Cross pollination of different peony cultivars with 'Feng dan' / Polinização cruzada de diferentes cultivares de peônia com 'Fengdan'

ABSTRACT: Paeonia ostii 'Feng dan' is recommended as a new promising oil crop because of the nutrient elements in its seed; however, the development of this new oil crop is now limited due to its low seed setting rate. This study identified ways to improve the cross pollination of Feng dan as the maternal parent, which has been proved to be a suitable oil crop, so as to improve the seed setting rate of 'Feng dan', and to predict the functional relationship between pollen vigor and seed setting rate. improving the efficiency of cross pollination. Three major steps were conducted, first, to screen the appropriate method of measuring pollen vigor of the paternal parent, which could have a strong relationship with seed setting rate. Second, to obtain the corresponding seed setting rate by cross pollination. Third, the functional relationship between two indexes was founded which could be used in cross pollination practice. Results indicated that the best paternal parents of 'Feng dan' were 'Feng dan' cultivars from other different cultivation populations; The most suitable medium concentration for pollen germination was 100~150 g/L sucrose, 0.06~0.08 g/L boric acid, and 50~200 g/L PEG-6000. Both the seed setting rate and the number of seed grains were positively correlated with the pollen activity, and the seed setting rate was negatively correlated with the local precipitation.

RESUMO: Peonia, Feng dan' (Paeonia ostia) do género Paeonia (o grupo lenhoso) é recomendado como uma nova cultura promissora na produção de óleos, devido aos elementos nutritivos na semente, no entanto, o desenvolvimento desta nova cultura está agora limitado devido às baixas taxas de fixação de sementes. Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar meios de melhorar a polinização cruzada de 'Feng dan' como o parental paterno, por ser uma cultura de óleo adequada, de modo a melhorar as taxas de fixação de sementes de 'Feng dan', e para prever a relação funcional entre o vigor do pólen e as taxas de fixação de sementes para melhorar a eficiência da experiência de polinização. Em primeiro lugar, foram realizados três passos para analisar o método de medição do vigor do pólen do pai paternal, que poderia ter uma relação forte com as taxas de fixação das sementes. Em segundo lugar, obter as taxas de fixação de sementes correspondentes por polinização cruzada. Em terceiro lugar, foi estabelecida a relação funcional entre dois índices que poderiam ser utilizados na prática da polinização cruzada. Os resultados indicaram que os melhores parentais paternos de 'Feng dan' eram cultivares de 'Feng dan' de outras populações de cultivo diferentes. A concentração de meio mais adequada para a germinação do pólen foi 100~150 g/L de sacarose, 0,06~0,08 g/L ácido bórico, e 50~200 g/L PEG-6000. Tanto a taxa de estabelecimento das sementes como o número de sementes foram positivamente correlacionados com a atividade do pólen, e a taxa de estabelecimento das sementes foi negativamente correlacionada com a precipitação local.

Pollen morphology and viability in Bromeliaceae

ABSTRACT Pollen morphology characterization is important in taxonomy, conservation and plant breeding, and pollen viability studies can support breeding programs. This study investigated pollen morphology and male fertility in 18 species of Bromeliaceae with ornamental potential. For morphological characterization, pollen grains were acetolyzed and characterization of exine was done using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pollen viability was investigated by in vitro germination and histochemical tests. Species belonging to Aechmea and Ananas genera presented medium size pollen, except for Ae. fasciata, with large pollen. Al. nahoumii, P. sagenarius and the Vriesea species analyzed showed large pollen, except for V. carinata, with very large pollen. Pollen of Aechmea, Ananas and P. sagenarius presented bilateral symmetry, diporate, exine varying from tectate to semitectate. Al. nahoumii and Vriesea species presented pollen with bilateral symmetry, monocolpate; exine was semitectate, reticulate and heterobrochate. Germination percentage and tube growth were greater in SM and BKM media. Histochemical tests showed pollen viability above 70% for all species, except for Ananas sp. (40%). Pollen morphology is important for the identification of species, especially in this family, which contains a large number of species. High rates of viability favor fertilization and seed production, essential for efficient hybrid production and conservation.

In vitro pollen germination and anther culture of Senna obtusifolia / 中草药

Objective: To observe the morphology, measure the activity of pollen of Senna obtusifolia, determine the optimum conditions for pollen germination, induce the formation of callus from its anthers as well as identify its ploidy levels, and thus to lay a basis for its haploid breeding. Methods: Microscopic observation of the anther squashed method was used to reveal the morphology of pollen; The pollen activity was investigated using I2-KI staining and the size of the flower buds with the highest pollen activity was determined; Liquid culture and microscopic observation were performed to determine the optimum culture medium, pH value, and temperature for pollen germination; Microscopic observation of the acetocarmine-stained pollen was performed to determine microspore development stages; The optimum conditions for callus formation were studied by in vitro anther culture; The phenol fuchsin staining was improved for the identification of callus ploidy levels. Results: Pollen of S. obtusifolia is ellipsoid with three germinal furrows, and mostly two germination holes showed germination; The highest pollen activity was found in buds with vertical diameters about 1.0-1.1 cm; The optimum culture medium for pollen germination was determined to be 10% sucrose + 1% boric acid, with maximum germination cultured for 1-3 h at 25 ℃; The uni-nucleate microspore stage was in buds with vertical diameters about 0.9-1.1 cm; Calluses were successfully obtained by culturing the uni-nucleate stage anthers in an inducing medium MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 2.0 mg/L NAA + 3% sucrose + 0.6% agar and callus enrichment culture was done in MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 1.0 mg/L IAA + 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.0 mg/LGA3 + 3% sucrose; There was ploidy separation in callus, with the haploid and diploid cells coexisted. Conclusion: The optimum culture medium for pollen germination is 10% sucrose + 1% boric acid; The optimum anthers for in vitro culture is within flower buds with a vertical diameter of 0.9-1.1 cm; The chimeric calluses obtained from anthers of S. obtusifolia lay a solid foundation for the further induction of haploid plants from its pollen for breeding.

The effect of three plant bioregulators on pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set in almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] cvs. Non Pareil and Carmel

Background In commercial almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] orchards in Chile, the percentage of fruit set is low and commonly reaches 5–30%. As almond trees bloom during a cool period and also suffer from self-incompatibility, any factor that can improve pollination, pollen germination and pollen tube growth or extend the effective pollination period, such as the application of plant bioregulators (PBRs), should be beneficial for fruit production. Results Three plant bioregulators (PBRs): brassinolide (BL), gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin (KN) were evaluated for pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vitro, as well as for fruit set in almond cultivars Non Pareil and Carmel, in central Chile, during the 2013 and 2014 seasons. For pollen germination in vitro, the BL concentration of 10 mg L- 1 had the highest value in Non Pareil (97.7%), after 4 h germination in 2014 growing season (the control was 90.9%). KN at a concentration of 50 µL L- 1 induced the longest pollen tube growth of 1243.4 µm in Carmel after 8 h germination in 2013 (the control was 917.7 µm). In Non Pareil, the highest percentage of fruit set (31.0%) was achieved in 2014 by spraying during bloom at pink bud stage with KN at 50 µL L- 1 (the control was 16.7%). Conclusions A significant favorable effect of the tested PBRs was observed in pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vitro, as well as on fruit set in Non Pareil and Carmel almonds.

Study on Crossing Ability of Annual Chrysanthemum Genotypes.

The experiment comprised of six genotypes viz., NAC-01-10, NAC-02-10, NAC-03-10, NAC-04-10, NAC-05-10, NAC-06-10 selected for petal colour and number of layers of petals to estimate pollen viability, in-vitro pollen germination, stigma receptivity and crossed seed set percentage to find out the crossing ability of genotypes. The present experiment was laid out at the experimental field of Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, during 2010-11. Pollen viability of six genotypes of annual chrysanthemum showed a range of 69.69% to 86.66% viability, Percentage of germination on the day of anthesis ranged from 22.72% (NAC-06-10) to 66.66% (NAC-01-10). First day pollen pollinated on first day stigma showed 100% stigma receptivity in all six genotypes and the crossed seed set ranged from 61.60% (NAC-04-10 × NAC-05-10) to 92.00% (NAC-01-10 × NAC-04-10) among direct crosses whereas, the percentage ranged from 42.00% (NAC-04-10 × NAC-02-10) to 90.00% (NAC-05-10 × NAC-01-10) among the reciprocal crosses. All the six genotypes are highly suitable for their use as parents in crossing program.

Rates and pattern of ovule abortion vis-à-vis in situ pollen germination in some populations of Trifolium fragiferum L.

The present study is based on four populations of Trifolium fragiferum L. of the family Fabaceae growing at four different sites in Jammu region, India. The species, which grows as a common weed in the area of study, follows an annual life cycle of about 3½month in the subtropical climates of Jammu region. While all of these populations were recorded in full bloom during February and March, they displayed a temporal scatter. Detailed studies revealed these population types to be morphologically similar but distinct in the many aspects studied. An interesting phenomenon noted for the plants of this species was in situ pollen germination, which was recorded in about 28.8% of the flowers studied. The species under investigation also showed an appreciable amount of ovule abortion. The ovule abortion in pistils was found to be non-random, with the peduncular ovule aborting at a higher rate than the stylar one. The rates and patterns of ovule abortion were studied vis-à-vis in situ pollen germination and were compared between different populations. Interesting results were obtained, indicative of the fact that precocious pollen germination does affect the ovule abortion in one way or other.

Viabilidade dos grãos de pólen de flores de pinheira (Annona squamosa) em diferentes horários / Viability of the sugar apple (Annona squamosa) pollen grains at different hours of the day

No manejo do cultivo da pinha (Annona squamosa), a polinização artificial é uma prática preconizada para, obter maior pegamento dos frutos bem como uniformização do formato dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade dos grãos de pólen de flores de pinheira em diferentes horários de coleta. O pólen foi obtido a partir de flores no estádio funcionalmente estaminada. Foram avaliados oito horários de coleta de pólen: zero hora, 1 hora, 2 horas, 3 horas, 4 horas, 5 horas, 6 horas e 7 horas da manhã. Foi utilizado meio de cultura padrão para germinação de pólen, com concentração de 10% de sacarose. As flores foram coletadas nos horários estabelecidos e os grãos de pólen foram retirados das anteras com auxílio de um pincel número 2 e em seguida inoculados em placas de Petri contendo o meio de cultura. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela experimental constituída por duas placas Petri. Foram contados 100 grãos de pólen por placa. Após 6 horas de inoculação, os grãos de pólen foram visualizados sob lupa. Foram considerados germinados os grãos de pólen que possuíam tubo polínico com tamanho igual ou superior ao diâmetro do próprio pólen. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o horário de coleta dos grãos de pólen. A percentagem média da germinação variou de 46,75% a 53,62% dos grãos de pólen germinados.

In the management of the sugar apple (Annona squamosa) crop, the artificial pollination is a preconized practice to obtain higher establishment of the fruits as well as their standardization. This study was carried out to evaluate the viability of sugar apple pollen grains at different collecting times. The pollens were obtained from the flowers at the functional staminate stage. The pollen grains were collected every hour, starting from 00:00am and ending at 07:00am, totalizing 8 collections. The standard culture medium with 10 percent sucrose was used for the germination of the pollen. The flowers were collected at the scheduled hours and the pollen grains were taken from the anthers, by using a brush # 2. They were then inoculated on Petri dishes containing the culture medium. The completely randomized experimental design was used with four replicates, and each plot was constituted by two Petri dishes. One hundred pollen grains were counted in each Petri dish. After six hours of inoculation, the pollen grains were visualized under magnifying glass. Those pollen grains containing the pollinic tube with the same or higher size than their own pollen diameter were considered germinated. No significant differences were found among the different hours of the pollen grain collections, and the germination percentage ranged from 46.75% to 53.62%.

Studies on pollen viability of Cistanche deserticola / 中草药

Object To understand pollen life of Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma in natural conditions. Methods To determine pollen viability of C. deserticola in natural state by pollen germination method in vitro.Results The optimum conditions of C. deserticolapollen germination are pollens in primary flowering time and a culture medium with 0.6% agar + 10% sucrose + 0.1% boric acid, cultured in 25 ℃, which is benefit to pollen germination and pollen tube growth; low temperature (4 ℃) is benefit to pollen short-dated storage and can prolong pollen life. Conclusion The study provides a theoretical basis for conserving better seed resources and artificial cultivating by pollen of C. deserticola.