Validación de la escala de afecto positivo y negativo en población chilena y su aplicación en personas migrantes residentes en Chile / Validation of the positive and negative affect scale in the Chilean population and its application in migrant people

INTRODUCCIÓN: Aunque la escala de afecto positivo y negativo propuesta por Mroczek y Kolarz no ha sido tan ampliamente utilizada como otros instrumentos, las adecuadas propiedades psicométricas publicadas hasta ahora, sumado a la rapidez de su aplicación; la sitúan como un instrumento adecuado para medir el componente hedónico del bienestar subjetivo. En este sentido, la validación de la escala en Chile permitirá a los investigadores tener a disposición un instrumento breve y fiable con el cual medir el bienestar subjetivo. OBJETIVO: El objetivo inicial de este estudio fue validar en Chile la escala de afecto positivo y negativo propuesta por Mroczek y Kolarz. MÉTODOS: Se reclutó a una muestra no probabilística de 155 chilenos junto con una muestra de 308 inmigrantes adultos residentes en Chile de nacionalidades colombiana, peruana y venezolana. La muestra de chilenos se utilizó para la validación de la escala. Se evaluó la validez de constructo (α de Cronbach y análisis factorial exploratorio), y luego la validez concurrente a través de correlaciones bivariadas con la medida de "sentimiento de felicidad" de Wold (1995) y de "satisfacción con la vida" de Keyes, Shmotkin & Ryff (2002). Finalmente, se valoraron las diferencias en la expresión de afecto de los chilenos en comparación con la de los migrantes. RESULTADOS: El índice de fiabilidad fue de α = 0,92 para la subescala de afecto positivo y de α = 0,75 para la subescala de afecto negativo. El análisis factorial exploratorio reprodujo de manera idéntica las cargas factoriales propuestas en el instrumento original con saturaciones de los ítems > 0,35 por factor. Los migrantes colombianos y venezolanos muestran mayor expresión de afecto positivo que los chilenos, mientras que esta diferencia no se observa al comparar chilenos con peruanos. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala de afecto positivo y negativo presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para medir la expresión de afecto (bienestar hedónico) en la población chilena.

INTRODUCTION: Although the positive and negative affect scale proposed by Mroczek and Kolarz has not been widely used as other instruments, the adequate psychometric properties reported and the simplicity of the application, place it as an adequate instrument to measure the hedonic component of subjective well-being. Thus, the scale validation in Chile will allow researchers to have available a short and reliable instrument in order to measure subjective well-being. OBJECTIVE: The initial objective of this study was to validate in Chile the "Positive and negative affect scale" proposed by Mroczek and Kolarz. METHODS: A non-probabilistic sample of 155 Chileans and a sample of 308 adult immigrants residing in Chile of Colombian, Peruvian and Venezuelan nationality were recruited. The sample of Chileans was used to validate the scale. The construct validity (Cronbach's α and exploratory factor analysis) and the concurrent validity through bivariate correlations with other measures were estimated. Finally, the differences in the affect expression of Chileans in comparison with migrants' people were evaluated. RESULTS: The reliability index was α = 0.92 for the positive affect sub-scale and α = 0.75 for the negative affect sub-scale. The exploratory factor analysis reproduced in the same way the factorial loadings proposed in the original instrument with saturations > 0.35 per item. Colombian and Venezuelan migrants show greater expression of positive affect than Chileans, while this difference is not observed when comparing Chileans with Peruvians. CONCLUSION: The positive and negative affect scale has adequate psychometric properties to measure the expression of affect (hedonic well-being) in the Chilean population.

Afectividad negativa y positiva en adultos cubanos con sintomatología ansiosa, depresiva y sin trastornos / Negative and positive affect in Cuban adults with anxiety, depression and without symptoms

El Modelo Bifactorial de Afectividad de Watson y Tellengen se ha postulado para la diferenciación de la ansiedad y la depresión en Europa y Norteamérica, pero no se han reportado estudios en población cubana de edad media. El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la Afectividad Positiva (AP) y la Afectividad Negativa (AN) en personas sin psicopatología, con sintomatología predominantemente ansiosa, depresiva o mixta. La muestra fue de 219 personas; 19,2% con sintomatología ansiosa, 17,8% depresiva, 23,7% mixta y el resto sin síntomas. Se utilizó el Inventario de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS) para estudiar la afectividad y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EADG) para diferenciar los subgrupos diagnósticos. Se utilizó el ANOVA de un factor con el Método de la Diferencia Significativa Honesta de Tukey para establecer las diferencias. Se encontró que la AP era menor en los depresivos tal y como predice el Modelo, pero no se cumplió la predicción de que la AP diferenciaría a los ansiosos de las personas sin síntomas, y se encontró que en el grupo con sintomatología mixta había mayor AN y menor AP que en los otros subgrupos patológicos, lo cual alerta sobre la necesidad de evaluar los modelos desarrollados en otras culturas.

Two-Factor Model of Emotion of Watson and Tellengen has been investigated for the differentiation of anxiety and depression in Europe and North America, but no studies have been reported on middle-aged Cuban population. The objective of this research was to investigate the negative (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) in individuals without psychopathology, predominantly anxious, depressive or mixed symptoms. The sample was 219 subjects; 19.2% with symptoms of anxiety, 17.8% has depression, 23.7% mixed anxiety and depression symptoms, and the rest without symptoms. Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) was used to study emotion; and Anxiety and Depression Scale Goldberg (GADS) to differentiate diagnostic subgroups. The one-way ANOVA was used with the method of Tukey Honest Significant Difference. We found that AP was lower in depressive as predicted by the model, but the prediction that the AP would differentiate anxious people without symptoms was fulfilled, which highlights the need to evaluate the models developed in other cultures.

Study on psychological resilience and its influencing factors of postgradu-ates who just entered the military medical university / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To study military medical graduates' psychological elastic characteris-tics and the key influencing factors. Methods A comparative study of 817 graduate students and 597 undergraduate students in a military academy was conducted by using positive negative emotions, pos-itive and negative cognitive bias and Mental Resilience Scale. Independent sample t-test, single factor analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and step-wise regression analysis were conducted by SPSS 18.0 for data analysis. Results ①Resilience scores of postgraduate students were significantly lower than those of undergraduate students (76.01 ±11.43 vs. 80.00 ±10.26, t=-6.76, P<0.01). Resilience scores of military postgraduates were significantly higher than those of local postgraduates (77.18 ± 11.59 vs. 74.97±11.19, t=2.77, P<0.05). Resilience scores of female postgraduates were significantly lower than those of males (74.79 ±10.83 vs. 76.94 ±11.78, t=2.68, P<0.05), reflected in factors of tenacity and strength. ②Resilience and its factors were positively related to positive affect and atten-tion to positive information (r=0.448~0.625, P<0.01), while negatively related to negative affect and attention to negative information (r=-0.206~-0.448, P<0.01). ③Regression analysis showed that posi-tive and negative emotion, attention to positive and negative information can significantly predict re-silience, accounting for the variance of 53.7%. ④Positive and negative affect partially mediated the relationship between attention to positive information and positive affect and resilience. Conclusion Attention to positive information and positive affect may be potential targets for intervention to enhance the level of resilience among military medical postgraduate students.

Afecto positivo y negativo como mediador de la relación optimismo-salud: evaluación de un modelo estructural / Positive and Negative Affect as Mediator of the Relatioship Optimism-Health: Evaluation of a Structural Model

Las variables psicológicas y especialmente la variables positivas han mostrado múltiples beneficios para los seres humanos. Importante evidencia indica que los sujetos con mejor bienestar, altos niveles de felicidad y emociones positivas muestran mejores indicadores de salud. El optimismo es una variable positiva ampliamente estudiada y con gran evidencia sobre sus beneficios en la salud. Sin embargo, modelos explicativos acerca de cómo se producen estos beneficios han sido menos estudiados. Se ha propuesto evaluar un modelo que establece cómo el optimismo puede ser una variable causal de la salud, mediada por los afectos positivos y negativos. Se realizó un análisis de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para probar un modelo explicativo. Participaron 995 personas con edades entre los 18 y 60 años. Se evaluó el optimismo disposicional, afecto positivo y negativo, así como salud mental y física. Los resultados muestran que el ajuste al modelo es adecuado, permitiendo considerar al optimismo como una variable explicativa de la salud tanto física y como mental, mediado por afecto positivo y negativo.

Psychological variables and especially the positive variables have shown multiple benefits for humans. Important evidence indicates that subjects with better well-being higher levels of happiness and positive emotions show better health indicators. Optimism is a positive variable widely studied and strong evidence of its benefits on the health of individuals. However, an explanatory model about how these benefits occur has been less studied. It has been proposed to evaluate a model that establishes optimism can be a causal variable health mediated the positive and negative affects. An analysis of structural equation modeling was conducted to test an explanatory model. Participants 995 people aged between 18 and 60 years old. Dispositional optimism, positive and negative affect as well as mental and physical health was assessed. Structural model analysis was conducted to test an explanatory model. The results show that the model is suitable adjustment to consider allowing optimism as an explanatory variable of both physical and mental health mediated by positive and negative affect.

Resilience and influencing factors of kidney dialysis patients / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate renal dialysis patients' resilience and influencing factors for clinical teaching. Methods Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC),simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ), perceived social support scale (PSSS) and positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) were used for a survey of 160 renal dialysis patients in Xinan Hospital and Xinqiao Hospital (156 valid questionnaires) and the questionnaire information was put into the computer by the two-input mode and was made the questionnaire data analysis, single factor analysis and variance and re-gression analysis of by SPSS 18.0. Results Renal dialysis patients' resilience has no significant differ-ence in gender, frequency of kidney dialysis and kidney dialysis time (P>0.05), but resilience and positive coping scores of the age group between 31 to 40 were significantly higher than those of the group between 41-50 group(P=0.000). Taking the education background into consideration, resilience and positive coping scores of junior high school or above education were significantly higher than those of primary school education (P=0.000,P=0.000). Positive emotion, positive coping, and social support were positively correlated with resilience and negative emotions were negatively correlated with resilience in linear regression analysis. Conclusion Kidney dialysis patients who are over the age of 40 and less educated may have lower resilience, and less positive coping, more prone to nega-tive emotions, which is not conducive to the rehabilitation and treatment of disease. For kidney dialysis patients, improving their positive response, perceived social support and positive mood, and reducing their negative emotions are beneficial to the improvement of their resilience.

Structural validity and reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Evidence from a large Brazilian community sample

Objective: Positive and negative affect are the two psychobiological-dispositional dimensions reflecting proneness to positive and negative activation that influence the extent to which individuals experience life events as joyful or as distressful. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a structured questionnaire that provides independent indexes of positive and negative affect. This study aimed to validate a Brazilian interview-version of the PANAS by means of factor and internal consistency analysis. Methods: A representative community sample of 3,728 individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, voluntarily completed the PANAS. Exploratory structural equation model analysis was based on maximum likelihood estimation and reliability was calculated via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the PANAS reliably measures two distinct dimensions of positive and negative affect. Conclusion: The structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PANAS are consistent with those of its original version. Taken together, these results attest the validity of the Brazilian adaptation of the instrument. .

Confirmatory factor analysis and temporal invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) / Análise fatorial confirmatória e invariância temporal da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval...

O artigo analisa a estrutura e a invariância temporal da versão portuguesa da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. A investigação científica anterior não é consensual acerca da estrutura da PANAS, se é constituída por dois ou três fatores e se esses fatores são independentes ou correlacionados. De forma a colmatar esta lacuna, procedemos à comparação da estrutura da PANAS como tendo duas dimensões independentes com várias outras estruturas alternativas. Duzentos e quarenta e cinco estudantes universitários e de cursos de formação profissional responderam ao questionário em dois momentos, com dois meses de intervalo. Foi testado o modelo da PANAS que representa uma estrutura de dois fatores independentes, Afeto Positivo (AP) e Afeto Negativo (AN), tal como definida pelos autores da escala. Contudo, o melhor modelo foi o que representa uma estrutura de dois fatores independentes, com a ponderação dupla do item "excitado" entre o AP e o AN e especificando correlações entre os erros dos itens que pertencem às mesmas categorias de emoções. Outra lacuna na investigação é a análise da invariância temporal da PANAS. Este artigo analisa a invariância temporal da escala, utilizando a análise de modelos de equações estruturais. Embora a escala tenha sido aplicada na sua versão afeto estado, a PANAS revelou invariância temporal num intervalo de dois meses...

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version

OBJECTIVE: The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was developed as a measure of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The aim here is to examine the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Korean version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (K-PANAS) in a clinical sample in Korea. METHODS: K-PANAS was administered to a clinical sample in Korea. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were undertaken to examine the factorial structure and reliability of the K-PANAS. RESULTS: The reliability of K-PANAS is satisfactory. CFA showed that several of the models commonly used in Western populations provided an insufficient fit. The modified model provided a more adequate fit to the data. CONCLUSION: The authors demonstrate that the K-PANAS has adequate psychometric properties, and that findings obtained in the West using PANAS were partially replicated.