Evaluación posoperatoria de los pacientes con úlcera perforada / Postoperative evaluation of patients operated on perforated gastro-duodenal ulcer

Introducción: la úlcera péptica gastroduodenal constituye después de la hemorragia la complicación ulcerosa más frecuente y la más grave de todas. Ocurre entre el 2 y 5 porciento de los pacientes con enfermedad ulcerosa y sus síntomas son provocados por la acción del jugo gástrico derramado en la cavidad abdominal. Objetivo: valorar la evolución de los pacientes operados de urgencia con el diagnóstico de úlcera gastroduodenal perforada. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo con carácter prospectivo en el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2005 y diciembre del 2011. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por úlcera gastroduodenal perforada en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital General Docente Enrique Cabrera durante ese período. Los datos fueron transferidos a una planilla de recolección de datos que posteriormente fue procesada y analizada en el Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Los resultados se expresaron en tablas y gráficos, y solo se usaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva; distribuciones de frecuencia absolutas y relativas para las variables cuantitativas y media aritmética para las cuantitativas. Resultados: el grupo de edad predominante fue de mayores de 60 años con 42,4 porciento. El sexo masculino fue el de mayor incidencia con un 88 porciento. La asociación tabaco más café y solo tabaco constituyeron los hábitos tóxicos más frecuentes con 23,1 porciento cada uno. El dolor abdominal estuvo presente en el 100 porciento de los pacientes. La radiografía de tórax con el paciente de pie fue el estudio complementario más utilizado para corroborar la sospecha diagnóstica. En el 77 porciento de los pacientes se evidenció el neumoperitoneo radiológico. La úlcera duodenal fue la localización más frecuente (19 pacientes). En 15 pacientes (57,7 por ciento) se realizó la sutura y epiploplastia como tratamiento de urgencia. La complicación postoperatoria más frecuente fue la dehiscencia de la herida quirúrgica. Un paciente falleció en el postoperatorio con diagnóstico de bronconeumonía. Conclusiones: los pacientes mayores de 60 años de edad y del sexo masculino constituyeron el mayor número con el diagnóstico de úlcera gastroduodenal perforada. La localización más frecuente de la úlcera fue en el duodeno. La sutura y epiploplastia fue el proceder más utilizado como tratamiento. La dehiscencia de la sutura fue la complicación que más se observó en la serie(AU)

Introduction: Perforated peptic gastroduodenal ulcer represents the most frequent and serious complication after hemorrhage. It occurred in 2 to 5 percent of patients diagnosed as peptic ulcer and the main symptoms are caused by the gastroduodenal content spilled over the peritoneal cavity. Objective: To assess the recovery of patients operated on from perforated gastroduodenal ulcer at emergency setting. Methods: Prospective, observational and descriptive study carried out from January 2005 through December 2011. The universe of study was all the patients operated on from perforated gastroduodenal ulcer in Enrique Cabrera general teaching hospital's general surgery service in this period. Data were collected in forms, which were processed and analyzed by using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The results were provided in tables and graphs; summary statistics, absolute and relative distribution for quantitative variables and arithmetic median for the quantitative ones were the statistical techniques used. Results: Men over 60 years old were the main group of patients with this pathology( 42.2 percent). The highest incidence rate was found in males (88 percent).Toxic habits like coffee plus cigar, and coffee alone were the most frequent, accounting for 23.1 percent each. All the patients complained of acute epigastric pain. Chest Rx on standing position was the most used study to confirm the suspected diagnosis. Radiological pneumoperitoneum was evident in 77 percent of patients. Duodenal ulcer was the main location of perforation (19 patients). Suture and epiploplasty were performed as emergency treatment in 15 patients (57.7 percent). Surgical wound dehiscence was the most common complication. One patient died from bronchopneumonia during the postoperative phase. Conclusions: Patients aged over 60 and males represented the highest number with diagnosis of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. The most frequent location was duodenum. Epipoplasty and suture were the main therapeutic methods. Suture dehiscence was the most observed complication in this group(AU)

Modelo de carcinogênese gástrica utilizando piloroplastia de Finney: estudo experimental em ratos / Gastric carcinogenesis model using Finney pyloroplasty: experimental study in rats

RACIONAL: O refluxo duodenogástrico tem sido implicado como potencial carcinógeno para o estômago e esôfago e é um dos fatores que podem explicar o desenvolvimento de câncer no coto gástrico. Modelos experimentais de carcinogênese no estômago ressecado ou nas gastrojejunoanastomoses estão bem definidos. OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver um modelo experimental de carcinogênese gástrica através de piloroplastia à Finney, avaliar a influência da ingestão de nitrito de sódio nesse modelo, analisar as concentrações de ácidos biliares e o valor do pH gástrico. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 110 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo I (15 ratos) submetidos à laparotomia (grupo Sham); Grupo II (15 ratos) submetidos à laparotomia (Sham) e à ingestão de nitrito de sódio na água de beber; Grupo III (40 ratos) submetidos à piloroplastia à Finney; Grupo IV (40 ratos) submetidos à piloroplastia à Finney e à ingestão de nitrito de sódio na água de beber. Após 50 semanas da operação, os ratos foram sacrificados, coletadas amostras de suco gástrico para análise do pH, dosagem dos ácidos biliares, e realizada análise histológica. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade pós-operatória imediata foi de 9 por cento e, ao longo do experimento, 10 ratos morreram. O grupo controle (I) não apresentou lesões gástricas; o grupo controle com nitrito de sódio (II) desenvolveu papilomas no pré-estômago em 16.6 por cento; os grupos operados com piloroplastia apresentaram adenomas em 10,3 por cento no Grupo III e 14,2 por cento no Grupo IV, e adenocarcinoma em 55,1 por cento, no grupo III e 14,2 por cento no Grupo IV. A implantação de glândulas para dentro da submucosa e muscular, na zona de anastomose (implantação mucosa), não foi critério suficiente para decidir sobre a malignidade das lesões, sendo necessária a presença simultânea de atipias celulares. A concentração de ácidos biliares do suco gástrico foi maior nos Grupos III e IV. A medida do pH gástrico não foi diferente nos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: 1) A piloroplastia à Finney é modelo experimental adequado de carcinogênese gástrica; 2) ela induziu refluxo duodenogástrico; 3) o refluxo duodenogástrico atuou como carcinógeno para o estômago; 4) não houve relação entre o pH gástrico e o desenvolvimento de carcinoma; 5) o nitrito de sódio não atuou como carcinógeno para o estômago dos ratos.

BACKGROUND: The duodenogastric reflux has been implicated as a potential carcinogen for the stomach and esophagus and is one of the factors that may explain the development of gastric stump cancer. Experimental models of carcinogenesis in the stomach stump or in the duodenogastric anastomosis are well defined. AIM: To develop an experimental model of gastric carcinogenesis through the Finney pyloroplasty, evaluate the influence of ingestion of sodium nitrite in this model, analyze the concentrations of bile acids and the pH of the stomach. METHODS: A hundred and ten Wistar rats were operated and divided into four groups: Group I (15 rats) underwent laparotomy (Sham group); Group II (15 rats) underwent laparotomy (Sham) and ingestion of sodium nitrite in drinking water; Group III (40 rats) submitted to the Finney pyloroplasty and Group IV (40 rats) submitted to the Finney pyloroplasty and ingestion of sodium nitrite in drinking water. After 50 weeks of surgery, the rats were sacrificed and samples collected for analysis of gastric pH, dosing of bile acids and histological analysis. RESULTS: The immediate postoperative mortality was 9 percent, and during the experiment, 10 rats died. The control group (I) did not show gastric lesions; the control group with sodium nitrite (II) developed papillomas in the pre-stomach in 16.6 percent; the operated groups with pyloroplasty had adenomas in 10.3 percent in Group III and 14.2 percent in Group IV, and adenocarcinoma in 55.1 percent in group III and 14.2 percent in Group IV. The implementation of glands into the submucosa and muscle in the area of anastomosis (mucosa deployment) was not sufficient criterion for deciding on the malignancy of the lesions, requiring the simultaneous presence of atypical cells. The concentration of bile acids in gastric juice was higher in Groups III and IV. The measurement of gastric pH was not different in both groups. CONCLUSION: 1) The Finney pyloroplasty is suitable experimental model of gastric carcinogenesis; 2) it induced duodenogastric reflux; 3) the duodenogastric reflux served as a carcinogen for the stomach; 4) there was no relationship between pH and the development of gastric carcinoma; 5 ) sodium nitrite did not act as a carcinogen for the stomach of rats.