Photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency in Ricinus communis (L) under drought stress in semi-humid and semi-arid areas

ABSTRACT Castor bean is one of the crops with potential to provide raw material for production of oils for biodiesel. This species possess adaptive mechanisms for maintaining the water status when subjected to drought stress. A better understanding these mechanisms under field conditions can unravel the survival strategies used by this species. This study aimed to compare the physiological adaptations of Ricinus communis (L.) in two regions with different climates, the semi-arid and semi-humid subject to water stress. The plants showed greater vapor pressure deficit during the driest hours of the day, which contributed to higher values of the leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, however, the VPD(leaf-air) had the greatest effect on plants in the semi-arid region. In both regions, between 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m., the plants presented reduction in the rates of photosynthesis and intracellular CO2 concentration in response to stomatal closure. During the dry season in the semi-arid region, photoinhibition occurred in the leaves of castor bean between 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. These results suggest that castor bean plants possess compensatory mechanisms for drought tolerance, such as: higher stomatal control and maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, allowing the plant to survive well in soil with low water availability.

Desempenho fotossintético de folhas jovens e maduras de Vochysia cinnamomea (Vochysiaceae) em áreas de cerrado rupestre intactas e pós-queimada / Photosynthetic performance of young and mature leaves of Vochysia cinnamomea (Vochysiaceae) at intact and after fire areas of cerrado rupestre

O fogo exerce um papel importante como modelador dos ecossistemas de diversas formações vegetais, especialmente o Cerrado. Sua ação induz a brotação em diversas espécies, muitas vezes formando folhas mais vigorosas e fisiologicamente mais ativas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investigou o desempenho fotossintético de folhas jovens e maduras de Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) em resposta à ação do fogo natural sobre uma área de cerrado rupestre da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, comparando-se; (1) folhas jovens de área queimada e não queimada e (2) folhas jovens e maduras de um mesmo indivíduo. Foram analisadas folhas maduras de indivíduos de área não queimada cuja brotação ocorreu anterior à queimada, e folhas jovens de indivíduos de áreas queimadas e não queimadas cuja brotação ocorreu após a passagem do fogo. Foram coletados e analisados dados relativos às taxas fotossintéticas, rendimento quântico potencial e efetivo, taxa relativa de transporte de elétrons, assimilação líquida de CO2, condutância estomática, transpiração e teores de clorofila. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as folhas jovens da área queimada e da área não queimada em relação aos processos fisiológicos testados. Desta forma não há nenhum tipo de resposta rápida em relação à passagem do fogo. Entretanto, foram encontradas diferenças significativas quando comparadas folhas jovens e maduras. É fato que folhas jovens de V. cinnamomea são estruturalmente distintas de folhas maduras, são mais suculentas e pilosas enquanto as folhas maduras são mais coriáceas, glabras e com cutícula evidente. Estas diferenças estruturais e os estágios fisiológicos de maturação distintos se refletem nas características fisiológicas estudadas nestas folhas que, quando maduras apresentam-se com menor grau de fotoinibição, maior teor de clorofilas e maior assimilação líquida de CO2.

Post-fire effect plays an important role as a modulator of plant ecosystems, especially of the Cerrado. It induces leaf sprouting in several species, often forming vigorous and more physiologically active leaves. In the present study it was investigated the photosynthetic performance of young and mature leaves of Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) in response to the fire action in a "cerrado rupestre" area of Serra da Canasta, Minas Gerais, comparing; (1) young leaves from fired and intact area, and (2) young and mature leaves from the same plant. Mature leaves from intact area plants which leaf sprouting occurred before fire action in the adjacent area, and young leaves from intact and fired area which leaf sprouting occurred after fire action were analyzed. Data were collected and analyzed on photosynthetic rates, potential and effective quantum yield, electron transport rate, CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll contents. There were no significant differences between the young leaves of the burned and unburned area in relation to physiological parameters tested. Thus there is no kind of quick response in relation to fire effects. However, significant differences between young and mature leaves were found. Young leaves are structurally distinct of the mature leaves, been more succulent and pilous while mature leaves are more coriaceous, glabrous and with thicked cuticle. The structural differences between young and mature leaves are reflected in distinct physiological performance. Mature leaves present lower degree of photoinhibition, higher pigment content and CO2 assimilation.

Análise dos transientes da fluorescência da clorofila a de plantas jovens de Carapa guianensis e de Dipteryx odorata submetidas a dois ambientes de luz / Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients of young plants of Carapa guianensis and Dipteryx odorata submitted to two light environments

Espécies arbóreas tropicais estão quase sempre sob alta irradiância na Amazônia. O elevado fluxo energético pode ser decisivo para o sucesso ou fracasso no estabelecimento inicial das plantas no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as respostas de plantas jovens de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl) e cumaru (Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd) expostas a dois ambientes de luz (sombra e sol). O experimento foi conduzido em Manaus-AM, Brasil (3º8'S, 59º52'W). As análises dos transientes da fluorescência da clorofila a e os parâmetros relacionados foram obtidos em folhas intactas e saudáveis no período entre 10:00 e 12:00h. A curva OJIP indicou que ambas as espécies expostas à alta irradiância apresentaram fotoinibição após 45 dias de experimento. Plantas de andiroba e cumaru expostas ao sol exibiram menores valores de TRo/ABS (7,17 e 20,4%, respectivamente), ETo/TRo (14,5 e 27,2%, respectivamente) e ETo/ABS (20,6 e 42,2%, respectivamente) e maiores valores de DIo/ABS (26,9 e 43,0%, respectivamente), comparadas com plantas exposta à sombra. Quanto ao fluxo fenomenológico, para a maioria dos parâmetros, menores valores foram observados para ambas as espécies expostas ao sol. Plantas de andiroba e cumaru expostas ao sol exibiram valores menores de PI ABS (63,3 e 78,7%, respectivamente) comparadas com plantas expostas à sombra no final do experimento. Apesar de ambas as espécies terem sofrido com o estresse por alta irradiância, plantas de andiroba apresentaram melhores desempenhos do que plantas de cumaru, sendo, portanto, melhor indicadas para uso em plantio de produção ou de recuperação de áreas degradadas.

Tropical tree species are almost always under high irradiance in the Amazonian. The high energy flux can be decisive for the success or not in the initial establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the answers of young plants of andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl) and cumaru (Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd) exposed to two light environments (shade and sunlight). The experiment was carried in Manaus-AM, Brazil (3º8'S, 59º52'W). Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were obtained in intact and healthy leaves between 10:00 to 12:00 am. The curve OJIP indicated that the species high irradiance exposed presented photoinhibition after 45 days of experiment. Andiroba and cumaru plants exposed to sunlight exhibited low values of TRo/ABS (7.17 and 20.4%, respectively), ETo/TRo (14.5 and 27.2%, respectively) and ETo/ABS (20.6 and 42.2%, respectively) and high values of DIo/ABS (26.9 and 43.0%, respectively), compared with plants exposed to the shadow with 45 days of experiment. As for phenomenological flux, most of the parameters, low values were observed for both exposed species in the sunlight. Andiroba and cumaru plants exposed in the sunlight exhibited low values of PIABS (63.3 and 78.7%, respectively) compared with exposed plants to the shadow at the end of the experiment. Although the species have suffered with the stress for high irradiance andiroba specie presented better performance than cumaru being indicated for use in production planting or degraded area restoration.

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis without net loss of photosystem II components in Populus deltoides.

The photoinhibition of photosynthesis was investigated on intact attached leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes of Populus deltoides. Our studies demonstrate that in intact leaves photoinhibition takes place under high irradiance which is more pronounced at higher temperatures. No net loss of Dl and other proteins associated with photosystem II (PSII) were observed even after 64 % photoinhibition suggesting that the degradation of polypeptides associated with PSII is not the only key step responsible for photoinhibition as observed by other workers. Electron transport studies in isolated thylakoid membranes suggested water oxidation complex as one of the damaged site during high light exposure. The possible mechanisms of photoinhibition without net loss of D1 protein are discussed.