Quando lazer e saúde se encontram: uma aproximação teórica possível para a composição de práticas cotidianas / When leisure and health meet: a possible theoretical approach for the composition of everyday practices

A vida cotidiana, para além de um conjunto de atividades desenvolvidas e vivenciadas ao longo dos dias, é também um tempo recheado de sentidos e significados. Inseridos nesse tempo, estão o lazer e a saúde, elementos centrais para a manutenção da vida individual e coletiva. Inseridos também em diferentes currículos acadêmicos, estes grandes campos de conhecimento são, muitas vezes, apresentados e tratados de forma separada durante o processo de formação acadêmica profissional. Este texto, fruto de uma Residência pós-doutoral no Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos do Lazer, é uma composição conjunta entre um terapeuta ocupacional e um profissional de Educação Física, na tentativa de aproximar os núcleos de conhecimento e apresentar uma nova possibilidade de abordagem para os Estudo do Lazer.

Everyday life, in addition to a set of activities developed and experienced throughout the day, is also a time filled with meanings and meanings. Included in this time are leisure and health, central elements for maintaining individual and collective life. Also included in different academic curricula, these major fields of knowledge are often presented and treated separately during the process of professional academic training. This text, the result of a post-doctoral residency in the Interdisciplinary PostGraduate Program in Leisure Studies, is a joint composition between an occupational therapist and a Physical Education professional, in an attempt to bring knowledge centers closer together and present a new possibility approach to Leisure Studies.

Intervention effect of 12 week spinal health gymnastics on high and low shoulder exercise in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the intervention effect of 12 week spinal health exercise on adolescents high and low shoulders, in order to provide empirical evidence for exploring simple and feasible measures to intervene.@*Methods@#In February 2023, 60 high and low shoulder students from a vocational high school in a certain county of Luzhou City were randomly selected as the research subjects by convenient sampling method. Paired sampling was used to randomly divide participants into an intervention group and a control group with 30 students each group. The intervention group received spinal health gymnastics intervention during 12 weeks of morning exercises and large break exercises for twice a day, with two groups each time; the control group maintained their previous morning exercises and large break exercises. A follow up study was conducted on the height difference between the left and right shoulder peaks of the intervention group and the control group students before intervention, after 12 weeks intervention, at 4 weeks post intervention. The t-test was used to analyze the changes in shoulder peak height difference between the intervention group and the control group.@*Results@#Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the height of the left and right shoulder peaks between the intervention group [(2.50±1.19)cm] and the control group [(2.49±1.20)cm] adolescents ( t=0.05, P > 0.05). After 12 weeks of intervention, the difference in shoulder height between the left and right sides of adolescents in the intervention group decreased, compared to that before intervention [(1.43±1.15, 2.50±1.19)cm], while the control group increased compared to that before intervention [(2.58±1.19, 2.49±1.20) cm], and the differences were both statistically significant ( t= -78.17 , 20.15, P <0.05). At 4 weeks post intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the height of the left and right shoulder peaks between the intervention group [(1.44±1.15)cm] and the control group [(2.59±1.18)cm] compared to 12 weeks after the intervention ( t=1.80, 1.05, P >0.05). The intervention group [(2.49±1.26, 2.52±1.16) (1.43±1.21, 1.44±1.13) (1.44±1.21, 1.45±1.14)cm] and the control group [(2.45±1.24, 2.52±1.20) (2.55±1.24, 2.61±1.18) (2.55±1.22, 2.62±1.18)cm] showed no statistically significant difference in the height of the left and right shoulder peaks between males and females before intervention, after 12 weeks of intervention, and after stopping intervention for 4 weeks ( t =-0.08, -0.03, -0.02; -0.15, -0.12, -0.15, P >0.05).@*Conclusions@#Spinal health gymnastics has a good effect on correcting high and low shoulders in adolescents. Spinal health gymnastics should be promoted on campus to promote adolescent posture health.

Effects of after school exercise service on physical fitness in primary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the effects of after school exercise service (referred to as the "after school ES") on physical health, so as to provide evidence for possible beneficial effect of after school ES.@*Methods@#Students in the fourth grade of primary school were recruited from September 2021 to July 2022 in Changsha City and divided into the control group ( n =220) and the after school ES group ( n =220). The control group only participated in the regular physical education activities of the school. The after school ES group received after school ES for one academic year, 4 times a week, 40-50 minutes per time, for a total of 32 weeks. Body shape indicators such as height, weight and percentage of body fat, as well as physical fitness indicators such as 50 meter running, grip strength and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) were measured in September to October 2021 and June to July 2022, respectively. Independent sample t-test, Chi square test and two factors repeated measurement analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis of the data.@*Results@#After one academic year, compared with the control group [(13.52±2.30)kg], muscle mass of primary school students in the after school ES group [(13.76±2.32)kg] significantly increased, while waist to hip ratio [(0.95±0.16)] and percentage of body fat [(20.17±7.43)%] significantly decreased compared to the control group [(1.01±0.21), (22.02±12.34)%]( F=330.70, 6.85, 4.33, P <0.05). The proportion of overweight and obesity in after school ES group decreased significantly from 19.5% to 12.3% ( χ 2=4.35, P <0.05). Compared with the control group, the scores of 50 meter running [(10.00±1.06, 10.21±0.83)s], 1 minute sit up [(33.25±8.24, 30.76±9.34)times], sitting and flexion [(14.53±7.50, 8.59±6.32)cm], 1 minute rope skipping [(125.01±30.50, 115.97±32.09)times], eyes closed and single legged standing [(30.00±34.72, 25.72±23.82)s], selective response time [(635.66±91.72, 652.79±120.42)ms] and VO 2max [(45.31± 1.02 , 43.67±0.85)mL/(kg〖 ·min)] in the after school ES group were significantly improved, with statistical significance ( F= 5.32 , 443.14, 97.23, 814.07, 36.49, 6.11, 396.91, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#After school ES can improve body shape of primary school students, reduce the risk of overweight and obesity and enhance physical fitness. It is recommended that schools should appropriately increase after school ES to promote physical fitness of students.

Effects of group sports game intervention on social skills and quality of life in children with austism spectrum disorders / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effects of group sports game intervention on social ability and quality of life of children with austism spectrum disorders (ASD),so as to provide reference for rehabilitation intervention of social and quality of life of children with ASD.@*Methods@#From September 2021 to January 2022, 72 children with ASD aged 4-6 in the children s rehabilitation department of Xiangyang Central Hospital were selected to participate in the study, and were randomly divided into experimental group ( n =36) and control group ( n =36). The control group received routine rehabilitation training (including individual sports game training), and the experimental group replaced individual sports game training with group sports game training on the basis of routine rehabilitation.The course content mainly included three parts: warm up before class, group sports games and relaxation after class. The course combined social skills with sports games, and was carried out in a group form (divided into 12 groups with 3 people in each group), and was trained five times a week for 60 minutes, for a total of 12 weeks. The scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL 4.0) were observed before and after treatment. t-test and χ 2 test were used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in SRS scores between the experimental group and the control group before intervention ( t =-0.63, P >0.05). After the intervention, the total response rate in the experimental group was 83.33 %, higher than 41.67% in the control group χ 2=13.33, P <0.05),and the SRS scores decreased in the experimental group and control group ( t =17.75,8.71, P <0.05). The SRS scale score of the experimental group Social perception (17.67±4.12) , social cognition (30.33±4.99) , social communication (50.33±9.39) , social motivation (24.25±6.78) scores and total scores ( 152.67± 25.82) were lower than those of the control group(22.17±5.34，36.00±4.13，62.58±11.07，34.42±7.13，186.33±29.03)( t = -4.88，-2.03，-2.13，-3.58，-3.01， P ＜0.05).After the intervention, the scores of social function (53.33±18.01) and total score (283.83±51.83) on PedsQL 4.0 scale in experimental group were higher than those in control group(23.33±15.13，218.00±39.01) ( t =4.42，3.52， P ＜0.05). After the intervention, Autism Treatment Evaluation Scale (ATEC) scores of experimental groups(44.33±14.72) was lower than that in control group ( 59.33±16.95)( t =-2.32, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusion@#The intervention of group sports game has a significant effect on improving social ability and life quality of children with ASD.

The influence of physical education at school on the attention of students aged 15-16 years / El impacto de la educación física en la escuela en la atención de los estudiantes de 15 a 16 años / O impacto da educação física na escola na atenção de estudantes de 15 a 16 anos

ABSTRACT Objectives: the influence of physical activity in physical education lessons on the attention indicators of schoolchildren. Material and Methods: 141 students, aged 15-16, who studied in the 9th grade, took part in the experiment. The main research method was the "Trondyke Test", which determines the level of attention development of students. The test was used before and after the physical education lesson 1 time per month for 5 months. Results: students who did not engage in physical education in the lesson were not able to significantly improve their performance in the test, which indicates a possible adaptation to the test after its first performance before the lesson. Students who were engaged in physical exercises could significantly increase the test results. Conclusion: the results obtained determine the effectiveness of the influence of a physical education lesson at school on the indicators of students attention. This study will serve as an additional motivation for students to engage in physical culture, since the impact of physical exercises has a positive effect not only on the development of physical qualities, but also on the attention of schoolchildren. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Comparative Study.

RESUMEN Objetivos: la influencia de la actividad física en las clases de educación física en los indicadores de atención de los escolares. Material y métodos: Participaron en el experimento 141 escolares, de 15-16 años, que cursaban el noveno grado. El principal método de investigación fue la "Prueba de Trondyke", que determina el nivel de desarrollo de la atención de los escolares. La prueba se usó antes y después de la lección de educación física una vez al mes durante 5 meses. Resultados: los jóvenes que no participaron en educación física en la lección no pudieron mejorar significativamente su rendimiento en la prueba, lo que indica una posible adaptación a la prueba después de su primera actuación antes de la lección. Los escolares que realizaban ejercicios físicos pudieron aumentar significativamente los resultados de la prueba. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos determinan la efectividad de la influencia de una lección de educación física en la escuela sobre los indicadores de atención de los escolares. Este estudio servirá como una motivación adicional para que los estudiantes participen en la cultura física, ya que el impacto de los ejercicios físicos tiene un efecto positivo no solo en el desarrollo de las cualidades físicas, sino también en la atención de los escolares. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Comparativo Retrospectivo.

RESUMO Objetivos: a influência da atividade física nas aulas de Educação Física nos indicadores de atenção dos escolares. Material e métodos: participaram do experimento 141 escolares, de 15 a 16 anos, que estudaram na 9a série. O principal método de pesquisa foi o "teste de Trondyke", que determina o nível de desenvolvimento da atenção dos escolares. O teste foi utilizado antes e depois da aula de Educação Física uma vez por mês durante 5 meses. Resultados: Os estudantes que não praticaram Educação Física na aula não conseguiram melhorar significativamente seu desempenho no teste, o que indica uma possível adaptação ao teste após sua primeira apresentação antes da aula. Os estudantes que estavam envolvidas em exercícios físicos foram capazes de aumentar significativamente os resultados do teste. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos determinam a eficácia da influência de uma aula de Educação Física na escola nos indicadores de atenção das crianças. Este estudo servirá como uma motivação adicional para os estudantes se envolverem na cultura física, uma vez que o impacto dos exercícios físicos tem um efeito positivo não apenas no desenvolvimento das qualidades físicas, mas também na atenção dos alunos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Comparativo Retrospectivo.

Inserção de profissionais de educação física no Sistema Único de Saúde: análise temporal (2007-2021) / Insertion of physical education professionals in the Unified Health System: temporal analysis (2007-2021)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever e analisar a série temporal da inserção de profissionais de educação física (PEF) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no período de 2007 a 2021, bem como apresentar a distribuição por regiões e estados de profissionais no território brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e de série temporal que utilizou dados secundários oriundos do sistema de consultas do Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). Analisou-se o quantitativo de PEF no SUS nas cinco regiões e nos vinte e seis estados e no Distrito Federal entre 2007 e 2021 e reali-zou-se a análise temporal para verificar a distribuição dos PEF nas regiões brasileiras. Os resultados apontam para um crescimento no número de PEF entre 2007 (n = 22) e 2020 (n = 7.560) em todo o país. Em 2021 observa-se uma redução de 2,8% no quantitativo de PEF. Entre as regiões, os maio-res quantitativos foram observados nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, enquanto nos estados a maior concentração foi em Minas Gerais, seguido de São Paulo, Pernambuco, Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul. Observou-se uma tendência crescente de PEF nas regiões Norte e Sul. Conclui-se que o quantitativo de PEF atuantes no SUS teve um crescimento expressivo durante o período analisado, sendo fruto das políticas públicas e programas voltados à promoção da atividade física constituídos ao longo do tempo. Apesar disso, há importantes disparidades geográficas que não devem ser desconsideradas, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias coletivas e investimentos em políticas públicas que fomentem a inserção dos PEF na rede assistencial e de fortalecimento do SUS

The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the time series of physical education professionals (PEF in Portuguese) in the Unified Health System (SUS in Portuguese) from 2007 to 2021, as well as to present their distribution by Brazilian regions and states. This is a time series study which used secondary data from the Consultation System of the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES in Portuguese). We analyzed the number of PEF in the country, in the five Regions and in the twenty-six States and the Fed-eral District between 2007 and 2021 and the temporal analysis was carried out to verify the distribution of PEF in the Brazilian regions. The results point to an increase in the number of PEF between 2007 (n = 22) and 2020 (n = 7560). In 2021, there is a 2.8% reduction in the amount of PEF. Among the regions, the highest numbers were observed in the Northeast and Southeast regions, while in the states the highest con-centration was in Minas Gerais, followed by São Paulo, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. There was an increasing trend in the distribution of PEF in the North and South regions. The number of PEF working in the SUS had an expressive growth during the analyzed period, being the result of public policies and programs aimed at promoting physical activity constituted over time. Despite this, there are important geographic disparities that should not be disregarded, reinforcing the need for collective strategies and financ-ing in public policies that encourage the insertion of PEFs in the care network and the strengthening of SUS

Narrativas sobre competição esportiva: reflexões e perspectivas / Narratives about sports competition: reflections and perspectives / Narrativas sobre la competición deportiva: reflexiones y perspectivas

Analisar as concepções sobre competição esportiva em publicações acadêmicas brasileiras é o foco deste trabalho. Utilizando-se da revisão sistemática, do tipo estado da arte, foram analisados 175 artigos no recorte temporal 2010-2020 (11 anos) em 14 revistas da área da Educação Física. Há parcimônia dos/as autores/as quanto a complexidade da competição e foram salutares indicativas do rememorar a essência do tema; independente da área de conhecimento específico, foram recorrentes indicativos de um processo respeitoso e pedagógico da competição aos praticantes. Ademais, confirmam que amadores e profissionais; homens e mulheres; idosos e jovens, todos podem (e devem) ter a opção da experiência esportiva no âmbito competitivo (AU).

Analyzing the concepts about sports competition in Brazilian academic publication is the objective of this paper. Using the state-of-art systematic review, 175 articles were considered from 14 Physical Education Journals from 2010 to 2020 (11 years). There is parsimony by the authors regarding the complexity of the competition and greetings indicative of remembering the essence of the theme; regardless of the area of specific knowledge, there were recurrent indicators of a respectful and pedagogical process of the competition for practitioners. Also, it was confirmed that amateurs and professionals; men and women; elderly and young; everyone can (and should) have the possibility of sporting experience in the competitive environment (AU).

Analizar las concepciones sobre la competición deportiva en las publicaciones académicas brasileñas es el foco de este trabajo. Utilizando la revisión sistemática del tipo estado del arte, se buscarán 175 artículos en el período de 2010-2020 en 14 revistas del área de Educación Física. Hay parcimônia a la complejidad de la competición y fueron saludos indicativos de recordar la esencia del tema; independientemente del área de conocimiento específico, fueron recurrentes indicativos para un proceso respetuoso y pedagógico de la competencia por practicantes. También confirman que los atletas aficionados y profesionales; hombres y mujeres; ancianos y jóvenes, todos pueden (y deben) tener la opción de la experiencia deportiva en el entorno competitivo

Effect of aerobic pedal exercise on sleep quality and energy metabolism of female college students with mild sleep disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the intervention effect of aerobic step exercise on sleep quality of female college students, so as to provide a new perspective to improve the sleep quality of female college students.@*Methods@#In the 2020 fall semester, a total of 41 female college students with mild or more severe sleep disorders were selected from Beijing Normal University through a questionnaire and were randomly divided into experimental group ( n =29) and control group ( n =12). The experimental group received 55 minutes/time step aerobic exercise intervention for 8 weeks, three times a week, while the control group received no exercise intervention from October to December. The two groups maintained the original learning and living habits, without additional physical activity. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale and portable sleep monitor were used to assess the subjects sleep quality from both subjective and objective aspects. Changes in energy metabolism were observed by triaxial accelerometer and standing body composition analyzer.@*Results@#After exercise intervention, subjective sleep quality factor (1.24±0.43, 0.86±0.58), sleep efficiency factor (0.66±0.67, 0.07±0.25), sleep disorder factor (1.24± 0.51 , 1.03±0.18), daytime dysfunction factor (1.90±0.86, 1.48± 0.82 ) and PSQI score (7.21±1.85, 5.66±2.09) significantly improved ( t=3.64, 4.63, 2.27, 2.36, 3.29, P <0.05). The ratio of sleep to wakefulness decreased (25.54±7.86, 20.85± 5.13), the ratio of deep sleep (31.79±12.20, 38.32±10.19) and sleep efficiency (73.99±7.91, 78.68±5.12) increased significantly ( t=-2.12, -2.39, -2.21, P <0.05). Lean body mass [(38.55±2.95, 39.07±2.94)g] and basal metabolic rate [(1 257.45±41.14, 1 262.66 ±42.22)kcal] of the experimental group significantly increased after the intervention of medium high intensity aerobic pedal exercise ( F=5.95, 3.49, P <0.05). Total energy expenditure was positively correlated with subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency ( r=-0.26, -0.44, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The 8 week aerobic step exercise intervention can increase the daytime energy consumption and basic metabolism of female college students. Improve the sleep depth and efficiency of female college students, reduce sleep disorders, and then effectively improve sleep quality.

A survey on self-management level and physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of Zang and Han nationalities in Tibetan of China / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the level of self-management and daily physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of Zang and Han nationalities in Tibetan, China, and to compare the difference in daily management between T2DM patients of Zang and Han nationalities, to develop reasonable and effective chronic disease management strategies for long-term out-of-hospital management of T2DM patients of Zang nationalities.Methods:A total of 265 T2DM patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7% who were admitted to the Endocrinology Ward of the Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region from November 2020 to April 2021 and who were from different regions of Tibet were included in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The general data of all included patients were collected. Glucose and lipid metabolism-related indicators were determined. The Generalized Diabetes Self-Management Efficacy Scale and International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) were used to evaluate patients' levels of self-management and daily physical activity.Results:The hemoglobin level in T2DM patients of Zang nationality was (154.09 ± 24.11) g/L, which was significantly higher than that in T2DM patients of Han nationality ( P < 0.05). The total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and low-density lipoprotein in T2DM patients of Zang nationality were (4.63 ± 1.41) mmol/L, (7.94 ± 2.19) mmol/L, and (2.75 ± 1.11) mmol/L, respectively, which significantly higher compared with T2DM patients of Han nationality (all P < 0.05). Compared with T2DM patients of Han nationality, T2DM patients of Zang nationality had lower self-management scores (81.40 ± 15.44) points, diet control scores (17.26 ± 4.97) points, physical exercise scores (11.67 ± 4.42) points, prevention and treatment of high and low blood sugar score (12.21 ± 5.72) points. The differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Moderate-intensity physical activity was a significant difference between T2DM patients of Zang and Han nationalities ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:Compared with T2DM patients of Han nationality, T2DM patients of Zang nationality have lower overall self-management levels, including diet control, physical exercise, prevention and management of high and low blood glucose, and moderate-intensity physical activity. Targeted individualized education should be carried out according to the Tibetan cultural characteristics, to further develop an intervention method and an out-of-hospital management strategy for chronic disease, which are suitable for T2DM patients of Zang nationality.

Effects of a ketogenic diet combined with resistance training on body composition and glucolipid metabolism in the obese and female college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) alone and in combination with resistance training (KD+RT) on body composition and glucolipid metabolism of obese and female college students, and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of KD+RT in obese patients.@*Methods@#Totally 45 obese and female college students in Wuyi University were recruited and randomly divided into KD group ( n =23) and KD+RT group ( n =22) in September 2021. After received training for 4 weeks, the changes of body composition and glucose and lipid metabolism of obese and female college students were compared before and after intervention.@*Results@#Both a 4 week KD and KD+RT led to decreases in weight, BMI, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat area of obese female college students ( t =16.19, 16.21, 12.42, 7.99, 2.10, 6.37; 18.82, 18.02, 17.80, 10.72, 3.41, 7.59, P <0.01). The change of muscle mass was decreased in KD group( t=4.12, P <0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference in KD+RT group( P >0.05). Both a 4 week KD and KD+RT significantly reduced the levels of the fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and triglyceride (TG) of obese female college students ( t =10.15, 8.94 , 6.94, 7.63; 9.23, 12.75, 9.85, 9.09, P <0.01), and increased the high density lipoprotein (HDL) level( t =-7.36, -5.22, P <0.01). However, only KD+RT group had a significant decrease in the level of LDL ( t =5.27, P <0.01), and there was no significant change in the level of TC both groups ( P >0.05). After the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the KD+RT group compared to the KD group ( P >0.05), except for a significant decrease in triacylglycerol ( t =2.51, P < 0.05 ).@*Conclusion@#Both a short term KD and KD+RT show beneficial changes in body composition and glucolipid metabolism in obese female college students. However, the KD+RT is superior to a KD in maintaining muscle mass and reducing the effects of lipid metabolism.

Effect of highintensity interval training exercise prescription on the physical health of obese primary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To examine the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of obese primary school students, so as to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for HIIT exercise prescription in schools.@*Methods@#From August to December 2022, 25 obese children [age:(11.0±0.4)years, BMI:(23.3±0.8)kg/m 2] from a primary school in Shenzhen were recruited and divided into an exercise group ( n =13) and a control group ( n =12). After 12 weeks of exercise intervention [The durations of load period and intermittent period were 15 s, load exercise intensity was 100% maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and intermittent exercise intensity was 50% MAS, each time there were 2 groups× 8 rounds, and the rest between groups was 2 minutes, totaling 10 minutes, and 20 meter shuttle run test (20 m-SRT) was performed once every 4 weeks to adjust and update MAS], the changes in body composition and cardio respiratory fitness indexes of obese subjects before and after the intervention were compared.@*Results@#After the intervention, body weight, BMI, body fat, body fat percentage, and visceral adipose tissue area of obese subjects in the exercise group decreased from (55.6±6.2)kg, (22.7±0.6)kg/m 2, (41.8±6.9)kg, ( 23.4± 5.5)% and (102.4±39.0)cm 2 to (52.3±5.8)kg, (21.1±0.8)kg/m 2, (38.6±6.3)kg, (20.2±4.5)% and (84.2±26.9)cm 2, respectively( t =8.73, 10.96, 7.02, 4.92, 4.95, P <0.05). SBP decreased from (115.4±9.7)mmHg to (112.3±8.7)mmHg ( t = 2.96 , P <0.05). The content of skeletal muscle, 20 m-SRT and VO 2max increased from (21.3±5.3)kg, (21.6±4.9) times and (39.4±2.0)mL/(kg ·min) to (21.8±5.2)kg, (31.4±6.3)times and (43.6±2.6)mL/(kg ·min), respectively ( t =-3.33, -8.37, -10.56 , P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#HIIT is an effective way to improve the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of obese primary school students. It is recommended that schools with the necessary conditions use this method as an intervention measure to help reduce weight and improve cardiovascular health among obese students.

Effectiveness of Longji Daoyin exercise on adolescents of mild idiopathic scoliosis / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effectiveness of spinal guidance exercise on adolescents of mild idiopathic scoliosis, so as to provide an experimental reference and method for promoting adolescents spinal health.@*Methods@#From the scoliosis screening, 96 children who met the diagnostic criteria were selected in June 2021, and were divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 48 cases in each group. The experimental group received a 12 week Longji Daoyin exercise training, and the control group received health education, observation and monitoring. Before and after the experiment, the axial trunk rotation (ATR) and scoliosis Cobb angle of the two groups were tested respectively, and the subjective sensation of the patients was measured by Scoliosis Research Society-22(SRS-22) questionnaire.@*Results@#After 12 weeks, the ATR and Cobb angles of the experimental group decreased [( 5.02± 2.85，7.59±3.94)°]，compared to (7.08±2.84)° and (15.84±2.00)° before intervention( t =14.02, 17.09, P < 0.01 ). Scores of functional activity, self image and mental health in the SRS-22 score increased from (4.65±0.14)(3.49±0.21) and (3.99±0.17) to(4.77±0.14)(4.62±0.13)(4.42±0.13)( t =-4.86,-39.12,-13.92, P <0.01 ). The ATR and Cobb angles of the control group increased from (6.94±2.15)° and (15.82±1.76)° to (8.25±2.49)° and (18.63±3.12)°( t =7.44,8.99, P <0.01), and the scores of self image and mental health in the SRS-22 score decreased from (3.49±0.19) and (4.00±0.15) to (3.44±0.18) and (3.94±0.14)( t =-3.74,-4.39, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Early adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is easy to aggravate during the observation period. Longji Daoyin exercise is of preventive and therapeutic significance.

Evolution of competitive aerobics movements based on aesthetics / Evolução dos movimentos da aeróbica competitiva baseada na estética / Evolución de los movimientos aeróbicos de competición basada en la estética

ABSTRACT Introduction: Competitive aerobics is used mainly in the physical education of students in school period. In detriment of the physical value, the aesthetic factor is often neglected, and the analysis of the evolution of its movements can favor the development of this factor. Objective: Explore the evolution of competition aerobics movements based on the aesthetics of the movements. Methods: First, this paper discusses the scoring rules of competition aerobics over the years, using methods from the literature and image data. Next, athletes and coaches were asked to fill out and rate the weight score to analyze the value and scoring rules of competitive aerobics. Results: Aerobics in the competitive world has become increasingly mature, and the scoring rules have been more detailed and targeted. The most basic skills such as movement, strength, aesthetics, and more are the ongoing focus of scoring and specific training. Conclusion: Coaches and athletes must combine the evolution of current competitive aerobic movements, establishing a good foundation with precautions in synergy with the strengthening combination of basic training and scientific research. These are essential features for athletes to gain more scoring advantages in the competitive environment to improve their results in aerobic competitions. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A aeróbica de competição é utilizada principalmente na educação física dos alunos em período escolar. Em detrimento do valor físico, o fator estético muitas vezes é negligenciado, e a análise da evolução de seus movimentos pode favorecer o desenvolvimento desse fator. Objetivo: Explorar a evolução dos movimentos da aeróbica de competição com base na estética dos movimentos. Métodos: Primeiramente, este artigo discute as regras de pontuação da aeróbica de competição ao longo dos anos, utilizando os métodos da literatura e dados de imagem. Em seguida, atletas e treinadores foram convidados para preencher e classificar o peso da pontuação, a fim de analisar o valor e as regras de pontuação da aeróbica competitiva. Resultados: A aeróbica no mundo competitivo tornou-se cada vez mais madura, e as regras de pontuação têm sido mais detalhadas e direcionadas. As habilidades mais básicas como movimentos, força, estética, entre outras, são o foco contínuo da pontuação e do treinamento específico. Conclusão: Treinadores e atletas devem combinar a evolução dos movimentos aeróbicos competitivos atuais, estabelecendo uma boa base com precauções em sinergia ao fortalecimento da combinação de treinamento básico e pesquisa científica. Essas são características essenciais para que os atletas possam obter mais vantagens de pontuação no meio competitivo, a fim de melhorar seus resultados nas competições de aeróbica. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El aeróbic de competición se utiliza principalmente en la educación física de los alumnos en periodo escolar. En detrimento del valor físico, muchas veces se descuida el factor estético, y el análisis de la evolución de sus movimientos puede favorecer el desarrollo de este factor. Objetivo: Explorar la evolución de los movimientos del aeróbic de competición a partir de la estética de los movimientos. Métodos: En primer lugar, este artículo analiza las reglas de puntuación del aeróbic de competición a lo largo de los años, utilizando métodos bibliográficos y datos de imágenes. A continuación, se invitó a atletas y entrenadores a rellenar y puntuar el peso para analizar el valor y las reglas de puntuación del aeróbic de competición. Resultados: El aeróbic de competición ha madurado cada vez más, y las reglas de puntuación se han hecho más detalladas y específicas. Las habilidades más básicas como el movimiento, la fuerza, la estética, entre otras, son el foco continuo de la puntuación y del entrenamiento específico. Conclusión: Los entrenadores y los atletas deben combinar la evolución de los movimientos aeróbicos competitivos actuales, estableciendo una buena base con precauciones en sinergia con el fortalecimiento de la combinación del entrenamiento básico y la investigación científica. Estas son características esenciales para que los atletas obtengan más ventajas de puntuación en el ambiente competitivo para mejorar sus resultados en las competiciones aeróbicas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of sports nutrition on female college students' physical fitness / Efeitos da nutrição esportiva sobre a aptidão física das estudantes universitárias / Efectos de la nutrición deportiva en la aptitud física de las estudiantes universitarias

ABSTRACT Introduction: Optimizing the physical education training of female college students and maximizing physical fitness are considerable factors in contemporary physical education. It is believed that implementing sports nutrition can elevate the physical fitness of these female students. Objective: Explore the effects of sports nutrition on the physical fitness of female college students during their training period. Methods: 20 volunteers were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with 10 female college students in each group. The control group had no changes in original living or training habits, while the experimental group was retrained according to the sports nutrition intervention strategy for one month. Results: In the experimental group, whose height was 161.02±5.64 cm, body weight decreased from 55.91±4.61 kg to 54.39±4.45 kg, and vital capacity increased from 44.98±8.61 ml/kg to 52.56±8.91 ml/kg. The body mass index of grip strength increased from 45.18±7.60 to 51.27±9.99 after the experiment. The 50M running time was improved from 8.27±0.49 s before the experiment to 7.98±0.53 s after the experiment, and the horizontal jump time was improved from 164.87±20.40 cm to 168.27±21.24 cm. The 800m running time was improved from 263.55±20.35 s before the experiment to 259.25±29.29 s after the experiment. Conclusion: The intervention strategy in sports nutrition can effectively maximize the gain in the results of female college students. It is indicated to be promoted to spread the optimization of physical training in colleges and universities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A otimização do treinamento de educação física das estudantes universitárias e a maximização da aptidão física são fatores consideráveis na educação física contemporânea. Acredita-se que a implementação da nutrição esportiva possa elevar a aptidão física dessas estudantes. Objetivo: Explorar os efeitos da nutrição esportiva sobre a aptidão física de estudantes universitárias durante o período de treinamento. Métodos: 20 voluntárias foram divididas aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e controle, com 10 estudantes universitárias em cada grupo. O grupo de controle não sofreu alterações nos hábitos originais de vida ou treinamento, enquanto o grupo experimental foi readequado de acordo com a estratégia de intervenção de nutrição esportiva por um mês. Resultados: No grupo experimental, cuja altura era de 161,02±5,64 cm, o peso corporal diminuiu de 55,91±4,61 kg para 54,39±4,45 kg, e a capacidade vital aumentou de 44,98±8,61 ml/kg para 52,56±8,91 ml/kg. O índice de massa corporal da força de preensão aumentou de 45,18±7,60 para 51,27±9,99 após o experimento. O tempo de corrida de 50M foi melhorado de 8,27±0,49 s antes do experimento para 7,98±0,53 s depois do experimento, e o tempo de salto horizontal foi aprimorado de 164,87±20,40 cm para 168,27±21,24 cm. O tempo de corrida de 800m foi aprimorado de 263,55±20,35 s antes do experimento para 259,25±29,29 s após o experimento. Conclusão: A estratégia de intervenção em nutrição esportiva pode efetivamente maximizar o ganho nos resultados das estudantes universitárias. Indica-se a sua promoção visando difundir a otimização do treinamento físico nas faculdades e universidades. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La optimización del entrenamiento físico de las estudiantes universitarias y la maximización de la forma física son factores considerables en la educación física contemporánea. Se cree que la aplicación de la nutrición deportiva puede elevar la forma física de estas estudiantes. Objetivo: Explorar los efectos de la nutrición deportiva en la forma física de las estudiantes universitarias durante su periodo de entrenamiento. Métodos: Se dividió aleatoriamente a 20 voluntarias en grupos experimental y de control, con 10 estudiantes universitarias en cada grupo. En el grupo de control no se introdujeron cambios en los hábitos de vida o de entrenamiento originales, mientras que el grupo experimental fue reentrenado de acuerdo con la estrategia de intervención de nutrición deportiva durante un mes. Resultados: En el grupo experimental, cuya altura era de 161,02±5,64 cm, el peso corporal disminuyó de 55,91±4,61 kg a 54,39±4,45 kg, y la capacidad vital aumentó de 44,98±8,61 ml/kg a 52,56±8,91 ml/kg. El índice de masa corporal de la fuerza de agarre aumentó de 45,18±7,60 a 51,27±9,99 después del experimento. El tiempo de carrera de 50 m mejoró de 8,27 ± 0,49 s antes del experimento a 7,98 ± 0,53 s después del experimento, y el tiempo de salto horizontal mejoró de 164,87 ± 20,40 cm a 168,27 ± 21,24 cm. El tiempo de carrera de 800 m mejoró de 263,55±20,35 s antes del experimento a 259,25±29,29 s después del experimento. Conclusión: La estrategia de intervención en nutrición deportiva puede maximizar eficazmente la ganancia en los resultados de las estudiantes universitarias. Se indica su promoción con el objetivo de difundir la optimización del entrenamiento físico en colegios y universidades. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of postural balance training on stability in swimmers / Efeitos do treinamento de equilíbrio postural sobre a estabilidade dos nadadores / Efectos del entrenamiento del equilibrio postural en la estabilidad de los nadadores

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recent research shows that swimmers with greater stability and better balance reflect better water performance and adjustment ability. Objective: Explore the influence of balance training on the fitness of swimmers. Methods: The volunteers selected in this paper were swimmers aged 18 to 22 years old in a sports school. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups for an experiment lasting 8 weeks. Both groups of athletes performed training during this period. Postural balance training was added to the athletes in the experimental group instead of traditional training methods, while the control athletes followed the routine professional training plan taught by the sports school. Results: The OSI score of the athletes in the experimental group decreased from 1.79±0.41 to 0.89±0.26; the API score decreased from 1.31±0.22 to 0.64±0.17; and the MLI score decreased from 1.42±0.32 to 0.54±0.30. Conclusion: Postural balance training was shown to increase the stability of swimmers, contributing favorably to sports fitness. Postural balance training can be added to the swimming training process. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Recentes pesquisas demonstram que nadadores com maior estabilidade e melhor equilíbrio refletem melhor desempenho hídrico e capacidade de ajuste. Objetivo: Explorar a influência do treinamento de equilíbrio na aptidão física dos nadadores. Métodos: Os voluntários selecionados neste trabalho foram nadadores de 18 a 22 anos de idade em uma escola de esportes. Eles foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e grupo de controle, para um experimento com duração de 8 semanas. Durante este período, os dois grupos de atletas realizaram treinamentos, e aos atletas do grupo experimental foi adicionado um treinamento de equilíbrio postural ao invés dos métodos tradicionais de treinamento, enquanto os atletas-controle seguiram o plano rotineiro de treinamento profissional lecionado pela escola esportiva. Resultados: A pontuação OSI dos atletas do grupo experimental diminuiu de 1,79±0,41 para 0,89±0,26; a pontuação API diminuiu de 1,31±0,22 para 0,64±0,17; e a pontuação MLI diminuiu de 1,42±0,32 para 0,54±0,30. Conclusão: O treinamento de equilíbrio postural revelou aumentar a estabilidade dos nadadores, contribuindo favoravelmente para a aptidão física esportiva. O treinamento de equilíbrio postural pode ser adicionado no processo de treinamento de natação. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Investigaciones recientes demuestran que los nadadores con mayor estabilidad y mejor equilibrio reflejan un mejor rendimiento en el agua y capacidad de ajuste. Objetivo: Explorar la influencia del entrenamiento del equilibrio en la capacidad de ajuste de los nadadores. Métodos: Los voluntarios seleccionados en este trabajo eran nadadores de entre 18 y 22 años de una escuela deportiva. Se dividieron aleatoriamente en grupo experimental y grupo de control para un experimento de 8 semanas de duración. Durante este periodo, ambos grupos de atletas realizaron entrenamiento, y a los atletas del grupo experimental se les añadió entrenamiento de equilibrio postural en lugar de los métodos de entrenamiento tradicionales, mientras que los atletas de control siguieron el plan de entrenamiento profesional rutinario impartido por la escuela deportiva. Resultados: La puntuación OSI de los atletas del grupo experimental disminuyó de 1,79±0,41 a 0,89±0,26; la puntuación API disminuyó de 1,31±0,22 a 0,64±0,17; y la puntuación MLI disminuyó de 1,42±0,32 a 0,54±0,30. Conclusión: Se ha demostrado que el entrenamiento del equilibrio postural aumenta la estabilidad de los nadadores, contribuyendo favorablemente a la aptitud física deportiva. El entrenamiento del equilibrio postural puede añadirse al proceso de entrenamiento de natación. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of intermittent soccer training on physical endurance in university students / Efeitos do treinamento intermitente com futebol sobre a resistência física de estudantes universitárias / Efectos del entrenamiento intermitente de fútbol en la resistencia física de estudiantes universitarias

ABSTRACT Introduction: The development of modern science and technology has led young people to a continuous decline in physical activity, negatively impacting the quality of cardiopulmonary endurance in college students. It is believed that the emerging need to strengthen physical endurance training can be met through sports. Progressive soccer training is a practice of interest due to its recreational and sporting effects. Objective: Study the effect of intermittent soccer training on the physical endurance of female college students. Methods: 12 classes of young women participated in soccer training lasting two hours, twice a week, according to the organization of the optional school soccer course. During the experiment, the intermittent training mode was selected and the combination of soccer walking and running was adopted for impact analysis. Results: The research showed that in the first 6 weeks, the changing trend of cardiopulmonary endurance of female college students was not different from that before the experiment, but there was a slight optimization phenomenon. After the experiment, the cardiopulmonary endurance of female college students was significantly improved. Conclusion: Intermittent soccer training for female college students can significantly improve their cardiorespiratory endurance and enhance their sports performance. It is an important tool for optimizing college students' physical functions and healthy growth. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: desenvolvimento da ciência e tecnologia modernas tem levado os jovens ao declínio contínuo da atividade física, impactando negativamente sobre a qualidade de resistência cardiopulmonar das estudantes universitárias. Acredita-se que a necessidade emergente de fortalecer o treinamento de resistência física possa ser suprida através do esporte. O treinamento progressivo de futebol é uma prática de interesse devido aos seus efeitos lúdicos e esportivos. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito do treinamento intermitente de futebol sobre a resistência física das estudantes universitárias. Métodos: 12 classes de jovens participaram do treinamento de futebol com duração de duas horas, no período de duas vezes por semana, de acordo com a organização do curso optativo de futebol escolar. Durante o experimento, o modo de treinamento intermitente foi selecionado e a combinação de marcha e corrida de futebol foi adotada para análise do impacto. Resultados: Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que nas primeiras 6 semanas, a tendência de mudança de resistência cardiopulmonar das estudantes universitárias não era diferente da anterior à experiência, mas havia um leve fenômeno de otimização. Após o experimento, a resistência cardiopulmonar das estudantes universitárias foi significativamente aprimorada. Conclusão: O treinamento intermitente de futebol para estudantes universitárias pode aperfeiçoar significativamente sua resistência cardiorrespiratória e melhorar seu desempenho esportivo, sendo uma importante ferramenta para otimização das funções físicas e o crescimento saudável das estudantes universitárias. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología modernas ha llevado a los jóvenes a una disminución continua de la actividad física, lo que repercute negativamente en la calidad de la resistencia cardiopulmonar de los estudiantes universitarios. Se cree que la necesidad emergente de reforzar el entrenamiento de la resistencia física puede satisfacerse a través del deporte. El entrenamiento progresivo en fútbol es una práctica de interés por sus efectos lúdicos y deportivos. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto del entrenamiento intermitente con fútbol sobre la resistencia física de estudiantes universitarias. Métodos: 12 clases de mujeres jóvenes participaron en entrenamientos de fútbol de dos horas de duración, dos veces por semana, según la organización del curso de fútbol escolar optativo. Durante el experimento, se seleccionó el modo de entrenamiento intermitente y se adoptó la combinación de fútbol caminando y corriendo para el análisis del impacto. Resultados: Los resultados de la investigación mostraron que en las primeras 6 semanas, la tendencia de cambio de la resistencia cardiopulmonar de las estudiantes universitarias no era diferente de la de antes del experimento, pero había un ligero fenómeno de optimización. Después del experimento, la resistencia cardiopulmonar de las estudiantes universitarias mejoró significativamente. Conclusión: El entrenamiento intermitente de fútbol para estudiantes universitarias puede mejorar significativamente su resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y mejorar su rendimiento deportivo, y es una herramienta importante para optimizar las funciones físicas y el crecimiento saludable de las estudiantes universitarias. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of instability training on the physical fitness of soccer students / Impactos do treino instável sobre a aptidão física de estudantes de futebol / Impacto del entrenamiento inestable en la aptitud física de estudiantes de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: Most coordination studies are conducted in stable environments, unable to realistically simulate an environment integral to the sports field. The concept of instability training applies the principles of sports physiology, combining real situations from the soccer game to improve students' sporting ability, and has gained attention from coaches, although it still lacks scientific evidence. Objective: Study the concept of instability training by evaluating its optimization and development effects on soccer students' motor coordination. Methods: Fifty college soccer students were selected. The students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, without relevant statistical differences. The experiment lasted one hour daily, three times a week, for six weeks. The control group remained with the usual training while the experimental group had the instability training protocol added. Balance test results were collected with frontal and posterior lower limb support and comprehensive posterolateral scores. Changes in activity performance were also analyzed with the results collected before and after the intervention. Results: The score of the experimental group without support was increased from 101.14 ± 8.22 to 108.73 ± 8.54, higher than the control group (103.8 ± 58.11). The comprehensive score of the experimental group was from 88.85 ± 6.10 to 99.85+8.87, also higher than the control group (88.15 ± 6.43). Conclusion: The effects of instability training to optimize and develop motor coordination in soccer students proved to be superior to usual training, and its introduction into daily training is indicated for more effective promotion of students' fitness level. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies: investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Grande parte dos estudos de coordenação são feitos em ambientes estáveis, incapazes de simular realisticamente um ambiente integral para o campo esportivo. O conceito de treinamento instável aplica os princípios da fisiologia esportiva, combinando situações reais do jogo de futebol para aprimorar a capacidade esportiva dos estudantes e tem ganhado atenção dos treinadores, embora ainda careça de evidências científicas. Objetivo: Estudar o conceito de treinamento instável avaliando seus efeitos de otimização e desenvolvimento sobre a coordenação motora dos estudantes de futebol. Métodos: Foram selecionados 50 estudantes universitários praticantes de futebol. Os estudantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e controle, sem diferenças estatísticas relevantes. O experimento teve duração de uma hora diária, três vezes por semana, durante seis semanas. O grupo controle permaneceu com os treinos habituais enquanto ao grupo experimental foi adicionado o protocolo de treinamento instável. Foram coletados resultados de teste de equilíbrio com apoio frontal e posterior de membros inferiores, além de pontuação abrangente póstero lateral. Alterações no desempenho de atividades também foram analisados com os resultados coletados antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: A pontuação do grupo experimental sem apoio foi ampliada de 101,14 ± 8,22 para 108,73 ± 8,54, superior ao grupo controle (103,8 ± 58,11). A pontuação abrangente do grupo experimental foi de 88,85 ± 6,10 para 99,85+8,87, também superior ao grupo controle (88,15 ± 6,43). Conclusão: Os efeitos do treinamento instável para otimização e desenvolvimento de coordenação motora dos estudantes de futebol mostrou-se superior ao treino habitual, sendo indicada a sua introdução ao treinamento diário para uma promoção mais eficaz do nível de aptidão física dos estudantes. Nível de evidencia II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Gran parte de los estudios de coordinación se realizan en entornos estables, incapaces de simular de forma realista un entorno propio del campo deportivo. El concepto de entrenamiento inestable aplica los principios de la fisiología deportiva, combinando situaciones reales del juego de fútbol para mejorar la capacidad deportiva de los estudiantes y ha ganado la atención de los entrenadores, aunque todavía carece de evidencia científica. Objetivo: Estudiar el concepto de entrenamiento inestable evaluando sus efectos de optimización y desarrollo en la coordinación motora de los estudiantes de fútbol. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 50 estudiantes universitarios de fútbol. Los estudiantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en grupo experimental y en grupo control, sin diferencias estadísticas relevantes. El experimento duró una hora diaria, tres veces por semana, durante seis semanas. El grupo de control permaneció con los entrenamientos habituales, mientras que al grupo experimental se le añadió el protocolo de entrenamiento inestable. Se recogieron los resultados de las pruebas de equilibrio con apoyo frontal y posterior de los miembros inferiores, además de la puntuación posterolateral global. También se analizaron los cambios en el rendimiento de la actividad con los resultados recogidos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La puntuación del grupo experimental sin apoyo pasó de 101,14 ± 8,22 a 108,73 ± 8,54, superior a la del grupo control (103,8 ± 58,11). La puntuación integral del grupo experimental pasó de 88,85 ± 6,10 a 99,85+8,87, también superior a la del grupo control (88,15 ± 6,43). Conclusión: Los efectos del entrenamiento inestable para optimización y desarrollo de la coordinación motora de los estudiantes de fútbol demostraron ser superiores al entrenamiento habitual, siendo indicada su introducción en el entrenamiento diario para una promoción más eficaz del nivel de aptitud física de los estudiantes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of training with high loads on explosive strength in soccer players / Impactos do treino com cargas elevadas sobre a força explosiva nos jogadores de futebol / Impacto del entrenamiento con cargas elevadas sobre la fuerza explosiva en futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The soccer athlete must complete the confrontation, dribbling, and shooting actions in a short time. This requires a high quality of explosive strength. Training with loads is useful for this purpose, but there still needs to be more evidence of the results of applying high loads. Objective: Study the influence of high-load training on the explosive quality of soccer players. Methods: Twenty soccer athletes were selected and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group completed their training with a high-load protocol added to their daily soccer training. In contrast, the ten control group athletes continued their existing daily training without changes. The experiment lasted six weeks. Pertinent data were collected and statistically analyzed to analyze the intervention results. Results: The stationary ball kick distance elevation in the experimental group was 49.74±1.42 m, while that of the control was 46.16±3.01 m, p<0.05. The rate of change in the experimental group was 8.07%, higher than the 1.54% in the control group. Conclusion: Introducing the high-load training module into the soccer daily training system can effectively optimize soccer athletes' explosive muscle strength quality, increasing their competitive performance in games. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O atleta de futebol deve completar as ações de confronto, drible e tiro em um curto espaço de tempo, isso exige uma alta qualidade de força explosiva. O treino com cargas é uma ferramenta útil para esse fim, porém ainda há poucas evidências dos resultados na aplicação de cargas elevadas. Objetivo: Estudar a influência do treinamento de cargas elevadas sobre a qualidade explosiva dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Foram selecionados 20 atletas de futebol, igualmente divididos em grupo experimental e controle. O grupo experimental efetuou seu treinamento com um protocolo de alta carga adicionado ao treinamento diário de futebol, enquanto os 10 atletas do grupo de controle continuaram com o treino diário existente, sem alterações. O experimento durou 6 semanas, os dados pertinentes foram coletados e avaliados estatisticamente para analisar os resultados da intervenção. Resultados: A elevação da distância do chute de bola parada no grupo experimental foi de 49,74±1,42 m, enquanto a de controle foi de 46,16±3,01 m, p<0,05. A taxa de variação no grupo experimental foi de 8,07%, superior aos 1,54% do grupo controle. Conclusão: A introdução do módulo de treinamento de cargas elevadas no sistema de treinamento diário de futebol pode efetivamente otimizar a qualidade de força explosiva muscular dos atletas de futebol, aumentando a sua performance competitiva nos jogos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El atleta de fútbol debe completar las acciones de enfrentamiento, regate y tiro en un corto período de tiempo, esto exige una alta calidad de fuerza explosiva. El entrenamiento con cargas es una herramienta útil para este fin, sin embargo, aún existe poca evidencia de los resultados en la aplicación de cargas elevadas. Objetivo: Estudiar la influencia del entrenamiento con cargas elevadas en la calidad explosiva de los futbolistas. Métodos: Fueron seleccionados 20 atletas de fútbol, divididos equitativamente en grupo experimental y grupo control. El grupo experimental realizó su entrenamiento con un protocolo de altas cargas añadido al entrenamiento diario de fútbol, mientras que los 10 atletas del grupo control continuaron con su entrenamiento diario existente, sin cambios. El experimento duró 6 semanas, se recogieron los datos pertinentes y se estudiaron estadísticamente para analizar los resultados de la intervención. Resultados: La elevación de la distancia de lanzamiento de balón estacionario en el grupo experimental fue de 49,74±1,42 m, mientras que la del control fue de 46,16±3,01 m, p<0,05. El índice de cambio en el grupo experimental fue del 8,07%, superior al 1,54% del grupo de control. Conclusión: La introducción del módulo de entrenamiento de alta carga en el sistema de entrenamiento diario de fútbol puede optimizar eficazmente la calidad de la fuerza muscular explosiva de los atletas de fútbol, aumentando su rendimiento competitivo en los partidos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effect of balance training on the physical fitness of marathon runners / Efeito do treinamento de equilíbrio sobre a aptidão física dos maratonistas / Efecto del entrenamiento del equilibrio en la aptitud física de corredores de maratón

ABSTRACT Introduction: As a comprehensive sport, Marathon presents high demands concerning the athletes' comprehensive capacity. Objective: This paper explores to what extent balance skill training can effectively contribute to improving physical fitness for marathon runners. Methods: 120 marathon runners were selected for the pilot experiment. The experimental group received balance training, while the control group underwent no intervention. Results: In the experimental group, the time with eyes closed and feet apart increased from 33.559 ± 15.8570 to 37.203 ± 15.5865s, the time spent in the T-shaped run from 10.144 ± 0.5063s to 9.908 ± 0.5225s, the time spent in the standing long jump from 2.831 ± 0.2648m to 3.058 ± 0.3183m, and the time spent in the T-shaped run from 55.544 ± 2.2581 to 60.845 ± 2.4367 times/min. The total FMS score changed from 14.618 ± 0.9392 to 18.481 ± 1.3909. Shoulder flexibility increased from 2.777 ± 0.4756 to 2.917 ± 0.2994, and active straight knee raise changed from 2.306 ± 0.4692 to 2.803 ± 0.403. Conclusion: Daily balance training can be added to usual marathon training to improve the fitness of its athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A maratona, enquanto esporte integral, apresenta altas exigências relativas à capacidade plena dos atletas. Objetivo: Este artigo tenta explorar em que medida o treinamento da habilidade de equilíbrio pode efetivamente contribuir para o aprimoramento da aptidão física aos praticantes do esporte de corrida de maratona. Métodos: 120 corredores de maratona foram selecionados para o experimento piloto. O grupo experimental recebeu treinamento de equilíbrio, enquanto o grupo de controle não sofreu qualquer intervenção. Resultados: No grupo experimental, o tempo com olhos fechados e pés separados aumentou de 33,559 ± 15,8570 para 37,203 ± 15,5865s, o tempo gasto na corrida em forma de T de 10,144 ± 0,5063s para 9,908 ± 0,5225s, o tempo gasto no salto em pé em distância de 2,831 ± 0,2648m para 3,058 ± 0,3183m, e o tempo gasto na corrida em forma de T de 55,544 ± 2,2581 para 60,845 ± 2,4367 vezes/min. A pontuação total de FMS mudou de 14,618 ± 0,9392 para 18,481 ± 1,3909. A flexibilidade do ombro aumentou de 2,777 ± 0,4756 para 2,917 ± 0,2994, e o levantamento reto do joelho ativo mudou de 2,306 ± 0,4692 para 2,803 ± 0,403. Conclusão: O treinamento de equilíbrio diário pode ser adicionado ao treino de maratona habitual para melhorar a aptidão física de seus atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El maratón, como deporte integral, presenta grandes exigencias en cuanto a la capacidad integral de los atletas. Objetivo: Este trabajo pretende explorar hasta qué punto el entrenamiento de las habilidades de equilibrio puede contribuir eficazmente a la mejora de la condición física de los corredores de maratón. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 120 corredores de maratón para el experimento piloto. El grupo experimental recibió entrenamiento de equilibrio, mientras que el grupo de control no se sometió a ninguna intervención. Resultados: En el grupo experimental, el tiempo con los ojos cerrados y los pies separados aumentó de 33,559 ± 15,8570 a 37,203 ± 15,5865s, el tiempo empleado en la carrera en forma de T de 10,144 ± 0,5063s a 9,908 ± 0,5225s, el tiempo empleado en el salto de longitud de pie de 2,831 ± 0,2648m a 3,058 ± 0,3183m, y el tiempo empleado en la carrera en forma de T de 55,544 ± 2,2581 a 60,845 ± 2,4367 veces/min. La puntuación total de FMS pasó de 14,618 ± 0,9392 a 18,481 ± 1,3909. La flexibilidad de los hombros aumentó de 2,777 ± 0,4756 a 2,917 ± 0,2994, y la elevación activa de la rodilla pasó de 2,306 ± 0,4692 a 2,803 ± 0,403. Conclusión: El entrenamiento diario del equilibrio puede añadirse al entrenamiento habitual de maratón para mejorar la forma física de sus atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Influences of balance training on shooting quality in basketball players / Influências do treinamento de equilíbrio na qualidade do arremesso em jogadores de basquete / Influencias del entrenamiento de equilibrio sobre la calidad del lanzamiento en jugadores de baloncesto

ABSTRACT Introduction: Inspired by the traditional way of basketball training, this paper presents a new method of balance training, which can effectively improve basketball players' coordination ability and shooting skills. Objective: Explore whether balance training can improve the coordination ability and shooting ability of athletes. Methods: Twenty players from a professional basketball team were randomly selected as volunteers, and divided into two groups randomly. The control group adopted the traditional basketball training model. In contrast, the experimental group adopted the new balance training method, introducing basketball training contents such as technical manipulation, psychological training, physical training, tactical analysis, and instant selection. Results: The hitting rate of shooting and jumping increased from 25.64±18.02 to 39.25±12.29, with a rate of change of 53.04%. The running time of the Illinois run was reduced from 15.79±1.08 seconds to 8.679±1.42 seconds, and the rate of change of time reached -45.04%. Conclusion: The balance training method plays an important role in promoting basketball players' coordination and shooting ability, and can effectively improve the rate of these players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Este trabalho apresenta, inspirado no modo tradicional de treinamento de basquetebol, um novo método de treino de equilíbrio, que pode efetivamente melhorar a capacidade de coordenação e as habilidades de arremesso dos jogadores de basquetebol. Objetivo: Explorar se o treinamento de equilíbrio pode melhorar a capacidade de coordenação e a habilidade de arremesso dos atletas. Métodos: Vinte jogadores de uma equipe profissional de basquetebol foram selecionados aleatoriamente como voluntários, divididos em dois grupos aleatoriamente. O grupo de controle adotou o modelo tradicional de treinamento de basquete, enquanto o grupo experimental adotou o novo método de treino de equilíbrio, introduzindo conteúdos de treinamento de basquete tais como manipulação técnica, treinamento psicológico, treinamento físico, análise tática e seleção instantânea. Resultados: O índice de acerto de arremesso e de saltos aumentou de 25,647±18,02 para 39,25±12,29, com um índice de variação de 53.04%. O tempo de percurso da corrida Illinois foi reduzido de 15,79±1,08 segundos para 8,67±1,42 segundos, e o índice de variação de tempo foi reduzido em 45.04%. Conclusão: O método de treinamento de equilíbrio apresenta um papel importante na promoção da capacidade de coordenação e de arremesso dos jogadores de basquete, podendo efetivamente melhorar o índice desses jogadores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Este artículo presenta, inspirado en la forma tradicional de entrenamiento de baloncesto, un nuevo método de entrenamiento del equilibrio, que puede mejorar eficazmente la capacidad de coordinación y las habilidades de tiro de los jugadores de baloncesto. Objetivo: Explorar si el entrenamiento de equilibrio puede mejorar la capacidad de coordinación y las habilidades de tiro de los atletas. Métodos: Veinte jugadores de un equipo profesional de baloncesto fueron seleccionados al azar como voluntarios, divididos en dos grupos aleatoriamente. El grupo de control adoptó el modelo tradicional de entrenamiento de baloncesto, mientras que el grupo experimental adoptó el nuevo método de entrenamiento del equilibrio, introduciendo contenidos de entrenamiento de baloncesto como la manipulación técnica, el entrenamiento psicológico, el entrenamiento físico, el análisis táctico y la selección instantánea. Resultados: El índice de acierto en tiros y saltos aumentó de 25,64±18,02 a 39,25±12,29, con un índice de variación del 53,04%. El tiempo de carrera de la carrera de Illinois se redujo de 15,79±1,08 segundos a 8,67±1,42 segundos, y el índice de variación del tiempo alcanzó el -45,04%. Conclusión: El método de entrenamiento del equilibrio presenta un papel importante en la promoción de la coordinación y la capacidad de tiro de los jugadores de baloncesto, y puede mejorar eficazmente el índice de estos jugadores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.