RESUMEN
Resumen: La falla en la regeneración de las neuronas del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en vertebrados superiores es un problema que no se ha resuelto completamente, esto limita la rehabilitación de muchas conductas motoras después de una lesión en la médula espinal. En la regeneración neuronal intervienen múltiples factores y de estos, los que inducen el crecimiento neurítico se han estudiado para intentar favorecer la extensión y la reconexión de las neuronas lesionadas con sus blancos. La regeneración del SNC de sanguijuelas se ha estudiado intensamente porque permite abordar el problema a diferentes niveles con distintas técnicas, en este trabajo se obtuvo el espectro de absorción óptico, con espectroscopía fotoacústica (EFA), del SNC y de tejido de la sanguijuela Haementeria officinalis, con el objetivo de conocer las longitudes de onda óptimas para la irradiación posterior de células del SNC y de tejido H. officinalis. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el SNC de estos organismos absorbe en la region comprendida de 300 nm a 500 nm, y las muestras de tejido tienen un máximo de absorción óptico proximo a 300 nm, además se observaron diferencias evidentes entre los espectros de absorción ópticos del SNC con lesión y el control (sin lesión).
Abstract: The failure in the neuron regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) in higher vertebrates, is a not completely solved problem, this limits the rehabilitation of many motor conducts after an injury in the spinal cord. In neuronal regeneration multiple factors are involved, between them those that induce the neurite outgrowth which has been studied to try to encourage the extension and reconnection of the injury neurons with their blanks. The regeneration of the CNS of leeches has been intensely studied because allows to approach the problem at different levels with different techniques. In this study the optical absorption spectrum of the CNS and the tissue of the leech H. officinalis was obtained, by using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), in order to investigate the optimal wavelenghts for later irradiation of CNS cells and tissue of H. officinalis. The results of this study show that the CNS of these organisms absorbs in the region of 300 nm to 500 nm, and the tissue samples has a maximun of optical absorption near to 300 nm, besides were observed evident differences between the optical absorption spectra of CNS with injury and the control (without injury).
RESUMEN
Resumen: La Espectroscopia Fotoacústica (EFA), ha destacado de entre las técnicas fototérmicas por su versatilidad para la caracterización de diversos tipos de muestras, incluyendo las de tipo biológicas. En este estudio, se compararon y analizaron mediante EFA, las diferencias entre los espectros de absorción ópticos de sangre de ratas macho Fisher en tres casos, control (ratas sanas), con daño hepático, y con daño hepático tratadas con Curcuma longa. Los resultados experimentales demostraron diferencias en los espectros de absorción ópticos de cada caso analizado, por lo que EFA se propondría como una técnica complementaria, no convencional para el estudio del efecto de la Curcuma longa en daño hepático inducido en modelo animal.
Abstract: Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) stand outs among Photothermal techniques due to its versatility for the characterization of different types of materials, including biological samples. In this study, were compared and analyzed by PAS, the differences between the optical absorption spectra of blood of male Fisher rats, in three cases, control (healthy rats), liver damage and liver damage treated with Curcuma longa. The experimental results show differences in the optical absorption spectra of each analysed case, therefore PAS would be proposed as a non conventional complementary technique, to study the effect of Curcuma longa in induced liver damage for an animal model.
RESUMEN
AbstractPhytopharmaceutical products are being used in the treatment and prevention of health problems. Nowadays, the development and evaluation of novel pharmaceutical products is expensive and time consuming. A statistical approach is a good tool for optimal development processes. Nectandra falcifolia (Nees) J.A. Castigl. ex Mart. Crov. & Piccinini, Lauraceae, a Brazilian species, is reported as anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanial and anti-microbial. However, there is little known about its chemical composition. For other species of Nectandra genus, the presence of antioxidant compounds is reported. In order to optimize the process of obtaining extract with high antioxidant activity, different extraction conditions were tested following a statistical approach. Two sequential experimental designs were used – first, a factorial 23 design, followed by central composite 22. The extracts manufactured by these experimental statistical matrixes had their antioxidant activity and phenolic contents quantified and the response surface plots were fitted in quadratic models and they predicted the best extraction condition for the best antioxidant activity. This standardized extract and its antioxidant activity were better evaluated by two complementary tests (ABTS and Burst respiratory). A topical formulation containing 1% (w/w) of standardized extract was prepared and used for an in vivo skin permeation study using a two-dose application. The photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to analyze the samples from the permeation study and the composition profile of standardized extract. In rat skin samples, the data demonstrated that for the higher dose of topical formulation (5 g/cm2), the standardized extract could cross skin and be seen in epidermis and dermis. This was not the case for the lower dose (2 g/cm2) which was only present in the epidermis. This information suggests that this novel standardized extract of N. falcifoliacould be explored for skin damage prevention or treatment for diseases developed by oxidative damage.
RESUMEN
Soil particles are very heterogeneous in microscopic scale, which is manifested the double-layer structure made of the soil organic matter and mineral matter. In this work, Fourier by transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy ( FTIR-PAS) combined with independent component analysis ( ICA) was utilized for in situ depth-profiling of the manmade complex film, in order to lay a foundation of in situ characterizing the heterogeneous soil organic-mineral complex. The complex film was composed of the PE preservative film and office adhesive tape. The moving velocity of infrared photoacoustic spectrometer was set to 0. 16 cm/s, 0. 32 cm/s and 0. 64 cm/s, respectively. Independent component analysis ( ICA ) was performed on the photoacoustic spectra of the heterogeneous complex film. Results showed that the depth-resolved information of the complex film could be derived by changing the moving velocity, and the estimated thickness of PE film was 5. 4-7. 6 μm, which was close to the actual thickness 7 ± 1 μm. Moverover, the spectral features of the polyethylene ( PE) preservative film and office adhesive tape were extracted from the photoacoustic spectra of the heterogeneous complex film by means of ICA. Depth profiling of complex film samples showed that FTIR-PAS could be used as a new analytical tool to study heterogeneous soils, especially soil organic-mineral complexes.