A three-dimensional photogrammetric analysis of the facial esthetics of the Miss Korea pageant contestants / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to measure and compare the facial dimensions of the Miss Korea pageant contestants and a selected group of women from the general population by using three-dimensional (3D) image analysis, as well as to compare various facial ratios to the golden ratio within each group. METHODS: Three-dimensional images of 52 Miss Korea pageant contestants (MK group) and 41 young female adults selected from the general population (GP group) were acquired. Fifty-four variables and ratios were measured and calculated. Intergroup comparisons were performed using multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: Compared to the GP group, the MK group showed greater total facial height and eye width, lesser lower-facial height, and lesser facial, lower-facial, and nasal widths. Moreover, compared to the GP group, the MK group had more protruded noses with greater nasolabial angle, greater vertical curvature of the foreheads, lesser horizontal curvature of the cheek, and lesser lower-lip-and-chin volume. CONCLUSIONS: The MK group had longer faces but smaller lower lips and chins than did the GP group. The golden ratio was not matching the current facial esthetic standards. These data might be beneficial for treatment planning of patients undergoing orthognathic and plastic surgeries.

Effects of Extranasal Molding after Primary Cleft Lip Nasal Repair : Photogrammetric Analysis

PURPOSE: In the correction of cleft lip, there have been various methods to minimize recurrence of the nasal deformity after primary nasal surgery. After cheiloplasty and primary nasal surgery, we tried to elongate the columella of the cleft side, to stretch the vestibular lining of cleft side, and to elevate the alar cartilage of the cleft side with a molding prong. METHODS: We had fifteen cleft lip patients; 12 unilateral cases(6.3-8.2 months), and 3 bilateral cases(3 -7.5 months). Immediately after primary repair of the cleft lip, the toboggan shaped molding prong was located to deep inside of vestibular web of the cleft side. It was persistently suspended by a silicone tube which was connected to the prong and the frontal scalp. The results were analyzed with Photoshop(R) photogrammetrically for 6-48 months with on average of 20.6 months. We measured the proportion index of columellar length-interalar distance for three times(preoperation, immediate postoperation, and postoperation) on the nasal base views. RESULTS: In unilateral, the index had a significant increase statistically between preoperation(10.73) and immediate postoperation(23.96). It is supposed that columellar length was reconstructed to 105.80% of normal side. But, it was decreased to maintain 87.7% of normal side in postoperation(20.54). The results were similar in bilateral. The linear scars by suture penetrating nose skin were not discernable. CONCLUSION: In summary, placement of the molding prong could elongate the reconstructed columella with some relapse postoperatively.

Photogrammetric Analysis of the Lip and Nose after Presurgical Infant Orthopedics in Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the presurgical infant orthopedics and the nasoalveolar molding in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate by the analytic system using standardized photographs. This study involved 34 patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate(24 male, 10 female, mean age 4.9 years) who underwent a rotation-advancement flap repair between 1995 and 1998 by single surgeon. Follow-up photographs were taken at a time average 3.8 years(2-7ears) after surgery. The patients were divided into three groups Group I(9 patients) consists of those who underwent cheiloplasty and primary rhinoplasty without presurgical infant orthopedics. Group II(10 patients) consists of those who underwent cheiloplasty and primary rhinoplasty with presurgical alveolar molding alone without nasal molding, and Group III(15 patients) consists of those who underwent presurgical alveolar molding with nasal molding without primary rhinoplasty. Facial proportions and angles were measured on standardized photographs using defined anthropometric points. All linear parameters were converted to the percentage values. In addition, the qualitative measurements were performed on scar quality, nostril symmetry and alar symmetry. Comparisons between group I and II and those between group II and III were made in all parameters. Results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney/ Wilcoxon rank sum test. Between group I and II, there was a significant increase in upper lip height symmetry in group II(p= 0.014). Between group II and III, upper lip height symmetry and Cupid's bow length symmetry significantly increased in group II(p=0.002, p=0.012). The other quantitative and qualitative parameters didn't make the difference between groups. In conclusion, the infant orthopedics increases upper lip height of cleft side and has the effect to obtain the upper lip symmetry. But the nasoalveolar molding has no effect to increase the nasal symmetry. So the nasoalveolar molding alone appears to be insufficient to replace the infant orthopedics with primary rhinoplasty.

Photogrammetric Analysis of the Correction of Nasal Deformity in Bilateral Cleft Lip using Bardach's Techique

The secondary nasal deformity in bilateral cleft lip has distinct characteristics such as the absence of septal deviation, short columella, both alar flaring, web of the alar rim, wide nostrils, dislocation and separation of the alar cartilage with an obtuse angle. Bardach's technique was applied for both a nasal tip projection and lengthening the columella in the secondary nasal deformity. In this procedure, the columella was lengthened using a skin flap from the prolabium, and the lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilages were dissected from the skin and nasal mucosa. The lower lateral cartilage was also restructured by lengthening the medial crura and shortening the lateral crura by suturing them together at the appropriate height to establish the proper cartilage support for a projected and symmetric nasal tip and to reconstruct the columella. A V-Y closure of the defect on the lip was done to lengthen the midsection of the lip. A photogrammetric comparison of the pre-operation and post-operation was made(n=10 ; M : F=7 : 3). The facial proportions and angles were measured by photography using defined anthropometric points. The following criteria were quantified for the preoperative states and postoperative states: the nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle and projection, nasal width, columellar length and width, and the philtral width. All parameters in both states were compared against each other. Results were analyzed by a non-parameter test. The nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle, nasal tip protrusion, columellar lengthening proved to be better after surgery(p<0.01). In conclusion, Bardach's technique is suitable method for correcting the secondary deformity associated with bilateral cleft lip by nasal tip projection, columella lengthening and preventing recurrence. However, It is not suitable for the reduction of alar width and the formation of philtral groove.