A PRECEDE-PROCEED approach in the advocacy for computer-based education on correct medical certification of cause of death among physician-learners

Objective@#Mortality data is a critical input to public health decision-making and planning. Yet, about 36% of underlying causes of death reported by physicians in 2018 are considered garbage codes, not useful in analyzing public health and mortality (PSA, 2018). We used the PRECEDE-PROCEED approach to develop, implement, and report an advocacy and education Project to improve training on medical certification of cause of death (MCCOD) among senior medical students and interns. @*Methods@#An MCCOD Instructional Design and eLearning course was introduced and validated in 33 medical education institutions. Lessons enhanced these education materials and are proposed for nationwide adoption. In the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Project fast-tracked the training of physician-learners on the correct cause of death reporting and certification.@*Results@#Awareness of correct MCCOD and its personal and public health value reached at least 4000 learners, over a hundred medical faculty, and all deans of medical colleges in the Philippines.@*Conclusion@#The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model provided a clear and practicable framework for the advocacy and education efforts to train senior medical students and interns on MCCOD. It can similarly guide other medical education innovations by defining predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors then considering these factors for intervention strategies, implementation, process evaluation, outcome evaluations, and impact evaluations.

Effects of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on Behavior of Patients after Total Hip Arthroplasty / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the effect of PRECEDE-PROCEED model on health behavior and quality of life of patients after total hip arthroplasty. Methods:From February to December, 2018, 103 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty were divided into control group (n = 51) and intervention group (n = 52). The control group received routine perioperative guidance, while the intervention group received PRECEDE-PROCEED model in addition, in accordance to the nine links of the model, multi-dimensional intervention measures should be formulated with tendency factors, contributing factors and strengthening factors as the core. They were followed up for six months after discharge, and were assessed with Health Promoting Life style Profile II (HPLP II) and the MOS Item Short From Health Survey (SF-36) one, three and six months after discharge, respectively. Results:There was no significant difference in the scores of HPLP II and SF-36 between two groups at discharge (P > 0.05). The scores of HPLP II and SF-36 were higher than in the intervention group than in the control group one, three and six months after discharge (t > 2.307, P < 0.05). Conclusion:PRECEDE- PROCEED model could change the undesirable life behavior after operation, and improve the health behavior and quality of life of patients with total hip arthroplasty.

Investigation Study on Family Self-medication Behavior of Residents in Gansu Province Based on PRECEDE- PROCEED Model / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To promote rational use of OTC in the family ，and to provide reference for the formulation of related policy by health administration department. METHODS ：By stratified cluster sampling method ，using residents of 4 cities from Gansu province as objects ，face-to-face questionnaire household survey was conducted in Jan. 2019. The general information of the residents and their family self-medication behaviors were collected ，and the influential factors [tendency factors （including cognition of OTC and attitude towards self-medication ），contributing factors and strengthening factors ，and odds ratio （OR）was used to study the correlation between factors and results] of self-medication behaviors were analyzed by PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Epi Data 3.10 software was used to establish database ，and SPSS 16.0 software was adopted to analyze the family self-medication behavior of residents statistically. RESULTS ：A total of 3 600 questionnaires were sent out ，and 3 111 valid questionnaires were recovered ，with an effective recovery rate of 86.4％. 81.8％（2 541/3 106）of the respondents had self- medication behavior in the past 1 year. The results of binary Logistic regression and χ2 test showed that female residents ，irregular daily life ， no chronic disease ，low monthly family income ，new rural cooperative medical care and urban residents ’medical insurance were more inclined to self-medication. In the tendency factors ，residents who knew that OTC could be purchased in the pharmacy without the doctor ’s prescription （OR＝1.322）， Δ 基金项目 ：国家自然科学基金资助项目 （No.41405108， No.21472077） drug package with OTC logo （OR＝1.397）and the Chinese ＊讲师，硕士。研究方向：药物新制剂、新剂型、新技术。E-mail： herbal medicine also had toxic side effects （OR＝1.750），the 410843130@qq.com possibility of self-medication was greater ；the residents who # 通信作者：教授，博士。研究方向：药物活性分子的设计与合 seldom cleaned the family medicine box （OR＝0.462），quick 成。E-mail：wangshh@lzu.edu.cn and effective drugs （OR＝0.670） and ADR （OR＝0.688） 中国药房 2020年第31卷第11期 China Pharmacy 2020Vol. 31 No. 11 ·1377· were the factors that prevent the occurrence of se lf-medication behavior ，while low drug price （OR＝5.298）was the tendency factor of self-medication behavior. In the contributing factors ，the incidence of self-medication of residents with regular drugs in their home was 2.997 times higher than that those without reserves ；the convenience of self-medication （OR＝1.376），the proximity of drugstores to home （OR＝1.680），the credibility of drug quality （OR＝1.355） had a facilitating effect on the occurrence of self-medication. In the strengthening factors ，the suggestions of relatives and friends （OR＝3.388），books， newspapers and TV network advertisements （OR＝2.043）had a strengthening effect on the occurrence of self-medication. The above factors had a significant effect on the residents ’self-medication（P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：The family self-medication behavior of residents in Gansu province is common. The residents with higher cognitive level tend to self-medication ；the lower the drug price ，the more likely the self-medication behavior will occur. The factors contributing to the occurrence of self-medication are the regular drugs at home ，the proximity of drugstores to home ，and the credibility of drug quality. The suggestions of relatives and friends，online advertising and other factors are the strengthening factors of the occurrence of self-medication behavior.

A PRECEDE-PROCEED approach in the advocacy for computer-based education on correct medical certification of cause of death among physician-learners

Objective@#Mortality data is a critical input to public health decision-making and planning. Yet, about 36% of underlying causes of death reported by physicians in 2018 are considered garbage codes, not useful in analyzing public health and mortality (PSA, 2018). We used the PRECEDE-PROCEED approach to develop, implement, and report an advocacy and education Project to improve training on medical certification of cause of death (MCCOD) among senior medical students and interns.@*Methods@#An MCCOD Instructional Design and eLearning course was introduced and validated in 33 medical education institutions. Lessons enhanced these education materials and are proposed for nationwide adoption. In the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Project fast-tracked the training of physician-learners on the correct cause of death reporting and certification. @*Results@#Awareness of correct MCCOD and its personal and public health value reached at least 4000 learners, over a hundred medical faculty, and all deans of medical colleges in the Philippines. @*Conclusion@#The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model provided a clear and practicable framework for the advocacy and education efforts to train senior medical students and interns on MCCOD. It can similarly guide other medical education innovations by defining predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors then considering these factors for intervention strategies, implementation, process evaluation, outcome evaluations, and impact evaluations.

The application of Precede-Proceed Model on medication management training in schizophrenic inpatients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the application effect of the medication management training based on Precede-Proceed Model in schizophrenic inpatients.@*Methods@#In this self-control study, 60 schizophrenic inpatients were chosen for this investigation and were undergoing the medication management training on Precede-Proceed Model with conventional nursing care. By using Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaires (ITAQ), The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Nurses′ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) after the first 3 months and 6 months of the intervention, in order to evaluate their results with their initial readings.@*Results@#The total scores of ITAQ, the total scores of BPRS, lacking in activity factor, reaction factor, hostile-suspiciousness factor, the total scores of NOSIE, total positive and negative factors before the intervention were (183.3±15.0) points, (71.7±10.9) points and (13.6±8.8) points; three months after intervention were (189.0±15.8) points, (75.3±11.1) points and (11.6±7.2) points; six months after intervention were (193.8 months after intervention were15.2) points, (71.8 ±9.6) points and (10.1±7.0) points. There were significant differences between the total score and the total negative factor score before and after treatment (F=43.244, 23.060, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The Precede-Proceed Model on medication management training in schizophrenic inpatients plays a positive role in promoting recovery and it is worth extending in clinical practice.

The application of Precede-Proceed Model on medication management training in schizophrenic inpatients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the application effect of the medication management training based on Precede-Proceed Model in schizophrenic inpatients. Methods In this self-control study, 60 schizophrenic inpatients were chosen for this investigation and were undergoing the medication management training on Precede-Proceed Model with conventional nursing care. By using Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaires (ITAQ), The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Nurses′Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) after the first 3 months and 6 months of the intervention, in order to evaluate their results with their initial readings. Results The total scores of ITAQ, the total scores of BPRS, lacking in activity factor, reaction factor, hostile-suspiciousness factor, the total scores of NOSIE, total positive and negative factors before the intervention were (183.3±15.0) points, (71.7±10.9) points and (13.6±8.8) points; three months after intervention were (189.0±15.8) points, (75.3± 11.1) points and (11.6 ± 7.2) points; six months after intervention were (193.8 months after intervention were15.2) points, (71.8 ±9.6) points and (10.1±7.0) points. There were significant differences between the total score and the total negative factor score before and after treatment (F=43.244, 23.060, P﹤0.05). Conclusion The Precede-Proceed Model on medication management training in schizophrenic inpatients plays a positive role in promoting recovery and it is worth extending in clinical practice.

Estrategia de educación sexual con metodología de pares para estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos / Sexual education strategy with peer-to-peer methodology for Ecuadorian university students

Objetivo: Generar una estrategia de educación sexual para estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Investigación de desarrollo tecnológico, la estrategia se generó con la participación de pares, en base a las necesidades educativas en sexualidad identificadas desde múltiples disciplinas, basadas en el modelo PRECEDE - PROCEDE. Se aplicó un instrumento diagnóstico de habilidades para el desempeño de los pares; se realizaron cuatro talleres y dos jornadas de presentación y consenso. Se validó por expertos el contenido y características metodológicas de la estrategia; se diseñaron recursos didácticos y promocionales. Resultados: La estrategia de educación sexual, es un conjunto de acciones de enseñanza aprendizaje extracurriculares, planificadas sistemáticamente para lograr objetivos como: construir y reconstruir conocimientos, desmitificar creencias, consolidar actitudes y valores que promuevan cambios en las intenciones hacia comportamientos sexualmente saludables y desarrollar habilidades para la vida. Está basada en conocimientos científicos, realistas, sin prejuicios, inspirada en los derechos humanos, es dinámica, flexible, participativa y dinamizadora de la esfera afectiva. Se estructura en 17 sesiones de dos horas cada una. Se diseñó un manual del facilitador y un CD ROOM de ayuda, un libro del estudiante, una camiseta y un bolso. Conclusiones: La estrategia se diseña en correspondencia con las necesidades educativas en salud sexual y reproductiva de estudiantes universitarios y deriva en un ejercicio participativo que respeta los principios pedagógicos y didácticos a tener en cuenta en una estrategia construida con los jóvenes y para los jóvenes con la finalidad de favorecer la educación sexual y promover cambios en variables generadoras de conductas sexuales saludables(AU)

Objective: To generate a sexual education strategy for university students. Methods: Technological development's research. The strategy was generated with the participation of peers, based on the educational needs in sexuality identified from multiple disciplines, based on the PRECED - PROCEED model. A diagnostic instrument of skills for peer-to-peer performance was applied; four workshops and two days of presentation and consensus were held. The content and methodological characteristics of the strategy were validated by experts; didactic and promotional resources were designed. Results: The sexual education strategy is a set of extracurricular teaching actions, which are systematically planned to achieve objectives such as: building and reconstructing knowledge, demystifying beliefs, consolidating attitudes and values that promote changes in the intentions towards sexually healthy behaviors, and to develop skills for life. It is based on scientific, realistic knowledge, without prejudices, inspired by human rights. It is dynamic, flexible, participative and also dynamic for the affective sphere. It is structured in 17 sessions of two hours each. A facilitator's manual and a back up CD, a student's book, a T-shirt and a bag were designed. Conclusions: The strategy is designed in accordance with the educational needs in sexual and reproductive health of university students, and it results in a participatory exercise that respects the pedagogical and didactic principles to be taken into account in a strategy built with young people and for young people with the purpose of favoring sexual education and promoting changes in variables that generate healthy sexual behaviors(AU)

Com a palavra os adolescentes: intervenção participativa em saúde sexual e reprodutiva em um território de vulnerabilidade social no município de Paraíba do Sul - RJ / With the word adolescents: participatory intervention in sexual and reproductive health in a territory of social vulnerability in the city of Paraíba do Sul - RJ

A adolescência é uma fase da vida permeada por mudanças, desafios, vivências e expectativas sociais diversas. Destacam-se transformações emocionais, cognitivas, sociais e corporais, além das mudanças relacionadas aos relacionamentos afetivos e a sexualidade. Este estudo apresenta como problema de pesquisa a "A maneira como os adolescentes de um território com situações de vulnerabilidades sociais vivenciam a saúde sexual e reprodutiva". O objeto é a saúde sexual e reprodutiva de adolescentes que vivem em um território de vulnerabilidade. A justificativa se ancora na importância de realização de estudos que abordem a sexualidade e a saúde sexual e reprodutiva de adolescentes de forma coletiva e participante. A escolha para a realização da pesquisa ação participante com adolescentes se deu por solicitação dos atores sociais educadores e profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Este é um se coloca como relevante por poder traçar o diagnóstico social e epidemiológico do território e, coletivamente, poder propor intervenções que gerem ganho de qualidade de vida a este grupo social. A literatura aponta estudos que abordam sexualidade e o direito reprodutivo e sexual do adolescente, porém em nenhum foi abordado a inclusão dos atores sociais do ambiente escolar e da equipe de ESF dando ao estudo a característica de pesquisa ação participativa. A questão que norteia esse estudo é: É possível ampliar o conhecimento dos adolescentes sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva por meio de intervenções em saúde? O objetivo geral é conhecer a saúde sexual e reprodutiva de adolescentes que vivem em um território de vulnerabilidade social por meio do Precede-procced. Objetivos específicos são: analisar os diagnósticos social, epidemiológico, comportamental e ambiental, organizacional e educacional, político e administrativo do território onde vivem estes adolescentes com base no Modelo Precede-proceed; Levantar o diagnóstico do território onde vivem estes adolescentes com base no Modelo Precede - Proceed; Implementar intervenções educativas junto aos adolescentes para o manejo do seu cuidado em saúde sexual e reprodutiva; Avaliar o Impacto da intervenção no conhecimento de adolescentes acerca da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Os participantes desta pesquisa ação participante em saúde foram: adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos do 6º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental da Escola Municipal Tim Lopes, localizada no bairro Santa Josefa na cidade de Paraíba do Sul - RJ. Como metodologia o estudo é qualitativo, do tipo estudo de caso de orientação construtivista como abordagem participativa. O método foi a Pesquisa Baseada na Comunidade: Precede - proceed. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: pesquisa documental, questionário, World Café e grupo Focal. A análise dos dados foi por meio de triangulação dos dados e categorização por aproximação temática e metodológica. Foi utilizada a ferramenta on line wordle.net para análise dos grupos focais e dos World Café. Os resultados finais apresentaram dados de situação social e de saúde, que são diagnósticos importantes para o planejamento das ações das equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família em parceria com a escola e outros setores da sociedade civil. O território estudado apresenta vulnerabilidades sociais como a pobreza, a desigualdade social e os riscos ambientais a quais os domicílios estão expostos. Quanto aos indicadores de saúde constatou-se que a gravidez na adolescência é uma realidade nesse cenário, assim como a incidência de DST´s como a sífilis. Como considerações finais o estudo demonstrou relevância científica para futuras pesquisas com a abordagem participativa que explorem a temática saúde sexual e reprodutiva e tragam a compreensão dos fatores sociais, econômicos, culturais e sua relação com o comportamento e a vivência de adolescentes, com intuito de nortear políticas públicas de saúde que dêem conta de alcançar a população de adolescentes que vivem em situações de vulnerabilidades

Adolescence is a phase of life permeated by changes, challenges, experiences and diverse social expectations. Emotional, cognitive, social and corporal transformations are highlighted, as well as changes related to affective relationships and sexuality. This study presents as a research problem the "How the adolescents of a territory with situations of social vulnerabilities experience sexual and reproductive health". The object is the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents living in a territory of vulnerability. The justification is anchored in the importance of conducting studies that address sexuality and the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in a collective and participatory manner. The choice for conducting the participatory action research with adolescents was given at the request of the social educators and professionals of the Family Health Strategy (ESF). This is one that stands out as relevant for being able to trace the social and epidemiological diagnosis of the territory and, collectively, to be able to propose interventions that generate gain of quality of life to this social group. The literature points to studies that address sexuality and the reproductive and sexual right of the adolescent, but in none was it approached the inclusion of the social actors of the school environment and the FHS team giving the study the characteristic of participatory action research. The question that guides this study is: Is it possible to increase adolescents' knowledge about sexual and reproductive health through health interventions? The general objective is to know the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents who live in a territory of social vulnerability through Precede-procced. Specific objectives are: to analyze the social, epidemiological, behavioral and environmental, organizational and educational, political and administrative diagnoses of the territory where these adolescents live based on the Precede-proceed Model; Raise the diagnosis of the territory where these adolescents live based on the Precede Model - Proceed; Implement educational interventions with adolescents to manage their care in sexual and reproductive health; To evaluate the impact of the intervention on the knowledge of adolescents about sexual and reproductive health. Participants in this study were: adolescents 12 to 18 years of age from the 6th to 9th grade of the Tim Lopes Municipal School, located in the Santa Josefa neighborhood of the city of Paraíba do Sul - RJ. As methodology, the study is qualitative, of the case study type of constructivist orientation as a participatory approach. The method was Community Based Research: Precede - proceed. The instruments of data collection were: documentary research, questionnaire, World Café and Focal group. Data analysis was done through triangulation of data and categorization by thematic and methodological approach. The online wordle.net tool was used to analyze focus groups and the World Café. The final results presented social and health situation data, which are important diagnoses for planning the actions of the Family Health Strategy teams in partnership with the school and other sectors of civil society. The studied territory presents social vulnerabilities such as poverty, social inequality and the environmental risks to which the homes are exposed. Regarding the health indicators, it was verified that teenage pregnancy is a reality in this scenario, as well as the incidence of STDs such as syphilis. As final considerations the study demonstrated scientific relevance for future researches with the participatory approach that explore sexual and reproductive health issues and bring understanding of social, economic and cultural factors and their relationship with adolescents' behavior and experience in order to guide public health policies that account for reaching the population of adolescents living in situations of vulnerability

APPLICATION OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF JUN-IOR GUIDE NURSES'BEHAVIOR IN SERVICE / 现代医院

Objective To explore the application of the PRECEDE -PROCEED model on the improvement of junior guide nurses'behavior in service .Methods On the basis of the PRECEDE -PROCEED model, 23 junior guide nurses were accepted standardized training on behavior in service .The condition of junior guide nurses'service principle and behavior in service was investigated by using questionnaires and participant observation ; then we ana-lyzed the trends that influence behavior in service , promoted and strengthened these trends , carried out a complete training plan to provide standardized intensive training and used methods , including self-assessment , continuous su-pervision and timely feedback , to compare patients'and doctors'satisfaction, nurses'knowledge about service princi-ple, self-assessment of behavior in service and the observation of onsite service .Results After the training , the scores, in terms of patients'and doctors'satisfaction, nurses'knowledge about service principle , self-assessment of behavior in service and the observation of onsite service rose obviously .Compared with those before the training , these changes had statistical significance (p<0.01).Conclusion The PRECEDE-PROCEED model can improve junior guide nurses'behavior in service , and improve patients'satisfaction.

Evaluation the effect of using PRECEDE-PROCEED model in elder patients with diabetes / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of PRECEDE-PROCEED model in elder patents with diabetes.Methods 70 elder patients with diabetes were divided into the control group (34 cases)and the intervention group(36 cases) randomly.Routine nursing care was used in the control group,while the PRECEDE-PROCEED model was used in the intervention group in addition.Compared the level of FBG and the 2hPG betweenthe two groups.Results Before and after the intervention,the difference of FBG and 2hPG was not significant between the two groups,P＞ 0.05.Two weeks after the intervention,the incidence rate of hypoglycemia in the intervention group was 8.3％(3/36),which was significant lower than that of in the control group (29.4％,10/34),thex2=5.137,P＜0.05.Conclusion PRECEDE-PROCEED model can be well-applied to decrease hypoglycemia in elder patients with diabetes.

Implementation and Evaluation of Nutrition Education Programs Focusing on Increasing Vegetables, Fruits and Dairy Foods Consumption for Preschool Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of the study was to implement and evaluate a nutrition education program for preschool children. Applying the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the nutrition education program was developed and focused on changing beliefs, increasing nutrition knowledge and consumption of vegetables & fruits (V/F) and dairy foods. Subjects were children attending a childcare center in Seoulwho were grouped into education (n = 33) and control group (n = 32). Education group received four sessions of nutrition education during 2011 fall. Both groups completed the questionnaire at pretest and posttest, measuring nutrition knowledge, beliefs, and preferences of V/F and eating behaviors. Compared to control group, education group made significant gains in total score of nutrition knowledge after the education (p < 0.05). In addition, the pretest-posttest changes in total score of beliefs regarding V/F consumption and eating behaviors were higher in the education group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Two groups were significantly different in the pretest-posttest changes in specific beliefs regarding the benefits of V/F consumption and some eating behavior. However, there were no changes in the preferences of vegetables or fruits between the two groups after the education. The consumption of V/F and dairy foods was not significantly different after the education. This study revealed that nutrition education for preschoolers was effective in improving nutrition knowledge and perceived benefits regarding V/F consumption and specific eating behavior. This study suggested that more intensive education is needed to induce changes in eating behaviors. This program can be used in nutrition education of children at the childcare centers or kindergartens.

Behavior and Lifestyle Factors Related to Quality of Life in Junior High School Students

Objectives: To analyze actual conditions of the quality of life (QOL) in junior high school students, we developed a questionnaire based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and we conducted a survey by using this questionnaire. Methods: We conducted a workshop organized with 29 specialists on school health and community health to develop the questionnaire. The QOL outcome was assessed by the QOL Profile-Adolescent Version (QOLPAV). The subjects of the questionnaire surveys were 1600 general students in four junior high schools. To investigate a correlation between QOLPAV, behaviors and three enhancing factors, two different multiple regression models were constructed. Results: The question battery for QOLPAV was found to be a high value of Chronbach’s α. Among present subjects, 16.5% were categorized as “problematic” or “very problematic” classified by QOLPAV scores. In the first multiple regression model, significantly high odds ratios were obtained between the QOLPAV and 4 questions for behaviors, such as “studying with high motivation” (OR 1.64), “getting along well with my friends” (2.72), “having things I am interested in” (1.70), and “making my own decisions” (1.80). In the second model, significantly high odds ratios were obtained commonly between the above 4 questions about behaviors and 2 questions on enabling factors, such as “easy to understand lessons” (1.32-1.71) and “speaking to friends easily” (1.30-3.22). Conclusions: 1) We developed a questionnaire to analyze the actual condition of QOL in junior high school students with sufficient validity and availability. 2) Among the present subjects, 16.5% were found to be problematic QOLPAV. 3) Among the factors of behaviors, those representing positive willing and high coping ability with the elements of each school life contributed significantly to the QOLPAV. And among enhancing factors, “enabling factors” and “reinforcing factors” were stronger contributors to the behaviors strongly related to the QOLPAV than that of “predisposing factors”.

Behavior and lifestyle factors related to quality of life in junior high school students

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To analyze actual conditions of the quality of life (QOL) in junior high school students, we developed a questionnaire based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and we conducted a survey by using this questionnaire.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We conducted a workshop organized with 29 specialists on school health and community health to develop the questionnaire. The QOL outcome was assessed by the QOL Profile-Adolescent Version (QOLPAV). The subjects of the questionnaire surveys were 1600 general students in four junior high schools. To investigate a correlation between QOLPAV, behaviors and three enhancing factors, two different multiple regression models were constructed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The question battery for QOLPAV was found to be a high value of Chronbach's α. Among present subjects, 16.5% were categorized as "problematic" or "very problematic" classified by QOLPAV scores. In the first multiple regression model, significantly high odds ratios were obtained between the QOLPAV and 4 questions for behaviors, such as "studying with high motivation" (OR 1.64), "getting along well with my friends" (2.72), "having things I am interested in" (1.70), and "making my own decisions" (1.80). In the second model, significantly high odds ratios were obtained commonly between the above 4 questions about behaviors and 2 questions on enabling factors, such as "easy to understand lessons" (1.32-1.71) and "speaking to friends easily" (1.30-3.22).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>1) We developed a questionnaire to analyze the actual condition of QOL in junior high school students with sufficient validity and availability. 2) Among the present subjects, 16.5% were found to be problematic QOLPAV, 3) Among the factors of behaviors, those representing positive willing and high coping ability with the elements of each school life contributed significantly to the QOLPAV. And among enhancing factors, "enabling factors" and "reinforcing factors" were stronger contributors to the behaviors strongly related to the QOLPAV than that of "predisposing factors".</p>

Factors Associated With the Personal Protective Equipments(PPEs) Wearing of Workers in Small Scale Industries / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with the wearing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in small scale industries. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires, a special health examination and the industrial hygiene records. The study included 230 workers in small-scale industries (the print industry and automobile repair shops), which were provided with a subsidiary occupational health program funded by government in 1998. The authors used the Precede-Proceed model. RESULTS: Among the subjects who were recommended to wear a PPE, 32.7% (35/107) wore the gas/vapor respirators, 43.9 % (101/230) wore the particulate respirators, and 44.3 % (102/230) wore hearing aids. Among them, 64.3 % (148/230) wore one of the above PPE. The wearing of PPE wearing was associated with knowledge (OR=2.34), the value of prevention (OR=3.46), social support (OR=2.78), the type of task (OR=2.18-4.47), and income level (OR=7.64). CONCLUSIONS: In small scale industries, the proportion workers wearing PPE was low. To increase this proportion, the reinforcing, enabling, and environmental factors as well as the predisposing factors need to be modified.