La brecha de género en el deporte: El caso de una marginación histórica y socialmente consentida / The gender gap in sport: The case of a historically and socially accepted marginalization

Resumen El deporte se considera un medio esencial para favorecer la salud y el desarrollo de los ciudadanos. A su vez, es el camino para alcanzar otras metas como la paz, la tolerancia, el respeto, la democracia o la inclusión de los grupos marginados, que es el caso de las mujeres y niñas. Sin embargo, existe muy poco reconocimiento de la marginación de género en el mundo del deporte. Este estudio, a través de informes y datos estadísticos, analiza cómo la mujer es relegada de los cargos directivos y de los espacios de toma de decisiones y, asimismo, cómo es excluida del cuerpo de entrenadores, asesores y jurados deportivos, lo cual le quita toda visibilidad. Si la mayoría de los estudios vinculados con el deporte es ocupado por los varones y su índice de especialización en masters y doctorados es consecuentemente más alto en la mayoría de países, debemos prever que, desafortunadamente, la brecha no se está cerrando y la proyección de los varones en las ocupaciones laborales vinculadas al mundo deportivo continuará perpetuando espacios deportivos masculinizados, en los que el capital humano y la valiosa aportación de las mujeres se seguirá perdiendo. El análisis realizado muestra, a diversos niveles, la permanencia de la brecha de género en el deporte.

Abstract First of all, we must consider that the World Health Organization -WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 Report (2018) points out the scarce physical activity implemented by citizens, and especially how this deficiency is focused on women. Then, it is important to analyze all aspects connected with this disaffection that it takes women away from the health benefits of sports and physical activity. We also must analyze the powerful effort of the international institutions to alert about the gender gap. And why have these reports not been enough listened to, or effective? The review of specific data as the presence of women in the Olympic Games, the women absence in responsibilities, decisions and management positions of the sportive field, or the differentials in the quarry of high-level athletes confirm in almost all levels and scopes the existence and overlooked gender gap. The alert of international organizations, on a continuous basis, has not made a dent in the marginalization of gender in the sport field (United Nations Women - UNWomen, 2007, 2016& 2019). Girls and women have fewer opportunities and support when they participate in sport activities. And in the event that they manage to become professional athletes, they find another important gap such as salary. Likewise, the fact that women are scarcely present in Higher Education grades related to physical activity and sports is a significant indication of how little the situation can change. If the majority of studies associated to sport are occupied by men, and their specialization rate in masters and doctorates is consequently higher, we must anticipate that, unfortunately, the gap is not closing and the projection of men in the work occupations related to the sport world will continue to perpetuate masculinized sports spaces where human capital and the valuable contribution of women will continue to be lost. It is essential to sensitize future teachers to the importance of not leaving women behind in this traditionally paternalized, patronalized and pastoralized sport field. For this reason, we consider that the curricular integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UN, 2015), specifically SDG 5- Gender equality in sport studies could be a relevant way to reach awareness in the reduction of gender differentials in sports. The international agenda agreed in the SDGs commits demands us to change the way in which we think and act in favor of people, peace, prosperity, the environment and equity. Along these lines, we come to three questions that need to be reflected on and answered as a social collective: Why hasn't the expansion of sport spread by the same percentage to girls and women? Where and why, on the way to an equitable sport fabric, have we lost women? And what commitment do we have as citizens with gender equality in sports? Undoubtedly, the lack of insertion opportunities in communities of initiates and of support in mentors, the fear of family conciliation, and other complex factors centered on gender stereotypes makes women athletes generally accept the space that the sports community assigns them. The underrepresentation of women in the national and international sports network demands from women themselves greater awareness and greater resistance to exclusion. As long as social contexts and cultural practices as a whole do not change, women athletes will have to fight hard to lead the issues of inequality of opportunities in the sports world.

Psicología del deporte, ¿qué tanto se conoce sobre esta área en Antioquia? / Sport psychology, how much do we know about this area in Antioquia?

La psicología del deporte es un campo de aplicación de la psicología relativamente nuevo; tuvo su nacimiento oficial en el mundo en 1965 con la celebración del Primer Congreso Mundial de Psicología del Deporte en Roma; sin embargo, en Colombia, su aparición ha sido más pausada, encontrándose antecedentes del año 1973. Como especialización nace en el año 2002 en la Universidad El Bosque de la ciudad de Bogotá y solo hasta el 2016 se tiene en el País el segundo programa de educación formal a cargo de la Institución Universitaria de Envigado en donde se crea la Especialización en Psicología de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Pese a ambos programas formativos, en la cotidianidad se encuentra desconocimiento frente a la posibilidad de aplicar la psicología en el campo deportivo, a las funciones que cumple un profesional en esta área y a los campos en los cuales puede desempeñarse; es por ello, que en el semillero de Psicología en la Actividad Física y el Deporte de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, se generó la inquietud sobre qué se conocía sobre este campo de aplicación en cinco poblaciones específicas: entrenadores o tutores, deportistas, psicólogos y psicólogos en formación, padres de familia de deportistas y población general que no se relaciona con el ámbito deportivo. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los participantes de la investigación habían escuchado sobre psicología del deporte en el ámbito universitario o deportivo, conocía sobre sus funciones, identificaba la importancia de contar con un psicólogo del deporte, sin embargo, consideró que era un campo de aplicación poco explorado, no conocía a un psicólogo del deporte o no había trabajado con uno, lo que evidencia la importancia que tiene el continuar promoviendo el rol del psicólogo del deporte en Antioquia.

Sport Psychology is a relatively new field of application of psychology; It had its official birth in the world in 1965 with the celebration of the first World Congress of psychology of sport in Rome; However, in Colombia, has been more leisurely appearance, being a history of the year 1973; as specialization is born in the year 2002 at the Universidad El Bosque in Bogotá and only until the year 2016 has in Colombia the second formal education programme manager of the Institución Universitaria de Envigado in where specialization is created in Psychology of physical activity and sport. Despite both academic programs, in everyday life exists ignorance against the possibility of applied psychology in the sports field, the functions fulfilled by the psychologist of the sport and the fields in which can fulfill its role; that is why, in the Semillero de investigación en Psicología en la Actividad Física y el deporte" of the Universidad Catolica Luis Amigó generated concern about that thought or knew about this field of application in 5 specific populations: trainers or guardians; athletes; psychologists and psychologists in training; parents of athletes and the general population that is not related to sport. The results showed that the majority of the sample had heard about the psychology of sport in the University or athletic field, knew about their functions, identified the importance of having a sport psychologist, however, she was considered It was a little explored field of application, they didn't know a psychologist of the sport or had not worked with one, which shows the importance that has to continue to promote the role of sports psychologist in Antioquia.

Sedentarismo em população específica de funcionários de uma empresa pública / Sedentarism in the population of employees of a public company

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Nas sociedades contemporâneas surge uma doença que representa elevado risco para doenças cardiovasculares e morte, um novo problema de saúde pública que afeta todas as idades, denominado sedentarismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir as nuances da definição de indivíduo ativo e sedentário, através de diferentes métodos descritos na literatura médica, analisando-se a incidência de sedentarismo e o perfil da população de empregados de uma empresa pública. MÉTODO: Os funcionários do sistema do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Social (BNDES) foram solicitados a responder ao Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), durante a realização do exame periódico de 2008 para quantificação da atividade física por eles realizada. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se incidência de 25% de sedentarismo, sem correlação definitiva com idade, sexo ou índice de massa corporal (IMC). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados afirmam a necessidade de estimular-se a prática de atividade física nas empresas como forma de redução dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the contemporary society, arises a new disease that carries high risk to cardiovascular diseases and death, a new public health problem that affects all ages, sedentarism. The object of this paper was to define what it means to be an active and sedentary individual, through the methods available in the literature and to investigate the incidence of sedentarism in a public company. METHOD: The application of the international physic activity questionnaire (IPAQ) to the employees of the Brazilian Development Bank, intending to quantify the intensity of the physical activity realized in their daily activities.RESULTS: It was found an incidence of 25% of sedentarism in the studied population, without definitive correlation with age, sex or body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSION: The results show the necessity to fight sedentarism and to stimulate the practice of physical activities as a way to reduce the incidence on cardiovascular risk factors.

Biomarcadores séricos del estado de salud en jóvenes universitarios de acuerdo a su nivel de actividad física / Serum biomarkers of health status in university students according to their level of physical activity

El objetivo del estudio fue categorizar el riesgo a sufrir enfermedades cardiometabólicas a partir del uso de biomarcadores del metabolismo de los lípidos y proteínas en estudiantes deportistas o sedentarios de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Se determinó en suero de 103 sujetos (55 deportistas y 48 sedentarios), por método colorimétrico: creatinina (Cr), proteína total (Pt), albúmina (Al), triglicéridos (Tg), colesterol total (Col-T), y lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C), mientras que la de baja densidad (LDL-C) se obtuvo por la fórmula de Friedewald y las globulinas por la resta entre Pt y Al. Los niveles séricos de los biomarcadores se encontraron dentro de los rangos de referencia. Sólo en las HDL-C y las globulinas no se observaron diferencias significativas entre sedentarios y deportistas. En estos últimos se consiguieron los Tg notablemente bajos, mientras que el Col-T fue alto, principalmente a expensa de la LDL-C. En este grupo, la condición de los diferentes componentes del perfil lipídico y del índice Col-T/HDL-C estuvieron influenciadas por una distorsión transitoria de la lipemia, posiblemente asociada a procesos inflamatorios mediados por respuesta inmune que se presenta en actividad física de alta intensidad. Se detectó baja proporción de HDL-C elevado en sedentarios y deportistas. Apenas 2,1 por ciento de los sedentarios y 1,0 por ciento de la muestra total tuvieron albúmina sérica baja, la cual está asociada a riesgo incrementado a sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Una pequeña proporción de la muestra evaluada pudiera ser susceptible a sufrir algún tipo de enfermedad cardiometabólica

The main objective of this study was to categorize the risk of suffering of cardiometabolic disease. For this, lipids and proteins metabolic biomarkers were used on sporting or sedentary students from Universidad Central de Venezuela. The following parameters were determined by colorimetric methods: Creatinine (Cr), Total protein (Tp), Albumin (Al), Triglycerides (Tg), Total cholesterol (T-Cho) and High density lipoproteins (HDL-C). The low density lipoproteins (LDL-C) were calculated by using the Friedewald formulae and globulins values were obtained by subtracting Tp from Al. The seric biomarkers levels were in the normal reference ranges. There were not significant differences on the HDL-C and globulins values between sporting and sedentary students. The sporting group showed very low Tg levels, with high T-Cho, due mainly to LDL-C. In this group, the conditions of the different components of the lipidic profile and T-Cho/HDL-C rate were influenced by a transitory lipemic distortion, possibly due to inflammatory mechanism mediated by immune response, which is observed in physical activity of high intensity. Low levels of HDL-C were obtained from both studied groups. Only 2,1 percent from the sedentary group and 1,0 percent of total sample showed low levels of albumin, which is associated to high risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease. Only a small part of the evaluated sample could be susceptible of suffering cardiometabolic disease