Bullying escolar: associação com possível bruxismo do sono e fatores desencadeantes / School bullying: association with possible sleep bruxism and triggering/precipitant factors

Bullying é um comportamento agressivo que gera consequências emocionais. Indivíduos vulneráveis estão sujeitos a sofrer esta agressão. Bruxismo do sono (BS) é uma atividade muscular mastigatória que está associado a fatores psicossociais. O objetivo do artigo 1 (n=431) foi analisar a associação de possível BS com bullying escolar. O objetivo do artigo 2 (n=425) foi identificar a associação entre fatores desencadeantes de bullying e indivíduos envolvidos em bullying como vítimas e vítimas-intimidadores. O objetivo do artigo 3 foi analisar a acurácia da resposta dada pelos responsáveis em um questionário acerca do BS comparado ao diário do sono. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa em Humanos da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (protocolo 82839718.4.0000.5149). Participaram da pesquisa escolares com idade entre 8 a 11 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de Lavras, e seus responsáveis. Os responsáveis responderam a um questionário, desenvolvido para a pesquisa, com duas perguntas sobre a ocorrência do BS (ranger de dentes [RD]) nos escolares, dados sociodemográficos e um diário do sono de sete dias. Os escolares responderam um questionário, desenvolvido para a pesquisa, sobre dentes, cabelo, cor da pele, altura, peso, boca, nariz e outras características que podem interferir no relacionamento com os pares na escola; e preencheram a versão brasileira do Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. A análise estatística do artigo 1, 2 e 3 incluiu análises descritivas. A regressão de Poisson (RR:Razão das Taxas) foi utilizada no artigo 1 e a regressão Logística Multinomial (OR) no artigo 2 (p≤0,05). No artigo 3 os resultados foram fornecidos com curva ROC e medição de acurácia (área sob a curva ­ AUC). Como resultado para o artigo 1 verificou-se que a frequência de RD entre os escolares vítimas-intimidadores foi 1,57 maior (RR=1,57; IC95%=1,04­2,36; p= 0,030). A frequência de RD entre os escolares que relataram acordar cansados pela manhã pelo menos uma vez por semana foi 1,33 vezes maior (RR=1,33; IC95%=1,00­1,78; p=0,050) e a frequência de RD entre escolares cuja renda familiar mensal é igual ou inferior a um salário mínimo apresentou 1,49 vezes maior (RR=1,49, IC95%=1,04-2,13, p=0,027). No artigo 2 observou-se que escolares vítimas-intimidadores eram mais propensos a serem de escola pública (OR=5,43, IC95%=1,14-25,91; p=0,034) e os escolares vítimas de bullying eram mais propensos a relatarem outras características individuais, como uso de óculos (OR=3,31; IC95%=1,14-9,57; p=0,027) e características dos dentes (OR=3,80; IC95%=1,38-10,41; p=0,010) como fatores que atrapalham seu convívio com os colegas. No artigo 3 verificou-se que a comparação do questionário com o diário do sono, para diagnóstico de BS, demonstrou uma AUC de 87,6% (IC95%=83,2% - 92,1%). Conclui-se que estar envolvido em comportamentos de bullying na escola, cansaço do escolar ao acordar e baixa renda familiar estão associados ao possível BS entre escolares. Os achados mostraram, também, que dentes e outras características individuais estão associados à ser vítima de bullying e estar envolvido em bullying como vítima-intimidador está associado com o tipo de escola. O questionário de diagnóstico de BS mostrou uma acurácia relevante quando comparado ao diário do sono de 7 dias.

Bullying is an aggressive behavior that generates emotional consequences. Vulnerable individuals are more likely to suffer this aggression. Sleep bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity that is associated with psychosocial factors. The objective of article 1 (n=431) was to analyze the association of possible sleep bruxism (SB) with school bullying. The objective of article 2 (n=425) was to identify the association between triggering factors of bullying and individuals involved in bullying as victims and bully-victims. The objective of article 3 was to analyze the accuracy of the response given by guardians in a questionnaire about sleep bruxism (SB) compared to the sleep diary. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais under protocol number CAAE 82839718.4.0000.5149. Schoolchildren aged between 8 and 11 years old, enrolled in public and private schools in Lavras, and their guardians participated in the research. Guardians answered a questionnaire, developed for research, about the occurrence of SB (gnashing teeth [GT]) in schoolchildren, sociodemographic data, and a seven- day sleep diary. The schoolchildren answered a questionnaire, developed for research, about teeth, hair, skin color, height, weight, mouth, nose, and other factors that can interfere with peer relationships at school. They completed the Brazilian version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Statistical analysis of articles 1, 2 and 3 included descriptive analyses. Poisson regression (RR-Rate Ratio) was used in article 1 and Multinomial Logistic (OR) regression in article 2 (p≤0.05). In article 3 the results were provided with a ROC curve and accuracy measurement (area under the curve ­ AUC). As a result of article 1, it was found that the frequence of GT among schoolchildren were victims-bullies had 1.57 times higher (RR = 1.57; 95%CI=1.04­ 2.36; p= 0.030). The frequence of GT among schoolchildren who reported waking up tired in the morning at least once a week was 1.33 times higher (RR=1.33; 95%CI=1.00­1.78; p=0.050), frequence of GT among schoolchildren whose family monthly income is equal to a minimum wage or less presented 1.49 times higher (RR=1.49, 95% CI=1.04­2.13, p=0.027). In article 2, it was observed that bully-victim schoolchildren were more likely to be from public schools (OR=5.43, 95%CI=1.14- 25.91; p=0.034) and bullied schoolchildren were more likely to report other individual characteristics (example: use of glasses) (OR=3.31; 95%CI=1.14-9.57; p=0.027) and teeth characteristics (PR=3.80; 95%CI=1.38 -10.41; p=0.010) as factors that interfere with his interaction with colleagues. In article 3, it was found that the comparison of the questionnaire with the sleep diary, for the diagnosis of SB, showed an AUC of 87.6% (CI95%=83.2% - 92.1%) It was concluded that being involved in bullying behaviors at school, schoolchildren tiredness upon waking up, and low family income are associated with possible SB among students. The findings also showed that teeth and other individual characteristics are associated with bullying victims and being involved in bullying as a bully-victim is associated with the type of school. The SB diagnostic questionnaire showed relevant accuracy when compared to the 7-day sleep diary.

Surgical Correction of Ascending Aortic Aneurysm Without Coronary Dilatation After Kawasaki Disease in a 3-Year-Old Child

Abstract Kawasaki disease (KD) is an inflammatory condition that may affect genetically predisposed individuals in pediatric ages after infectious/environmental triggering. An infrequent finding associated with KD is ascending aortic aneurysm during or after the acute phase of the disease. In this Multimedia presentation, we describe a three-year-old girl submitted to surgical treatment.

Precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes patients at a tertiary hospital: a cross-sectional study with a two-time-period comparison

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with type 1 diabetes hospitalized through the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Materials and methods: Individuals with type 1 diabetes hospitalized for DKA from January 2005 to March 2010 (first period [P1], n = 75) and from April 2010 to January 2017 (second period [P2], n = 97) were identified through a query of electronic medical records. Data were collected by reviewing medical records. Only the first hospitalization of each participant in each period was included. Results: In P2, 44 patients (45.4%) were women, mean age was 26.2 ± 14.5 years, and 74 patients (76.3%) had a previous diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Only 1 patient had glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) below 64 mmol/mol (8.0%). Most patients (62.2%) had had a previous episode of DKA. In P1, non-adherence was the main cause of DKA (38.7%), followed by infection (24.0%). In P2, these rates were 34.0% and 24.7%, respectively; no statistical difference was observed between the two study periods (p = 0.790). Conclusion: Over time, non-adherence remained the main precipitating factor of DKA, followed by infection, and no significant difference was observed between the two study periods. Elevated HbA1c, outside the therapeutic range, indicates suboptimal diabetes care and may explain, at least in part, poor adherence as a precipitating factor of decompensation. Health strategies, such as improved self-management of type 1 diabetes, may contribute to a future reduction in DKA episodes.

Validez y confiabilidad de dos instrumentos para evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes quemados / Validity and reliability of two instruments to assess adherence to treatment in burn patients

RESUMEN Introducción: La adherencia terapéutica constituye uno de los principales problemas de las intervenciones en salud. Una de las poblaciones en las que se evidencian dificultades en la adherencia al tratamiento es en los pacientes quemados. Objetivo: Determinar la validez y confiabilidad de dos instrumentos para la evaluación de la adherencia al tratamiento y sus dimensiones influyentes en pacientes quemados hospitalizados. Métodos: Desde el enfoque cuantitativo se realizó un estudio transversal, en el periodo comprendido de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019. Se establecieron como variables de la investigación la adherencia al tratamiento y los factores influyentes en la adherencia al tratamiento. Se utilizó el criterio de expertos, la prueba piloto y por último se aplicaron los dos cuestionarios a 90 pacientes quemados. Resultados: Ambos instrumentos demostraron tener validez de contenido. La fiabilidad test-retest del instrumento para evaluar la adherencia terapéutica fue considerable y significativa, mientras que la consistencia interna fue aceptable. En el instrumento que evalúa las dimensiones influyentes en la adherencia terapéutica la fiabilidad fue muy fuerte y la consistencia buena. Conclusiones: Los dos instrumentos elaborados para la evaluación de la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes quemados hospitalizados, presentaron validez de contenido y confiabilidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Therapeutic adherence constitutesone of tema in problems of health interventions. One of the populations in which difficulties in adherence to treatment are evidence disburn patients. Objective: To determine the validity and reliability of two instruments for the evaluation of adherence to treatment and the irinfluential dimensions in hospitalized burn patients. Methods: From the quantitative approach, a cross-sectional study was conducted, in the period from January 2017 to December 2019. Adherence to treatment and influencing adherence to treat ment were established as research variables. Expert judgment wasused, the pilot test and finally the two question naireswere applied to 90 burn patients. Results: Both instruments proved to have content validity. The test-retestreliability of the instrument to evaluate therapeuticad herence was considerable and significant, whilethe internal consistency was acceptable. Reliability was very strong and consistency good in the instrument that evaluates the influencing dimensions in therapeutic adherence. Conclusions: The two instruments developed forthe evaluation of therapeutic adherence in hospitalized burn patients present content validity and reliability.

Preditores clínicos de fragilidade em usuários de serviço de Atenção Secundária em Geriatria e Gerontologia / Clinical predictors of frailty in users of Secondary Care in Geriatrics and Gerontology

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os preditores de saúde associados à fragilidade na população idosa atendida em um serviço de Atenção Secundária em Geriatria e Gerontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos Estudo observacional transversal, envolvendo amostra de 4.323 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, submetidos a avaliação clínico-funcional. Selecionou-se variáveis sociodemográficas e clínico-funcionais que foram analisadas em comparação à variável dependente do estudo: estrato clínico-funcional por meio da Escala Visual de Fragilidade de forma dicotomizada em frágil e não frágil. Foram realizadas regressões logísticas univariadas. As variáveis com valor p<0,2 foram submetidas à regressão multivariada por meio dos métodos de stepwise e forward de seleção de variáveis na equação. Resultados O valor potencial de explicação do modelo foi de 70,4%. Sete variáveis relacionaram-se à fragilidade: idade (OR 1,016; IC 95%: 1,00-1,028; p<0,001), demência (OR 5,179; IC 95%: 3,839-5,961; p<0,001), sintomatologia depressiva (OR 1,268; IC 95: 1,090-1,475; p=0,002), incontinência urinária (OR 1,330; IC 95%: 1,153-1,535; p<0,001), alterações no padrão de marcha (OR 1,483; IC 95%: 1,287-1,709; p<0,001), circunferência de panturrilha (OR 0,956; IC 95%: 0,932-0,982; p=0,001), IMC (OR 1,026; IC 95%: 1,008-1,044; p=0,005). Conclusão A idade avançada, os quadros demenciais, sintomatologia depressiva, alterações esfincterianas e da marcha associaram-se com fragilidade. Destacam-se a associação entre fragilidade com mensurações reduzidas da circunferência de panturrilha e valores aumentados de IMC e o diagnóstico de demência como a maior força de associação com a síndrome de fragilidade.

Abstract Objective To analyze the health predictors associated with frailty in the older population treated at a Secondary Care Service in Geriatrics and Gerontology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional observational study involving a sample of 4,323 individuals aged 60 years or older that underwent a clinical-functional evaluation was conducted. Sociodemographic and clinical-functional variables were analyzed and compared against the dependent variable of the study: clinical-functional stratum, as measured by the Visual Frailty Scale, dichotomized into frail and non-frail. Univariate logistic regressions were performed and the variables with p-value <0.2 were submitted to multivariate regression by stepwise and forward methods of selecting variables in the equation. Results The potential explanatory value of the model was 70.4%. Seven variables were associated with frailty: age (OR 1.016; 95%CI: 1.001-1.028; p<0.001), dementia (OR 5.179; 95%CI: 3.839-5.961; p<0.001), depressive symptoms (OR 1.268; 95%CI: 1.090-1.475; p=0.002), urinary incontinence (OR 1.330; 95%CI: 1.153-1.535; p<0.001), changes in gait speed (OR 1.483; 95%CI: 1.287-1.709; p<0.001), calf circumference (OR 0.956; 95%CI: 0.932-0.982; p=0.001), and BMI (OR 1.026; 95%CI: 1.008-1.044; p=0.005). Conclusion Advanced age, dementia, depressive symptoms, and continence and gait changes were associated with frailty. The study results reveal an association of reduced calf circumference and increased BMI values with frailty in older adults and that dementia diagnosis had the strongest association with the frailty syndrome.

Assessment of clinical profiles, and treatment outcomesforchildren with diabetic ketoacidosis, in two hospitals selectedfromAddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a common autoimmune disorder that often presents in children.In these patients, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most common and serious acute complications, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to assess the clinical profiles and outcomes of children admitted with DKA. Objective: To assess the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of DKA patients in two tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective analysis was conducted on 175 pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis children,who were admitted to the emergency units of two hospitals in Addis Ababa from September 2015 to February 2020 and whose medical records contained complete pertinent data. Patients were between the ages of 0 to 12 years. Proportional samples were taken from each hospital and data was collected retrospectively using a formatted checklist. The data was checked for its inclusiveness and entered Epi Info. version 4.6 and then transferred into SPSS version 25 software for further analysis. Result: DKA was the presenting manifestation of Diabetes in 78.3% of patients and 21.7% were already known cases of Diabetes. Half (50.9%) of the study participants were diagnosed with DKA in the age range of 5 to 10 years and almost one-third (30.9%) were above the age of 10. A high-income level of the caretakers was found to be protective against DKA during the diagnosis of T1DM. Out of the 175 children admitted, 12 passed on, resulting in a mortality rate of 6.9%. Conclusion: The majority of the known DM patients presented with DKA after the omission of insulin and a newly diagnosed T1DM at first presentation. The age of presentation and clinical symptoms of the studied participants were like other international studies. Community education regarding the signs and symptoms of childhood DM can further prevent the development of DKA. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2022; 36(2):000-000]

Assessment of clinical profiles, and treatment outcomes for children with diabetic ketoacidosis, in two hospitals selected from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is a common autoimmune disorder that often presents in children. In these patients, diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA)is one of the most common and serious acute complications, which isassociated with significant morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to assess the clinical profilesand outcomesof children admitted with DKA.Objective:To assess the clinical manifestationsand treatment outcomesof DKA patients in two tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective analysis was conductedon175 pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis children, who wereadmitted to the emergency units of two hospitalsin Addis Ababafrom September 2015 to February 2020andwhose medical records contained complete pertinent data. Patients were between theages of0 to 12 years.Proportional samples were taken from each hospitaland data wascollected retrospectively using a formatted checklist. The data waschecked for its inclusiveness and enteredEpi Info. version4.6 andthen transferred into SPSS version 25 software for further analysis. Result:DKA was the presenting manifestation of Diabetes in 78.3% of patients and 21.7% were already known cases of Diabetes. Half (50.9%) of the study participants were diagnosed with DKA in the age range of 5 to 10 years and almost one-third (30.9%) were abovethe age of 10. A high-incomelevel of the caretakers wasfound to be protective against DKA during thediagnosis of T1DM. Out of the 175 children admitted, 12 passed on, resulting ina mortality rate of 6.9%.Conclusion: The majority of the known DM patients presented with DKA after the omission of insulin and a newly diagnosed T1DMat first presentation.The age of presentation and clinical symptoms of the studied participantswere likeother international studies. Community education regardingthe signs and symptoms of childhood DM can further prevent the development of DKA.[Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2022; 36(2):000-000]Keywords: Diabetic ketoacidosis, Treatment outcome, and precipitating factors

Transtorno de personalidade borderline em homens: uma revisão integrativa / Borderline personality disorder in men: an integrative review

OBJETIVO: Apresentar e sistematizar as principais evidências científicas a respeito do transtorno de personalidade borderline em homens (TPB). MÉTODO: Durante o período de abril de 2021, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura científica acerca da temática em questão, sendo utilizados os descritores indexados no DeCS: Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline; Transtorno da Personalidade Limítrofe; Masculino; Fatores Desencadeantes; Cognição; Neurobiologia; Comportamento Social. Para realizar a pesquisa, os descritores foram combinados nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e EBCS nos sites de Busca Pubmed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde ­ BVS. RESULTADOS: Foi possível identificar algumas alterações comportamentais, de humor e neuropsicológicas em homens com TPB. Dentre as alterações comportamentais, a mais prevalente foi a agressão (37,5% dos artigos). Do mesmo modo, a alteração de humor mais encontrada foi a desregulação emocional (12,5% dos artigos), muito comum em pacientes com TPB; igualmente, as alterações a nível neuropsicológico com maior quantidade de achados envolvem alterações na região da amígdala (20,83% dos artigos), córtex (16,66% dos artigos), bem como o hipocampo (16,66% dos artigos), regiões essenciais para o controle do humor e tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível concluir que existem algumas alterações comportamentais, de humor e neuropsicológicas que são mais prevalentes no gênero masculino, sobretudo aquelas que envolvem agressão, raiva e seus fatores neuropsicológicos associados. Dito isso, considera-se que a sistematização dessas informações contribui na identificação e controle dos casos de TPB em homens, assim como colabora para o desenvolvimento científico do campo da psicopatologia em relação aos processos que envolvem tal patologia.

OBJECTIVE: To present and systematize the main scientific evidence regarding borderline personality disorder (BPD) in men. METHOD: During April 2021, there was an integrative review of the scientific literature on the subject in question, using the descriptors indexed in the DeCS: Borderline Personality Disorder; Male; Precipitating Factors; Cognition; Neurobiology; Social Behavior. To perform a search, the descriptors were combined in the Medline, Lilacs, and EBCS databases on the search site Pubmed and the Virtual Health Library ­ VHL. RESULTS: It was possible to identify some behavioral, mood, and neuropsychological changes in men with BPD. Among behavioral changes, the most prevalent is aggression (37.5% of articles). Likewise, the mood alteration most commonly found was emotional dysregulation (12.5% of the articles), very common in patients with BPD; similarly, the neuropsychological alterations with the highest number of findings involve alterations in the amygdala region (20.83% of the articles), cortex (16.66% of the articles), and the hippocampus (16.66% of the articles), essential regions for mood control and decision making. CONCLUSION: It was possible to conclude that there are some behavioral, mood, and neuropsychological changes that are more prevalent in males, especially those that involve aggression, anger, and their associated neuropsychological factors. That said, it is considered that the systematization of this information contributes to the identification and control of cases of BPD in men and contributes to the scientific development of the field of psychopathology concerning the processes involving such pathology.

Factores asociados con la ideación suicida del adulto mayor en tres ciudades de Colombia, 2016 / Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults From Three Cities in Colombia, 2016

RESUMEN Introducción: La ideación suicida se refiere a pensamientos que abarcan desde una vaga idea de suicidarse a un plan específico de suicidio. Objetivo: Explorar factores demográficos, sociales y familiares, maltrato, riesgo de depresión y hábitos y condiciones de salud que influyen en la ideación suicida del adulto mayor en las ciudades de Medellín, Barranquilla y Pasto, para identificar aquellos en los que se puede intervenir con programas de salud pública enfocados en esta población. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal con fuente secundaria; se consideraron variables demográficas, sociales y clínicas, apoyo social, discriminación, maltrato, felicidad, depresión y capacidad funcional, y como variable dependiente, la pregunta: «¿ha pensado en atentar contra su vida?¼. Se realizaron análisis descriptivo, bivariable y multivariable. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue ≤ 69 (intervalo intercuartílico, 11) años; el 58,2% eran mujeres; la prevalencia de ideación suicida fue del 6,4%; el 28,7% de estos había hecho planes para terminar con su vida y el 66,7% lo había intentado al menos una vez. Se encontró asociación estadística con el empleo informal, el consumo de cigarrillos, alcohol y sustancias psicoactivas, el riesgo de depresión, tener discapacidad, la insatisfacción con la calidad de vida, la salud y la situación económica, sentirse infeliz, los maltratos y las malas relaciones entre los miembros de la familia, el escaso apoyo social, el maltrato sexual y económico y, por último, la discriminación. Conclusiones: La ideación suicida de los adultos mayores en 3 ciudades de Colombia se explica por el maltrato sexual y económico que sufre esta población; asimismo las malas relaciones personales entre los miembros de la familia del adulto mayor y el riesgo de depresión aumentan la probabilidad de que se presenten pensamientos contra la propia vida.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Suicidal ideation refers to thoughts that range from a vague idea of committing suicide to a specific suicide plan. Objective: To explore factors such as demographic, social, family, abuse, risk of depression, habits and health conditions, which influence suicidal ideation in the elderly people in the cities of Medellín, Barranquilla, and Pasto (Colombia), with the intention to identify those associated factors that can be used in public health programs focused on this population. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using a secondary source, demographic, social, clinical variables, social support, discrimination, abuse, happiness, depression, functional capacity, and as a dependent variable were asked the question: "Have you ever thought about committing suicide?" A descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed. Results: The median age was ≤ 69 [interquartile range, 11] years, and 58.2% were women. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 6.4%, and of these, 28.7% had made plans to end their lives, and 66.7% had tried at least once. A statistical association was found with informal employment, cigarette consumption, alcohol and psychoactive substances, risk of depression, having a disability, dissatisfaction with their quality of life, with their health, with their economic situation, as well as feeling unhappy, bad treatment and bad relationships among family members, poor social support, sexual and economic abuse, and finally, discrimination. Conclusions: Suicidal ideation in older adults in three cities of Colombia is explained by the sexual and economic abuse that this population is suffering, as well as bad personal relationships between the members of the family of the older adult. The risk of depression increases the probability of having thoughts against one's life.

Interprofessional Undergraduate Analytical Study on Anger Management

Introduction:Anger has been defined in many ways from “a negative, phenomenological (or internal) feeling state”to “a basic emotion in which the function is to provide the organism with motivated capacities to overcome obstacles”.Anger has been the subject of many discourses and its vehemence in many religions and cultures. The study aimed to determine the ability of anger management among different gender and factors associated with anger management. Methods: This is a cross-sectional prospective study. The validated ‘Quality of Life’ questionnaire from University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United Sates of Americaand Novaco Anger Scale from Mental Health America of Northern Kentucky & Southwest Ohio (WHOQOL-BREF) were used for students’ perception on anger management. Quantitative data were analyzed using Epi Info Version. 7 Software. Results:The total of 358 students participated in this study. There is a significant association between anger management among different ethnicity.Conclusion: Gender was not a significant factor in anger management, it was probably due to equal opportunity among male and female in acquiring education, application for scholarships and usage of education facilities. Gender equality had a big impact in enhancing the good anger management properties

Percepção do paciente sobre adesão dos profissionais de saúde às barreiras de prevenção de erros na administração de medicamentos / Patient's perception of the compliance of healthcare professionals with the barriers to error prevention in drug delivery

ustificativa: Em âmbito global, práticas inseguras no processo de medicação e erros de medicação estão entre as principais causas de lesões e danos evitáveis nos sistemas de saúde. Apesar de os erros ocorrerem em todas as etapas do processo de utilização dos medicamentos, os erros de administração são um dos mais comuns e os mais difíceis de serem interceptados. Neste contexto, barreiras sistêmicas têm sido amplamente implementadas nos hospitais com a finalidade de reduzir os riscos. Contudo, a adesão das equipes de saúde a essas barreiras permanece um desafio. Ademais, a percepção dos pacientes sobre a adesão dos profissionais de saúde às barreiras de prevenção de erros na administração de medicamentos é fundamental para garantir qualidade e segurança nesse processo. Objetivo: analisar a percepção do paciente sobre adesão dos profissionais de saúde às barreiras existentes no hospital para prevenir erros na administração de medicamentos e as variáveis associadas. Método: estudo com delineamento quantitativo, do tipo correlacional, conduzido em um hospital geral, localizado no interior do Estado de São Paulo, no período de junho a setembro de 2019. A amostra foi constituída por 249 pacientes adultos e internados na clínica médica. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um formulário eletrônico, desenvolvido para os propósitos deste estudo, com o auxílio de um dispositivo móvel. O formulário continha variáveis demográficas e clínicas e mais 15 questões com escala do tipo Likert de cinco pontos, as quais estavam relacionadas à percepção do paciente sobre barreiras de prevenção de erros na administração de medicamentos. Os dados foram inseridos na plataforma on-line Survey Monkey® e, posteriormente, transferidos para planilhas do Programa Microsoft Excel®. Foi efetuado o cálculo da média do escore de percepção dos pacientes, no qual o valor resultante encontra-se no intervalo entre zero e um. Para calcular o escore total da percepção, a seleção da distribuição da variável resposta foi efetuada através do critério de Informação Bayesiana. Para avaliar a adequação da variável resposta selecionada, foi aplicado, sobre os resíduos do ajuste, o teste de Normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Estabeleceu-se o valor de 0,75 como ponto de corte à apreciação positiva da percepção do paciente sobre adesão dos profissionais de saúde às barreiras existentes no hospital para prevenir erros na administração de medicamentos. As análises foram realizadas por meio do programa R, e foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (51,0%), com 5 a 8 anos de escolaridade (36,1%) e histórico de internações anteriores (92,4%). Apresentou média de 5,97 anos da última internação e média de 8,05 dias de internação no momento da coleta de dados. As doenças respiratórias foram as mais frequentes (33,3%) e a maioria dos pacientes (71,89%) apresentava comorbidades. Grande parte (72,3%) afirmou não ter sido indagada sobre o uso regular de medicamentos no domicílio no momento da admissão. A média do escore total de percepção dos pacientes sobre a adesão dos profissionais de saúde às barreiras existentes no hospital para prevenir erros na administração de medicamentos foi de 0,29, considerada baixa. Ainda, independente do sexo, da faixa etária e da história anterior de internação, o escore geral de percepção também foi abaixo de 0,75. Em 4,5% das respostas às 15 questões contidas no formulário, os participantes declararam não perceber a adesão dos profissionais de saúde a qualquer barreira implantada no hospital para reduzir potenciais riscos de erros na administração de medicamentos. Na análise de regressão beta inflacionado para as variáveis independentes idade, sexo, escolaridade e história de internação anterior, somente a variável idade apresentou significância estatística na média do escore de percepção, em ambos modelos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Os resultados evidenciam que quanto mais novo o paciente, melhor a sua percepção sobre a adesão dos profissionais de saúde às barreiras existentes no hospital para prevenir erros na administração de medicamentos. Pacientes são testemunhas privilegiadas dos cuidados prestados e, por esse motivo, essas pessoas têm um importante papel a desempenhar na redução dos erros na administração de medicamentos. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar gestores e equipes de saúde na determinação de estratégias de engajamento dos pacientes e de seus familiares na detecção dos riscos, de capacitação dos pacientes e de seus familiares para garantir a administração segura de medicamentos; e na determinação de estratégias de envolvimento dessas pessoas na prevenção de erros na administração de medicamentos como um meio de melhorar a cultura de segurança nos hospitais.

Justification: On a global level, unsafe practices in the medication process and medication errors are among the main causes of avoidable injury and harm in health systems. While errors occur at every stage of the medication use process, errors of administration are one of the most common and the most difficult to intercept. In this context, systemic barriers have been extensively implemented in hospitals in order to reduce risks. Nevertheless, the adherence of health care teams to these barriers remains a challenge. In addition, patients' perceptions about the adherence of health care professionals to barriers to prevent errors in drug administration are critical to ensure quality and safety in this process. Objective: to analyse the patient's perception of health professionals' adherence to the existing barriers in the hospital to prevent errors in drug administration and the associated variables. Method: A study with a correlational quantitative design conducted in a general hospital located in the interior of São Paulo State, from June to September 2019. The sample consisted in 249 adult patients admitted to the medical clinic. Data were collected using an electronic form, developed for the purposes of this study, with the aid of a mobile device. The form contained demographic and clinical variables and 15 more questions with a five-point Likert-type scale, which were related to the patient's perception of barriers to error prevention in drug administration. The data was entered into the online Survey Monkey® platform and later transferred to Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets. The average patient perception score was calculated, in which the resultant value is in the interval between zero and one. To calculate the total perception score, the selection of the response variable distribution was made through the Bayesian Information criterion. To evaluate the adequacy of the selected response variable, the Shapiro-Wilk Normality test was applied on the adjustment residues. The value of 0.75 was established as a cutoff point for a positive assessment of the patient's perception regarding the adherence of health professionals to the barriers existing in the hospital to prevent errors in drug administration. The analyses were performed using the R program, and a 5% significance level was adopted. Results: the majority of the patients were male (51.0%), with 5 to 8 years of schooling (36.1%) and a history of previous admissions (92.4%). The patient presented a mean of 5.97 years of last hospitalization and a mean of 8.05 days of hospitalization at the time of data collection. Respiratory diseases were the most frequent (33.3%) and most patients (71.89%) had comorbidities. Most (72.3%) also said they had not been asked about the regular use of medication at home at the time of admission. The average total score of patients' perception about health professionals' adherence to existing barriers in the hospital to prevent errors in drug administration was 0.29, considered low. Also, regardless of gender, age group and previous history of hospitalization, the overall perception score was also below 0.75. In 4.5% of the answers to the 15 questions contained in the form, the participants declared that they did not perceive the adherence of health professionals to any barrier implanted in the hospital to reduce potential risks of errors in medication administration. In the analysis of inflated beta regression for the independent variables age, gender, education and previous hospitalization history, only the variable age showed statistically significant mean perception score in both models. Conclusion and implications for practice: The results show that younger patients, their perception of adherence by health professionals to hospital barriers to prevent errors in drug administration is improved. Patients are privileged witnesses to the care provided and, for this reason, these people have an important role to play in the reduction of medication administration errors. The results of this study can help managers and health care teams to determine strategies for engaging patients and their families to detect risks, to train patients and their families to ensure safe medication administration; and to determine strategies for involving these people in the prevention of medication errors as a means to improve the safety culture in hospitals.

Factors related to hemodialysis safety culture: integrative literature review / Factores relacionados con la cultura de seguridad en hemodiálisis: revisión de literatura integradora / Fatores relacionados à cultura de segurança em hemodiálise: revisão integrativa da literatura

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors involved in nursing care that are related to the safety culture of chronic renal patients on hemodialysis. Method: Integrative literature review, carried out through the steps: problem identification, bibliographic research, data evaluation, data analysis, and report. We adopted the guiding question: "What scientific evidence is there about the factors related to the safety culture in hemodialysis clinics, according to the nursing team?" The search was carried out in the LILACS, Medline / PUBMED, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science (WOS) databases. Results: The sample of this review was composed of five studies. The factors found were: 8 predisposing, 13 disabling, 11 precipitating, and 18 reinforcing. Conclusion: The analysis of literary productions allowed an understanding of the main factors linked to nursing practices that influence the safety culture of patients on hemodialysis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores envueltos en la asistencia de enfermaría que están relacionados a la cultura de seguridad de pacientes renales crónicos en tratamiento hemodialítico. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada mediante las etapas: identificación del problema, investigación bibliográfica, evaluación de los datos, análisis de los datos e informe. Se ha optado la cuestión orientadora: "¿Cuales evidencias científicas existentes sobre los factores relacionados a la cultura de seguridad en clínicas de hemodiálisis, segundo el equipo de enfermaría?" La búsqueda ha sido realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, Medline/PUBMED, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane y Web of Science (WOS). Resultados: La muestra de esta revisión ha sido compuesta por cinco estudios. Los factores encontrados han sido: 8 predisponentes, 13 discapacidades, 11 precipitantes y 18 reforzadores. Conclusión: El análisis de las producciones literarias ha permitido comprensión de los principales factores relacionados a las conductas de enfermaría que influencian en la cultura de seguridad del paciente en tratamiento hemodialítico.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores envolvidos na assistência de enfermagem que estão relacionados à cultura de segurança de pacientes renais crônicos em tratamento hemodialítico. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada mediante as etapas: identificação do problema, pesquisa bibliográfica, avaliação dos dados, análise dos dados e relatório. Adotou-se a questão norteadora: "Quais evidências científicas existem sobre os fatores relacionados à cultura de segurança em clínicas de hemodiálise, segundo a equipe de enfermagem?" A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, Medline/PUBMED, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane e Web of Science (WOS). Resultados: A amostra desta revisão foi composta por cinco estudos. Os fatores encontrados foram: 8 predisponentes, 13 incapacitantes, 11 precipitantes e 18 reforçadores. Conclusão: A análise das produções literárias permitiu compreensão dos principais fatores ligados às condutas de enfermagem que influenciam na cultura de segurança do paciente em tratamento hemodialítico.

Abandono, cambio o falla de los anticonceptivos hormonales en población universitaria / Dropout, change or therapeutic failure to hormonal contraception in university women

Resumen OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de abandono, cambio o falla de los anticonceptivos hormonales que derivan en embarazos no deseados en mujeres universitarias entre 17 y 30 años. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y transversal efectuado entre el 1 de agosto y el 30 de noviembre de 2018 en estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Boyacá, usuarias actuales o pasadas de métodos de anticoncepción hormonal. Variables de estudio: datos sociodemográficos, causas de abandono del tratamiento, cambio de método de planificación y falla del anticonceptivo. RESULTADOS: Se recolectaron 615 encuestas, se eliminaron 4 por datos incompletos. El promedio de edad de las estudiantes fue de 20.5 años (DE ± 3.6). El 26.15% recibió asesoría por distintos sujetos y medios diferentes al personal de salud. De las sustancias con interacción con los anticonceptivos hormonales, 25% consumía alcohol. Las principales reacciones adversas fueron: cefalea, aumento de peso y sangrado uterino anormal. Principales motivos de abandono: efectos adversos. El 10.3% de las encuestadas experimentó falla del anticonceptivo. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien el estudio evidencia que la primera causa de abandono fue el cese de la actividad sexual, un alto porcentaje de usuarias tuvo reacciones adversas leves y, de acuerdo con la persona que les suministró la información, se advirtieron dificultades para el apego a los anticonceptivos hormonales.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was the prevalence of abandonment, change and therapeutic failure, which could trigger unwanted pregnancies in university women between 17 and 30 years of age, who have used hormonal contraceptives as a method of family planning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out during the period between August 1 and November 30, 2018, where students from the faculty of health sciences of the University of Boyacá. The variables studied corresponded to sociodemographic data, causes of treatment abandonment, change of planning method and therapeutic failure. RESULTS: The average age of the population was 20.5 years, evidence of the use of oral contraceptives and 26.15% were advised by personnel other than health. Alcohol was the main substance of consumption that interacts with hormonal contraceptives. The main adverse reactions were headache, weight gain and abnormal uterine bleeding. The main reasons for abandonment are related to the presence of adverse effects. The therapeutic failure was presented in 10.3% of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Although the evidence of the first cause of abandonment was the life of sexual life, there is a high percentage of users with adverse reactions and, according to the person who likes the information, it can be noticed that there is difficulty in the attachment to the use of this type of medication.

Fatores precipitantes de descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca relacionados a adesão ao tratamento: estudo multicêntrico-EMBRACE / Factores desencadenantes de descompensación de la insuficiencia cardiaca relacionados con la adhesión al tratamiento: estudio multicéntrico-EMBRACE / Precipitating factors of decompensation of heart failure related to treatment adherence: multicenter study-EMBRACE

Resumo OBJETIVO Descrever os fatores precipitantes de descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca entre pacientes aderentes e não aderentes ao tratamento. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de uma coorte multicêntrica. Pacientes acima de 18 anos com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada (classe funcional III/IV) foram elegíveis. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado um questionário estruturado avaliando os motivos da descompensação. O uso irregular de medicação prévio à internação, controle inadequado de sal e líquidos foram considerados como grupo de má adesão ao tratamento. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 556 pacientes, com idade média de 61±14 anos, 362(65%) homens. O principal fator de descompensação foi a má adesão, representando 55% da amostra. Os pacientes que referiram o uso irregular das medicações na última semana apresentaram 22% mais risco de internação por má adesão quando comparados aos pacientes aderentes. CONCLUSÃO O estudo EMBRACE demonstrou que em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, a má adesão mostrou-se como o principal fator de exacerbação.

Resumen OBJETIVO Describir los factores desencadenantes de descompensación de la insuficiencia cardíaca entre pacientes adherentes y no adherentes al tratamiento. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal de cohorte multicéntrica. Pacientes mayores de 18 años con insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada (clase funcional III / IV) fueron elegibles. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado que evalua los motivos de la descompensación. El uso irregular de medicación previa a la internación y control inadecuado de sal y líquidos fueron considerados como grupo de mala adherencia al tratamiento. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 556 pacientes, con una edad media de 61 ± 14 años, 362 (65%) eran hombres. El principal factor de descompensación fue la mala adherencia, representando el 55% de la muestra. Los pacientes que indicaron el uso irregular de las medicaciones en la última semana presentaron un 22% más de riesgo de internación por mala adherencia en comparación con los pacientes adherentes. CONCLUSIÓN El estudio EMBRACE demostró que en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, la mala adherencia se mostró como el principal factor de exacerbación.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the precipitating factors of heart failure decompensation between adherent and non-adherent patients to treatment. METHODS Cross-sectional study of a multicenter cohort study. Patients over 18 years of age with decompensated heart failure (functional class III/IV) were eligible. The structured questionnaire was used to collect the data and evaluate the reasons for decompensation. The irregular use of medication prior to hospitalization and inadequate salt and fluid intake were considered as poor adherence to treatment. RESULTS A total of 556 patients were included, mean age 61 ± 14 years old, 362 (65%) male. The main factor of decompensation was poor adherence, representing 55% of the sample. Patients who reported irregular use of medications in the last week had a 22% greater risk of being hospitalized due to poor adherence than the patients who adhered to treatment. CONCLUSION The EMBRACE study showed that in patients with heart failure, poor adherence was the main factor of exacerbation.

The 4Ps of Formulation & Intervention

@#The next step after the biopsychosocial information is collected from the extended history, extended examination, and extended investigation is the formulation of the 4P factors related to the patient’s problems (Predisposing, Perpetuating, Precipitating, and Protective factors). In this 4P formulation, attention is paid to the genogram, time-line, ROADS of the family, and the patient’s readiness to change. In certain situations, SBAR tool (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) may be needed to help get a better clarity of the situation and issues. Formulation helps us to be strategic in our psychosocial management.

Consumo de modafinilo en profesionales de la salud mental: reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Modafinil use in mental health professionals: case report and bibliographic review

INTRODUCCIÓN El presente estudio busca comenzar un abordaje inicial del fenómeno del consumo de Modafinilo en profesionales de la Salud Mental en Chile y los factores precipitantes que promueven el consumo de esta sustancia psicoestimulante. OBJETIVOS: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica respecto del consumo de Psicoestimulantes en Profesionales de la Salud Mental; identificar el psicoestimulante de más fácil acceso; buscar y contactar a profesionales de la salud mental del SSMC que consuman activamente Modafinilo e Identificar los posibles factores precipitantes asociados al consumo de Modafinilo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Reporte de caso y análisis de discurso de una entrevista en profundidad, identificando las categorías centrales que estructuran la experiencia del profesional respecto de su consumo. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: De acuerdo al análisis de la entrevista, podemos destacar cuatro factores que desencadenan el consumo habitual de la sustancia psicoestimulante: la narcolepsia, sobrecarga laboral, sobrecarga emocional y el fácil acceso al Modafinilo. CONCLUSIONES: La bibliografía existente es muy escasa; este estudio se constituye como una primera aproximación al abordaje de este tema a nivel nacional; la sobrecarga emocional cobra gran importancia ya que complementa la dependencia fisiológica; los estados emocionales que generan y mantienen el consumo en el profesional se ven asociados a eventos ambientales, y la dependencia psicológica es una realidad inseparable de la dependencia fisiológica.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to start an initial approach to the phenomenon of Modafinil use in mental health professionals in Chile, and the precipitating factors that promote the consumption of this psychostimulant substance. OBJETIVES: To carry out a bibliographic review regarding the use of Psychostimulants in Mental Health Professionals; to identify the most easily accessible psychostimulant; to find and contact mental health professionals who actively consume Modafinil and to identify the possible precipitating factors associated with consumption of Modafinil. METHODS: Case report and discourse analysis of an in-depth interview, identifying the central categories that structure the professional's experience regarding their consumption. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to the analysis of the interview, we can highlight four factors that trigger the habitual consumption of the psychostimulant substance: Narcolepsy, work overload, emotional overload and easy access to Modafinil. CONCLUSIONS: The existing literature is very scarce; this study constitutes a first approach of this topic at national level; emotional overload is of great importance since it complements the physiological dependence; the emotional states that generate and maintain consumption in the professional are seen associated with environmental factors, and psychological dependence is an inseparable reality of physiological dependence.

Trigger factors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-centre cross-sectional survey

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The presence of trigger factors may help to distinguish asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Knowing and avoiding trigger factors for both asthma and COPD can facilitate the design of comprehensive management programmes that can aid disease control. This study aimed to describe the relative frequency and range of various trigger factors in asthma and COPD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We conducted a telephone-based survey involving asthma and COPD patients on follow-up at a university hospital in Singapore.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 779 asthma patients and 129 COPD patients participated in this study. Among these patients, 93.8% of those with asthma and 42.6% of those with COPD had trigger factors (p < 0.001). The median number of trigger factors was greater among asthma patients than among those with COPD (3 vs. 0, p < 0.001). Trigger factors found to be significantly more prevalent among asthma patients compared to those with COPD include tobacco smoke, alcohol, upper respiratory tract infections, incense smoke, perfume, laughter, a dusty environment, air-conditioning, heavy rain, heavy traffic fumes, citrus fruits, gastro-oesophageal reflux, household pets, flowers/pollen, medications and psychological triggers. Trigger factors that were not previously described, such as bathing, fatigue, insufficient sleep, crowded places and overeating, were also reported.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Trigger factors, although found in both groups of patients, were more common among asthma patients. Knowledge of these trigger factors may be useful in distinguishing between the two diseases and optimising disease management.</p>

Migraine and tension-type headache triggers in a Greek population / Fatores desencadeantes de enxaqueca e de cefaleia tipo tensional em uma população grega

Migraine and tension type headache are the two most common primary headaches. The purpose of this study was to detect differences in clinical characteristics and headache triggers and in a Greek cohort of 51 migraineurs and 12 patients with tension-type headache. (TTH) Migraine patients had a significantly lower age at headache onset and frequency, higher mean visual analogue scale (VAS) and greater maximum duration of headache episodes compared to TTH patients. They did not differ from (TTH) patients in quality of headache, laterality of pain, way of headache installation and progression and temporal pattern of headaches. Nausea, vomiting and phonophobia were more frequent in migraine. Triggering of headaches by dietary factors was associated with migraine, whereas there was no difference between the two groups in any of the other headache triggers. Stress, both physical and psychological, were particularly common in both patient groups.

Enxaqueca e cefaleia tipo tensional são as duas cefaleias primárias mais frequentes. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças e características dos fatores desencadeantes destas cefaleias numa coorte grega de 51 pacientes com enxaqueca e 12 com cefaleia tipo tensional. Pacientes com enxaqueca tinham uma idade significativamente menor por ocasião do início da cefaleia e maior frequência, maiores valores de (VAS) e maior duração dos episódios em comparação com os pacientes com (CTT). Não houve diferença entre os pacientes com enxaqueca e (CTT) com relação à qualidade e lateralidade da dor, na forma de instalação e progressão, e no padrão temporal das cefaleias. Náuseas, vômitos e fonofobia foram mais frequentes em enxaqueca. Fatores desencadeantes na dieta estavam associados à enxaqueca, enquanto não houve diferença entre os dois grupos para outros fatores desencadeantes. Estresse físico e psicológico foram particularmente prevalentes em ambos os grupos de pacientes.

Factores asociados a la inactividad física en personas adultas de Barranquilla (Colombia) / Factors associated to the physical inactivity in adults of Barranquilla (Colombia)

Objetivo: Estimar los factores asociados a la inactividad física en personas adultas de Barranquilla (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal y de base poblacional en 2103 sujetos entre 18 y 69 años de edad representativos de todos los sectores de Barranquilla. El tipo de muestreo fue probabilístico, aleatorio y multietápico. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre las variables sociodemográficas, autopercepción de salud y la intención de práctica de actividad física, preguntas sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol del Método STEPwise y los niveles de actividad física mediante el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ), formato corto. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariado mediante el paquete estadístico el software SPSS versión 18.0. Resultados: El porcentaje de inactividad física fue del 39,2 %. Las edades estuvieron comprendidas entre 30-49 años[OR 1,79 (1,38-2,32)], individuos de estratos socioeconómicos 1,2 y 3 [OR 1,24 (1,01-1,53)], la autopercepción de un estado de salud regular y mala [OR 1,30 (1,04-1,63)], las que se ubican en las etapas precontemplación, contemplación, preparación y recaída [OR 2,98 (2,39-3,71)] y las que fuman actualmente[OR 1,87 (1,44-2,44)] representan un factor de riesgo para inactividad física. Conclusiones: Los factores que se asocian a la inactividad física son tener más de 35 años, vivir en los estratos 1,2 y 3, autopercibir un mal o regular estado de salud, ubicarse en las etapas de cambio precontemplación, contemplación, preparación y recaída y fumar.

Objective: To estimate the factors associated with physical inactivity in adults from Barranquilla. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study of a population base of 2103 subjects from Barranquilla between 18 and 69 years of age. The sampling was probabilistic, multistage and random. A questionnaire was applied based on the socio-demographic variables, self-perception of health and intention to practice physical activity as well as questions about tobacco and alcohol consumption of the method STEPwise and levels of physical activity were gauged through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short format. The logistic regression analysis was conducted using the statistical package SPSS software version 18.0. Results: The probability of being physically inactive is higher for people between 30-49 years [OR 1,79 (1,38-2,32)], between 50-65 years old [OR 1,42 (1,10 -1,84)]; of 1,2,3 socio-economic stratum [OR 1,24 (1,01-1,53)], those that perceive their health as regular or bad [OR 1,30 (1,04-1,63)], all those which are in pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation and relapse stages [OR 2,98 (2,39-3,71)], and those who currently smoke [OR 1,87 (1,44-2,44)]. Conclusions: People older than 35 years, of 1,2,3 socio-economic stratum, those ones who perceive their health as regular or bad, all those which are in the pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation and relapse stages and those who currently smoke have a higher probability of being categorized as inactive.

Descriptive study of 20 patients with schizophrenia in Boyacá, Colombia / Estudio descriptivo de una muestra de pacientes con esquizofrenia residentes en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with high genetic heterogeneity and complex inheritance. In Boyacá, Colombia, we studied a group of 20 schizophrenic patients (16 men and 4 women) to establish their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as well as their genetic and precipitating factors. The patients were analyzed using cytogenetic studies and a descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables. The disease frequently first manifested in young adults (average age of initiation: 22.5 years). The predominant subtype (8/20) was paranoid schizophrenia, and the onset was typically gradual (14/20). Precipitating factors were found in 15 patients: physical factors in nine patients, social factors in five patients and economic factor in one patient. All karyotypes were normal. Clinical features did not associate with either the sociodemographic characteristics or the genetic and predisposing factors, supporting the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Patients and their families received genetic counseling and explanations of the study's results, the possibility of recurrences and the risk of suffering the disease given an affected relative. Further and larger studies are required to determine if the factors evaluated in this study influence the development of the disease.

La esquizofrenia, enfermedad multifactorial, tiene gran heterogeneidad genética y herencia compleja. En Boyacá, Colombia, se estudió un grupo de 20 pacientes esquizofrénicos (16 hombres y cuatro mujeres) y se establecieron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas y los factores genéticos y precipitantes. Se hicieron estudio citogenético y un análisis descriptivo de las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Hubo predominio del comienzo de la enfermedad en adultos jóvenes (promedio de edad en el momento de la aparición: 22,5 años). Predominaron la esquizofrenia paranoide (8/20) con modo de aparición progresivo (14/20). Se hallaron factores precipitantes en 15 pacientes: físicos en nueve, sociales en cinco y económicos en uno. Todos los cariotipos fueron normales. Los rasgos clínicos no se asociaron con las características sociodemográficas ni con los factores genéticos y precipitantes, lo que evidencia gran heterogeneidad en las formas de manifestación de la enfermedad. Se dio asesoría genética a los pacientes y sus familias y se les explicaron los resultados, el riesgo de recurrencias y el de padecer la enfermedad cuando se tiene un pariente afectado. Es necesario analizar una serie mayor de casos, para poder determinar si los factores evaluados influyen en el desarrollo de la enfermedad.