin D deficiency and lower salivary calcium levels can be the potential risk factors for the occurrence of dental caries.

Salivary Calcium and Phosphorous in Caries Active Type II Diabetic Patients.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which favours the progression of dental caries and affects the oral health. Studies have revealed that diabetic condition affects salivary electrolytes concentration contributing to demineralization of the teeth. This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of age in diabetes affecting oral health. We wanted to compare calcium and phosphate level in diabetic and non-diabetic patients and its impact on prevalence of dental caries.METHODSA total of 96 patients were examined and divided into groups of age 20-39 yrs. with and without caries and 40-64 yrs. with and without caries. After obtaining their consent, diabetic status was assessed. Patients were divided into diabetic and non-diabetic groups based on diabetic status and inclusion criteria. The groups were further subdivided into with caries and without caries. The dental caries was assessed using Decayed, Missing, Filled Tooth (DMFT) Index.RESULTSCalcium and phosphate ions are significantly reduced in caries active young diabetic patients (4A). In this study it showed that salivary calcium and phosphate ions in type II diabetic patients directly influence the prevalence of caries in young diabetic patients when compare to old patients.CONCLUSIONSThus, within the limitations of the study, impact of calcium and phosphate ions in type II diabetic patients had much more influence on young diabetic patients when compared to old patients.

A retrospective study of clinical profile and outcome of patients with rodenticide poisoning in tertiary care teaching hospital, Mandya, Karnataka, India

Background: Poisoning is the major health problem in developing countries like India. Rodenticides are one of the commonest substances used for poisoning in India. Rodenticides are the substances used to kill rats. They differs from chemical composition and toxicity profile. Prognosis mainly depends on chemical content of poison.Methods: This retrospective record-based study was conducted between October 2018 to September 2019 at MIMS tertiary care teaching hospital, Mandya, Karnataka, India. Data regarding age, sex, marital status, occupation, socioeconomic status, type of poison, route of exposure, clinical presentation, complications and outcome of poisoning and associated comorbid conditions were collected from the hospital records and documented in the pre-structured proforma. Descriptive analysis was carried out by the mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency and proportion for categorical variables.Results: Out of 126 study subjects, 77 (61.11%) were female, 49 (38.89%) were male. Most common age group was 21 to 30 years (45.23%), followed by 31 to 40 years (26.19%) group. Most common poison was zinc phosphide (52.39%), followed by yellow phosphorous (30.16%). Mode of poisoning was suicidal (94.4%) followed by accidental (5.6%).Most common symptom at presentation was nausea, vomiting (62.6%) followed by pain abdomen (52.4%).Most common complication was hepatitis 34 (26.98%) patients, followed by hepatic encephalopathy in 6 (4.76%) and cardiogenic shock in 6 (4.76%) patients. Total mortality was 8 (6.3%).Conclusions: Among rodenticides zinc phosphide was most common consumed poison in present study. Yellow phosphorous was most toxic poison and Aluminium phosphide was most lethal poison. Even though there is no specific antidote, early symptomatic treatment is the key in reducing the mortality.

Valores de referencia de analitos en orina en la edad pediatrica / Reference values of analytes in urine in the pediatric age / Valores de referência de analitos na urina na idade pediátrica

La deteccion de trastornos metabolicos minerales puede explicar diversas anomalias fisiologicas que exigen para su interpretacion la comparacion con valores de referencia validados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la determinacion de valores de referencia en la poblacion infantil uruguaya, de los analitos sodio, potasio, calcio, magnesio, fosforo y urato relacionados con la creatinina en muestras de la segunda miccion de la manana en 470 escolares (240 ninas y 230 ninos) con edades comprendidas entre 7 y 12 anos. Las medianas obtenidas fueron: Na/Crea: 139 mmol/g, K/Crea: 78 mmol/g, Ca/Crea: 77 mg/g, Mg/Crea: 71 mg/g, P/Crea: 500 mg/g, Ur/Crea: 554 mg/g, Crea: 117 mg/dL. A excepcion de los cocientes Na/Crea y K/Crea se encontro una disminucion de la excrecion de estos analitos con la edad, independientemente del sexo. Los valores obtenidos resultaron ser analogos a los de otras poblaciones con tipo de alimentacion similar.

The detection of mineral metabolic disorders can explain several pathologies which require the comparison with reference values for their interpretation. The aim of this study was to determine the reference values of 470 Uruguayan school children with ages between 7 and 12 for sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosporous and urate and their relationship with creatinine in urine samples of the second urination of the morning. The median obtained were: Na/Crea: 139 mmol/g, K/Crea: 78 mmol/g, Ca/Crea: 77 mg/g, Mg/Crea: 71 mg/g, P/Crea: 500 mg/g, Ur/Crea: 554 mg/g, Crea: 117 mg/dL. A diminishment of excretion with the age was found, regardless the sex, except for Na/Crea and K/Crea. The values obtained were similar to those of others populations with a similar diet.

A detecção de distúrbios metabólicos minerais pode explicar várias anomalias fisiológicas, que exigem a comparação com valores de referência validados para serem interpretados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar valores de referência na população infantil uruguaia, dos analitos sódio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e urato relacionados com a creatinina em amostras da segunda micção da manhã em 470 alunos (240 meninas e 230 meninos) com idades entre 7 e 12 anos. As medianas obtidas foram: Na/Crea: 139 mmol/g, K/Crea: 78 mmol/g, Ca/Crea: 77 mg/g, Mg/Crea: 71 mg/g, P/Crea: 500 mg/g, Ur/Crea: 554 mg/g, Crea: 117 mg/dL. Com exceção dos quocientes Na/Crea e K/Crea, foi encontrada uma diminuição na excreção destes analitos com a idade independentemente do sexo. Os valores obtidos foram análogos aos de outras populações com um tipo similar de dieta.

A study on outcome of rodenticide poisoning patients admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital in relation to the chemical content of that poison

Background: Poisoning is the major health problem in India. Rodenticides are the commonest poisoning in Asian countries like India. Rodenticides are the substance used to kill rats. Prognosis mainly depends on chemical content of poison.Methods: This retrospective record-based study was conducted between January 2017 to December 2017 at government hospital department of general medicine, MIMS, Mandya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Data regarding age, sex, marital status, occupation, type of poison, route of exposure, and outcome of poisoning and associated co-morbid conditions were collected from the hospital records and documented in the pre-structured proforma. Descriptive analysis was carried out by the mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency and proportion for categorical variables.Results: Out of 56 patients 33 (59%) were female 23 (41%) were male. Most common age group was 20 to 30 years, followed by 31 to 40 years group. Most common poison was yellow phosphorous (41%), followed by aluminium phosphide (29%). Most common complication was hepatitis (20%),followed by cardiogenic shock (9%).Total mortality was 3 (5%).Conclusions: Among rodenticides yellow phosphorous was most common consumed poison in present study. Aluminium phosphorus was most lethal poison. Even though there is no specific antidote, early symptomatic treatment is the key in reducing the mortality.

Black phosphrous quantum dot (BPQD)-loaded erythrocyte membrane vesicles for phothothermal therapy in breast cancer / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective To investigate the method of preparing black phosphrous quantum dot (BPQD)-loaded erythrocyte membrane nanovesicles (BPQD-EMNVs), and to study its efficiency in photothermal therapy for breast cancer. Methods Fresh red blood cells (RBCs) of healthy mice were extracted to prepare erythrocyte membrane, and BPQD-EMNVs were prepared by sonication method. The morphology of BPQD-EMNVs was observed by a transmission electron microscopy. The particle size distribution was measured by a nano-particle size and Zeta potential meter. The encapsulation efficiency of BPQD was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The uptake rate of BPQD-EMNVs was observed by a laser scanning confocal microscope. 4T1 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice were randomly divided into PBS, EMNVs, BPQD and BPQD-EMNVs groups, and the tumor sites were irradiated with 808 nm near-infrared light for 10 min after 4 hours of tail vein injection. The growth of the tumors was continually observed. Results The prepared BPQD-EMNVs have a regular spherical shape with an average particle diameter of 228 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of about 47％. Cellular uptake in vitro experiments showed that BPQD-EMNVs were rapidly taken up by 4T1 tumor cells. The results of animal in vivo experiments showed that BPQD-EMNVs had the highest enrichment after 4 h of injection at the tumor site, and BPQD-EMNVs could effectively kill tumor tissues after 10 min of 808 nm near-infrared light irradiation. Conclusions The BPQD-EMNVs are easy to prepare, and the prepared nanovesicles have good biocompatibility and photothermiotherapy effect, which is expected to be a promising method for breast cancer therapy.

Abundancia y riqueza de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares en cafetales de Soconusco, Chiapas, México / Abundance and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coffee plantations from Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico

Resumen El cultivo del café, en la economía mexicana y en la región del Soconusco en Chiapas, aporta importantes divisas; sin embargo es susceptible a plagas y enfermedades, por lo que se requiere reforzar su producción a través de un manejo más sustentable. Este estudio analizó la abundancia, riqueza y composición de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) nativos que pudieran emplearse en un futuro como biofertilizantes en el cultivo del café. En 21 muestras de suelo recolectadas en noviembre 2015 de siete sitios en la región del Soconusco, Chiapas, México, cultivados con café "robusta" (Coffea canephora), se cuantificó la abundancia de esporas, la riqueza y composición de morfoespecies de HMA y se exploró su relación con las propiedades del suelo. Se obtuvo un total de 20 morfoespecies y cinco nuevos registros de HMA para Chiapas, las morfoespecies más frecuentes pertenecen a los géneros Acaulospora y Glomus. Los sitios Toluca y Victoria tuvieron mayor riqueza de especies (17 spp. c/u) que San Agustín, 20 de noviembre y San Luis Nexapa (4 - 7 spp. c/u); mientras que Providencia y Platanar registraron una riqueza intermedia y los mayores valores de abundancia de esporas. Los sitios Victoria y Toluca presentaron un 97 % de disimilitud en la composición de especies de HMA con respecto a los demás sitios; la cual fue explicada por la baja concentración de PO4 -3en el suelo de Victoria y Toluca. La disponibilidad de P, ligada a la acidez del suelo, fueron los factores que podrían estar regulando las comunidades de HMA en el suelo de la rizosfera de los cafetos en la región del Soconusco. Se propone que podrían haber consorcios de HMA específicos para los niveles de P y acidez presentes en diferentes sitios con cafetos, o bien consorcios de especies de Acaulospora y Glomusacordes con las condiciones ambientales en las que se desarrolla el café, cuya compatibilidad y funcionalidad debe examinarse antes de emplearlos como biofertilizantes nativos en los cafetos de esta región tropical de México.

Abstract In the Mexican economy, and especially in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, coffee is economically important, and sustainable management most cover pests and diseases. In this study, we searched for native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that could be used as biofertilizers in coffee cultivation. We collected 21 soil samples from seven coffee plantations (Coffea canephora) in November 2015. We used wet sieving and decanting to quantify abundance, richness and composition of morphospecies, as well as their relationships with soil properties. A total of 20 morphospecies and five new records of AMF were obtained, and the most frequent genera were Acaulospora and Glomus. The Toluca and Victoria sites had more morphospecies richness (17 spp. each) than San Agustín, November 20 and San Luis Nexapa (4-7 spp. each). Providencia and Platanar were intermediate but had the highest spore abundance. The dissimilarity of Victoria and Toluca may reflect a low concentration of PO4 -3in the soil. P availability, linked to soil acidity, sems to be regulating these mycorrhizae communities at Soconusco. AMF consortia specific for soil P-levels and acidity, i.e. Acaulospora and Glomusconsortia, may occur and be common in the environmental conditions of Mexican coffee plantations, Strains should be tested for compatibility and functionality before using them as native biofertilizers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 91-105. Epub 2018 March 01.

Combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus strain MWT 14) improve the performance of bread wheat with low fertilizer input under an arid climate

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bio-organic phosphate either alone or in combination with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria strain (Bacillus MWT-14) on the growth and productivity of two wheat cultivars (Galaxy-2013 and Punjab-2011) along with recommended (150100 NP kg ha1) and half dose (7550 NP kg ha1) of fertilizers. The combined application of bio-organic phosphate and the phosphorous solubilizing bacteria strain at either fertilizer level significantly improved the growth, yield parameters and productivity of both wheat cultivars compared to non-inoculated control treatments. The cultivar Punjab-2011 produced the higher chlorophyll contents, crop growth rate, and the straw yield at half dose of NP fertilizer; while Galaxy-2013, with the combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria under recommended NP fertilizer dose. Combined over both NP fertilizer levels, the combined use of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria enhanced the grain yield of cultivar Galaxy-2013 by 54.3% and that of cultivar Punjab-2011 by 83.3%. The combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria also increased the population of phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, the soil organic matter and phosphorous contents in the soil. In conclusion, the combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria offers an eco-friendly option to harvest the better wheat yield with low fertilizer input under arid climate.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of pseudo phosphorous stem of Cremastra appendiculata / 中草药

Pseudo phosphorous stem of Cremastra appendiculata (Suanpanqi) is one of Shaanxi Qiyao with regional characteristics. As a clinical antitumor drug, it has been highly concerned in recent years. Suanpanqi mainly contains phenanthrene, dihydrophenanthrene, bibenzyl, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, and other chemical components with antitumor, antibacterial, anti-angiogenic, antihypertensive, and other pharmacological activities. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Suanpanqi at home and abroad in order to provide a scientific basis of its efficitive material basis, so as to further promote the value of development and utilization of plant resources in China.

Combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus strain MWT 14) improve the performance of bread wheat with low fertilizer input under an arid climate

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bio-organic phosphate either alone or in combination with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria strain (Bacillus MWT-14) on the growth and productivity of two wheat cultivars (Galaxy-2013 and Punjab-2011) along with recommended (150-100 NP kg ha−1) and half dose (75-50 NP kg ha−1) of fertilizers. The combined application of bio-organic phosphate and the phosphorous solubilizing bacteria strain at either fertilizer level significantly improved the growth, yield parameters and productivity of both wheat cultivars compared to non-inoculated control treatments. The cultivar Punjab-2011 produced the higher chlorophyll contents, crop growth rate, and the straw yield at half dose of NP fertilizer; while Galaxy-2013, with the combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria under recommended NP fertilizer dose. Combined over both NP fertilizer levels, the combined use of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria enhanced the grain yield of cultivar Galaxy-2013 by 54.3% and that of cultivar Punjab-2011 by 83.3%. The combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria also increased the population of phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, the soil organic matter and phosphorous contents in the soil. In conclusion, the combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria offers an eco-friendly option to harvest the better wheat yield with low fertilizer input under arid climate.

Outcome among Patients of Organo-Phosphorous Compound Poisoning in Comparison with Scoring System Applied.

Background: Organo-phosphorous compound poisoning is an important medical emergency in which if early treatment is not received the mortality is high. The leading cause of death is due to respiratory failure, which results from combination of respiratory muscle weakness, central respiratory depression, increased bronchial secretions, bronchospasm and pulmonary edema. Methods: For a period of 2 years, a total of 1200 poisoning cases were admitted in the Government Medical College Hospital, Nanded. Out of them, 240 were the cases of Organo-phosphorous compound poisoning. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, and after having the completed questionnaires, finally it was possible to include 200 patients. Results: Maximum number of patients who died was in the severe grade at the time of admission. In moderately severe grade only one patient died. While there was no mortality in the mild and moderate grades of poisoning. It is observed that as the scoring increased the mortality also increased. In patients with score more than 30, it was almost 100%. So patients with higher scores were more at risk of death and this association was found to be statistically significant. (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that all patients with Organophosphorous compound poisoning at admission should be assessed for scoring. Those having high scores should be given special attention.

The biochemistry of saliva throughout pregnancy / O efeito da gravidez sobre a bioquímica salivar

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Sialometric and sialochemical analyses during pregnancy are not consistent, and frequently contradictory in terms of salivary flow rate, pH, and concentration of calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and α-amylase. We, therefore, measured the evolution of these parameters throughout pregnancy. METHOD: A cross-sectional study compared sialometric and sialochemical analyses of 30 pregnant women vs. 30 age-matched non-pregnant women, and a longitudinal study evaluated the pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: Pregnant women presented acidic non-stimulated saliva, but neutral stimulated saliva pH, and no relevant changes in salivary flow rate. Scialochemical analysis showed decreased calcium levels, increased phosphate levels, and a progressive decrease in glucose levels throughout pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy significantly changes the oral biochemical milieu, creating a favorable environment for the development of oral pathology, in particular, dental caries.

OBJETIVO: Os achados relativos às análises sialométricas e sialoquímicas durante a gravidez não são consistentes, e por vezes são mesmo contraditórias. Assim, fizemos uma revisão da literatura e comparamos os níveis salivares de cálcio, fósforo, sódio, potássio, cloreto, glucose, α-amilase, pH e a taxa de fluxo salivar entre mulheres grávidas e não grávidas, bem como, avaliamos a evolução desses parâmetros ao longo da gravidez. MÉTODO: Realizamos um estudo transversal comparando a bioquímica salivar de um grupo inicial de 30 mulheres grávidas com um grupo inicial de 30 mulheres não gestantes da mesma idade seguido de um estudo longitudinal avaliando as mulheres grávidas no primeiro e terceiro trimestre de gravidez. RESULTADO: As mulheres grávidas apresentaram um pH da saliva não estimulada ácido, mas um pH da saliva estimulada neutro, assim como diminuição dos níveis salivares de cálcio, aumento dos níveis salivares de fosfato, e uma diminuição progressiva nos níveis de glicose na saliva ao longo da gravidez. CONCLUSÃO: A gravidez muda significativamente o ambiente bioquímico oral, criando condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de patologia oral, em particular da cárie dentária.

Mecanismos de acción de la vitamina D3, 1-α-hidroxicolecalciferol (1-α-OH-D3,) y 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OH-D3) en gallinas de postura comercial / Mode of action of vitamin D3, 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-α-OH-D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) in commercial laying hens / Mecanismos de ação da vitamina D3, 1-α-hidroxicolecalciferol (1-α-OH-D3) e 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OH-D3) em galinhas poedeiras

Resumen Las aves de corral comúnmente reciben una alimentación a base de maíz y soya y mucho del fósforo presente en estas plantas se encuentra en forma de un complejo fítico que es relativamente insoluble en el sistema digestivo de las aves y no es disponible para su utilización. Los compuestos 1-α-hidroxicolecalciferol (1-α-OH-D3) y 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OH-D3), metabolitos de la vitamina D, han sido usados para incrementar la utilización del fósforo fítico, mejorar el desempeño y la mineralización ósea y disminuir los problemas de discondroplasia tibial. La presente revisión busca proveer información científica referente al empleo de metabolitos de la vitamina D3 como la 1-α-hidroxicolecalciferol y la 25-hidroxicolecalciferol, precursoras de la 25 (OH)2 D3, que es la forma metabólicamente activa de la vitamina D3 en gallinas ponedoras y pollos productores de carne.

Abstract Poultry are commonly fed diets based on corn and soybeans. Much of the phosphorus present in these feedstuffs is in the form of a phytate complex. Phytate phosphorus is relatively insoluble in the digestive tract of birds and mostly not absorbed. 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-α-OH-D3) and 25- hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), both vitamin D metabolites, have been used to increase the utilization of phytate phosphorus, improve performance and bone mineralization, and decrease tibial dyschondroplasia. The present review aims to provide scientific information regarding the use of vitamin D3 metabolites such as 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Both of them are precursors for 25 (OH)2 D3, which is the metabolically active form of vitamin D3 in laying hens and broilers.

Resumo As galinhas especializadas na produção de ovos comumente recebem uma dieta à base de milho e soja. Muito do fósforo presente nesses alimentos se encontra em forma de um complexo fítico que é relativamente insolúvel no sistema digestivo das aves e não é disponível para sua utilização. Os compostos 1α-hidroxicolecalciferol (1-α-OH-D3) e a 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OH-D3), metabolitos da vitamina D, tem sido utilizados para incrementar a utilização do fosforo fítico, melhorar o desempenho e a mineralização óssea e diminuir os problemas de discondroplasia tibial. A presente revisão pretende prover informação cientifica referente ao emprego de metabolitos da vitamina D3 como a 1-α-hidroxicolecalciferol e a 25-hidroxicolecalciferol, precursoras da 25 (OH)2 D3, que é a forma metabolicamente ativa da vitamina D3 em galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte.

Disponibilidad de fósforo soluble en ensilado experimental fermentado con una cepa de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis con alta actividad de fitasa / Soluble phosphorous availability in experimental silage fermented with a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain with high phytase activity

El fitato es la forma principal de almacenamiento de fósforo en semillas y granos, pero el fósforo unido a fitato resulta inaccesible para los peces. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la eficacia de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Tw34 para liberar fósforo de fitato en un alimento experimental que contenía harina de cereal. La bacteria inoculante del ensilado biológico se seleccionó por su alta actividad de fitasa y las mezclas se prepararon con productos de descarte de merluza (Merluccius hubbsi). Las harinas de girasol, maíz, trigo y cebada se mezclaron con desechos picados de merluza hasta alcanzar el 25% y se inocularon con la bacteria citada. Después de 7 días de fermentación a 18 ºC los mejores resultados se obtuvieron cuando se utilizó harina de cebada. La cepa fue capaz de reducir el valor del pH a 4,4 y aumentar cuatro veces la concentración inicial de fósforo libre. Los resultados sugieren que la fitasa de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Tw34 puede aumentar la accesibilidad del fósforo en dietas basadas en harina de cereales, evitando los efectos negativos del ácido fítico en la biodisponibilidad de minerales y proteínas, y disminuyendo la liberación de residuos de fósforo.

Phytate is the main phosphorous storage form in grains and seeds, but phytate linked phosphorous is inaccessible for fishes. The purpose of this wok was to study the efficacy of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Tw34 for liberating phosphorous in an experimental feed which contained cereal flour. The inoculating bacterium of the biological silage was selected due to its high phytase activity, and the mixtures were prepared with waste hake products (Merluccius hubbsi). Sunflower, corn, wheat and barley flours were mixed with waste ground hake products up to 25% and inoculated with the bacterium mentioned. After 7 days fermentation at 18 oC, the best results were obtained when barley flour was used. The strain was able to reduce the pH value to 4.4 and increase four times the initial concentration of free phosphorous. The results suggest that Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Tw34 can increase phosphorous accessibility in cereal flour based diets, avoiding the negative effects of phytic acid on the bioavailability of minerals and proteins, and decreasing the liberation of phosphorous residues.

Effects of Phytase Supplementation of Low Phosphorous Diets Included Olive Pulp and Date Pits on Productive Performance of Laying Hens, Egg Quality Traits and Some Blood Parameters.

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase (E) supplementation of low phosphorous diets (NPP) included olive pulp (OP) and date pits (DP) on performance of laying hens, egg quality traits, blood parameters and excreta pH of laying hens. Study Design: Data were analyzed based on 2×2×2 factorial arrangements in completely randomized design using GLM procedure of SAS. Place and Duration of Study: The present experiment was done in Animal Science Department of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. All procedures used in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Razi University and complied with the "Guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals in Research". Methodology: A total number of 288 Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens was randomly divided in 48 cages (n=6). Based on a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 8 iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets (ME =2720 Kcal/Kg and CP=150 g/Kg) consisting of two levels of date pits and olive pulp (0, and 90 g/kg), two levels of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (NPP: 2.6 and 3.3 g/kg diet) and phytase (0 and 150 FTU/kg) were formulated. Hens in every randomly-selected six cages (replicates) allotted to feed on each of 8 experimental diets. Results: Dietary treatment did not have significant effect on egg production (EP) and feed intake (FI). Phytase numerically increased egg mass (EM) compared to control diets. Dietary inclusion of date pits and olive pulp significantly affected feed conversion ratio (FCR). Yolk index and Haugh unit were not significantly affected by dietary treatment (P>0.05). Diet inclusion of olive pulp and date pits numerically decreased eggshell weight and thickness in the first egg sampling (wk 3) in compared to control diet (P=.05). In the second egg sampling (wk 7), egg index, yolk index, Haugh unit, egg gravity and eggshell thickness were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Dietary treatment did not have significant effect on blood parameters except for monocyte, so that a significant interaction between DO, P and E (p=0.01) was detected. Dietary treatment did not have significant effect on body weight changes (BWC) and excreta pH. Conclusion: From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that DP and OP can be included in diet of laying hens up to 9% with no adverse effect on birds' performance. However, diet inclusion of DP and OP has some adverse effects on egg yolk color and eggshell weight.

Treatment of eggshell with casein phosphopeptide reduces the severity of ovariectomy-induced bone loss / 한국실험동물학회지

It has been generally accepted that calcium intake prevents bone loss, and frequent fracture resulted from osteoporosis. However, it is still elusive as to how effective sole calcium intake is in preventing or attenuating the severity of osteoporosis. Here, we demonstrate the effects of eggshell-casein phosphopeptide (ES-CPP), and compared these effects those of calcium supplement, for restoring ovariectomy-mediated bone loss. CPP, synthesized from the hydrolysis of casein (0.5%) using trypsin, was added to the grinded ES and was then administered to the ovariectomized (OVX) rat at 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Urine and feces from each group were collected each day, and were used to calculate the apparent calcium absorption rate in a day. After 4 weeks incubation, blood and femoral bones were isolated for the analysis of parameters representing osteoporosis. The apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly increased in the ES-CPP treated groups, in comparison to both the OVX and the commercial calcium supplement (CCS) treated group. Notably, treatment with ES-CPP markedly enhanced the calcium content in femoral bone and the relative weight of femoral bone to body weight, though calcium content in serum was barely changed by treatment with ES-CPP. Parameters of osteoporosis, such as osteocalcin in serum and bone mineral density, were rescued by treatment with ES-CPP, compared to treatment with commercial calcium supplement. This finding strongly suggests the possible use of ES-CPP in preventing or attenuating the severity of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Organic Phosphorous Pesticide Poisoning Treated with Atropine Micro Pump Sustainable Intravenous Injection(with A Comparative Report of 100 Cases) / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To observe the cure effect of atropine micro pump sustainable intravenous injection on organic phosphorous pesticide poisoning. [Method] Select 100 such cases taking atropine, divide them into treatment group(micro pump sustainable intravenous injection, 30 cases) and control group(interval intravenous injection, 70 cases); the atropine administration was revised according to poisoning degrees. [Result] The treatment time of atropinzation for treatment group was (6.78±1.89)h,and (9.09±2.79)h for control one;the poisoning rate in treatment group was 6.67%, the cure time (14.08±3.59)h;they were respectively 27.14%,and(16.49±4.58)h for control one;their differences were of statistical meaning and marked statistical mean-ing respectively by comparison. [Conclusion] The treatment above can increase the cure effect and effectively reduce poisoning rate.