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Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.
O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.
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Humanos , Niño , Gastroenteritis , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Abstract Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.
Resumo O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.
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Background: Anemia prevalence in young children con?nues to remain over 70% in most parts of India and Asia. In developing countries like India,anemia is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years of age. In public health terms, Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a very important causa?ve factor for childhood anemia. Materials & Methods: A prospec?ve observa?onal study was conducted on hospitalized children in ter?ary care center. All children between 1 month to 18 years of age were admi?ed in Pediatric ward were taken to the study for 1.5 years study period. Results: Total number pa?ents admi?ed in pediatric ward were 1280 out of which 812 were enrolled for the study, out of which 522 pa?ents have been studied in detail as they had iron deficiency anemia. The total prevalence in our study period is 65.64%. Our analysis showed that males outnumbered females with sex ra?o of Male: Female is1.76:1. This study shows that the children of 1 month to 5 years is 361 which are 69.1%, children of age 5-12years are 123 which is 23.6%, children of age 12-18years are 38 which is 7.3%. We observed that the most common age group involved is less than 5 years which is significant. The e?ology of the hospitaliza?on has been studied, out of which Lower respiratory infec?ons were more common. Conclusion: This study revealed that the prevalence of IDA in under 5 years is more common than in other age groups. Children with anemia and those with iron deficiency anemia were found to be more suscep?ble to lower respiratory tract infec?ons.
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Background: Anemia and ALRI are quite common in infants and toddlers in developing countries. ALRI is a leading cause of mortality in children below 5 years of age and it is important to prevent risk factors for development of ALRI. Present study was conducted to know the prevalence of anemia in children between 6 m to 23 m with ALRI and the relation between ALRI and anemia.Methods: This is a prospective case control study, conducted at Level 2 hospital situated in backward district over a period of 1 year. Two hundred cases who had ALRI as per WHO criteria and 200 controls were taken as the study group. Children were divided in to 3 different age groups. Haemoglobin level was estimated in all.Anemia was defined and classified according to WHO criteria.Results: Out of total 200 children both in cases and controls, 128 (64%) were males and 72 (36%) were females. Overall 190 (95%) of cases and 187 (93.5%) of controls had anemia. The prevalence of anemia was uniform in both sexes and all age groups. Children in the age group 6m -11m were more likely to develop ALRI.Conclusions: Prevalance of anemia in children between 6 m to 23 m with ALRI and without ALRI was 93.5% and 95% respectively. Authors cannot declare with affirmation that there was no association between Hb levels and ALRI as prevalence of anemia was very high in control group. Screening all children for anemia and taking proper intervention measures is necessary while treating for other ailments like ALRI.
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Background: In the present study, variations in the Palmaris longus and the clinical implications of these arediscussed.Aim: To study the variations in the Palmaris longus and to discuss the embryological basis, clinical and surgicalimplications of these variations.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Anatomy of Hassan Institute of MedicalScience, Hassan, Dr B.R.Ambedkar Medical college, Bangalore and Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Educationand Research,Tamaka, Kolar. Thirty formalin fixed cadavers (60 upper limbs); 25 males & 5 female cadavers weredissected for the study and it was conducted over a period of three years, i.e., from 2011-2014. The cadavers withvisible trauma, pathology or prior surgeries were excluded from the study. Routine dissection of the upper limbwas carried out following the Cunnigham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. During the dissection of the anteriorcompartment of forearm, the Palmaris longus muscle was identified & carefully dissected. At first, the origin wasconfirmed and then, it was traced towards its insertion. Any variations found were noted and photographed. Theresults were analysed and compared to previous studies.Results: Bilateral absence of palmaris longus was seen in one male cadaver and unilateral (right sided) absencein one female cadaver. Percentage of bilateral absence of palmaris longus is 3.3%. Total absence of palmarislongus is 5%. Right side absence is 3.3%, left side absence is 1.6%. Variations like split tendon of palmaris longuswas observed in a female cadaver on right side, bilateral split tendon with fleshy belly in a male cadaver,reversed belly of right side palmaris longus in a male cadaver .
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Introduction: Anemia is a common finding in diabetes. Number of factors contributes to an increased prevalence of anemia in diabetes. Aim: To determine the prevalence of anemia in our patients with diabetes. Material and methods: The present study was conducted at the Gayatri Hospital, Gandhinagar. The subjects for the study included 200 adult patients with age more than 30 years and having diabetes mellitus type 2, attending the outdoor patient department (OPD) or admitted in ward as indoor patient department (IPD) of Gayatri Hospital. Blood specimens were collected and processed for determination of blood glucose, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin, HbA1C. Results: Anemia was present in 18% patients of diabetes. The prevalence of anemia was almost similar between women (18.60%) and men (17.54%). 74% of anaemic patients had a serum creatinine <110 μmol/l and 72% of anaemic patients had a calculated creatinine clearance of >60 ml/min. Conclusion: Every fifth individual in a population of diabetes mellitus could be anemic. Identifying and treating anemia would make a great impact in managing various complications of diabetes mellitus.
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is increasing in epidemic proportion globally. This curent observational hospital record based study was planned to estimate the prevalence of DM in various age groups in rural population of Jammu.Out of 4000 patients screened 194 were found to be having DM i.e. prevalence of DM was found to be 4.85%. Out of 2083 males screened 99 were suffering from DM i.e. prevalence of 4.6%. Whereas out of 1917 females screened 95 were suffering from DM i.e. prevalence of 4.9%. Prevalence of DM was maximum in age groups of 41 to 50 years i.e. 5.89%.Prevalence of DM in males was found to be maximum in age group of 41-50 years i.e. 5.4%. Prevalence of DM in females was found to be maximum in age group 41-50 years i.e.6.6%.Thus the current study recorded alarmingingly high prevalence of DM among rural population which should be a cause of concern for health care providers.
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The South Asian region comprising of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka is multi-ethnic with vast cultural differences. Yet they have in common, a strong predisposition for inflammatory bowel disease especially ulcerative colitis (UC). The vast majority of the population is rural with limited access to health care facilities. Community based studies on epidemiology of UC are sparse making it difficult to extrapolate data for the whole region. India has the highest incidence and prevalence of UC in Asia which is higher than the published figures for Korea and Japan, the two leading industrialized countries in Asia. Asian diaspora studies have revealed an unmasking of the disease when natives of this region migrate to countries with a higher prevalence of the disease. Data mainly from the UK suggests a higher incidence of the disease in Asian migrants compared to the indigenous population. Incidence data from within the sub-continent suggests a higher incidence of the disease in India as compared to its southern neighbour Sri Lanka suggesting a north-south gradient. Time trend studies from India do not suggest an increasing incidence of disease as has been observed in other parts of Asia. Some data point to phenotypically different disease in south Asian patients as compared to Caucasians. Familial clustering and cumulative colectomy rates are higher in Western patients as compared to their Asian counterparts. Asian patients with UC have a significantly lower risk of development of colorectal carcinoma vis a vis the Caucasian population. There is a pressing need for more studies on the epidemiology, long-term outcome and natural history of the disease in this region.
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Humanos , Asia , Pueblo Asiatico , Bangladesh , Colectomía , Colitis Ulcerosa , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Países Desarrollados , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Incidencia , India , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Japón , Corea (Geográfico) , Historia Natural , Nepal , Pakistán , Grupos de Población , Prevalencia , Sri Lanka , Migrantes , ÚlceraRESUMEN
Background. Asthma is a major public health problem worldwide. However, there is limited data on asthma prevalence among school children in Shimla. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of asthma in Shimla city and also to examine the different factors influencing its occurrence. Methods. This was a questionnaire-based study (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood [ISAAC] protocol) carried out in four randomly selected schools in the city of Shimla. The questionnaire was pre-tested in 50 school children. The age group included in the study was 6-13 years. The questionnaire was distributed to all the children (n=1136). A response rate of 89.5% was achieved. The socio-economic status was determined on the basis of monthly income (cumulative square root value method). The ISAAC questionnaire was given standard scores. Various factors influencing the prevalence of asthma, such as socio-economic status, history of asthma and other allergic disorders in the family, type of cooking fuel used, history of active and passive smoking were elucidated from the history. Results. Overall prevalence of asthma in our study was found to be 2.3 percent. Boys had a higher prevalence (3.1%) than girls (1.4%). We found a significant association between asthma prevalence and family history of asthma and other atopic manifestations. There was no significant association of socio-economic factors and exposure to smoking with prevalence of asthma. Conclusion. In the present study, the prevalence of bronchial asthma in school children in the age group of 6-13 years is 2.3 percent.
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Adolescente , Asma/epidemiología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Objective To investigate the prevalance and risk factors of post-stroke depression(PSD)in patients with the first ever stroke during first year after stroke.Methods A total of 60 eligible stroke patients were followed up for 12 months after the first ever stroke and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,Activity of Daily Living Scale,Neurological Functional Deficit Scores,Social Support Scale and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ)were used to investigate the incidence and risk factors of PSD in 2 weeks,3,4 and 12 months,respectively.Results The prevalence of PSD after the first ever streke was 18.18%(12/66),29.23%(19/65),38.09%(24/63),31.67%(19/60)in 2 weeks,3,4 and 12 months after the attack of stroke,respectively.Logistic regression analysis indicated that the major risk factors of PSD were female and introvert(b=-1.55,P=0.001;b=1.59,P=0.047)in 2 weeks,poor social support,low grade of neurological functional deficit score and female(b=-0.19,P=0.005;b=0.26,P=0.01;b=2.84,P=0.03)in 3 months.poor social support and low grade of neurological functional deficit score in 6 months and 12 months after stroke re-spectively(6 months:b=-0.24,P<0.001;b=0.35,P=0.004.12 months:b=-0.17,P=0.001;b=0.33,P=0.002).Conclusions The prevalence of PSD is considerable and the risk factors of PSD are different in different stage.
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PURPOSE: Sleep disorder is common in childhood and adolescence with prevalence of 27-62%, and the patients could have trouble with their daily life due to fatigue and headache; and it can also cause developmental disability, learning disorder, anxiety disorder, and depressive disorder. We studied the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence with sleep disorder. METHODS: We studied 34 cases of patients under twenty-year-old who took a sleep polysomnography test at Sleep Center of Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center and who could answer sleep survey questionnaires; and we used testing methods of Questionnaire for insomnia, Epworth sleepness scale, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and Back Depression Inventory. We studied sleep disorder as two categories of sleep apnea and other sleep disorders and also the relationships of sleep and anxiety and depressive disorder with chi-square test. RESULTS: 29.4% of sleep disorder patients had anxiety disorder, and 47.1% depressive disorder. Considering the two categories of sleep disorder, anxiety disorder was significantly higher(P<0.005) in sleep apnea group with 43.5% than in other sleep disorder group with 9.1%. Depressive disorder was also significantly higher(P<0.05) in sleep apnea group with 65.6% than in other sleep disorder group with 36.4%. CONCLUSION: The patients with sleep disorder also had a tendency of having mood disorder, with prevalence of 29.4% of anxiety disorder and 47.1% of depressive disorder; especially in the group of sleep apnea, mood disorders was significantly higher than other sleep disorder group, which means more aggressive diagnosis and treatment are needed for the combined condition of sleep and mood disorder.
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Adolescente , Humanos , Ansiedad , Trastornos de Ansiedad , Depresión , Trastorno Depresivo , Discapacidades del Desarrollo , Fatiga , Discapacidades para el Aprendizaje , Trastornos del Humor , Polisomnografía , Prevalencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del SueñoRESUMEN
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prevalent features of an influenza erupting prevalence.Methods All of 653 patients with an erupting influenza were enrolled in the study from May 29,2003 to July 3,2003. The data included clinic manifestations and etiology. The retrospective study was used to evaluate the clinical and prevalent features. Results All patients consisted of 392 boys and 261 girls aged 5~17 years(mean 11.5 years),who were all students in middle school or primary school. Most of the patients had no typical symptoms including chill(2.45%),headache(30.00%),tiredness(10.87%)and the aching in whole body(4.44%),whereas fever,faucial inflammation and lymphatic follicular hyperplasia of the faucial posterior wall were the most common among these patients,accounting for 100%,60.03%,64.78% respectively. There were 98 patients whose peripheral leukocyte amounts were increased,most happening on the 6 ~7 th day from the onset(75.51%)following the fever on the 5~6 th day(80.6%). Detection of serum double virus-antigen indicated that influenza virus antibody increased more than 4-fold,as well as parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Even in minority patients,there were several kinds of virus antibody raised 4-fold at the same time. We applied antivirus allopathy associated with the Chinese traditional medicine such as injection of shuanghuanglian or yuxingcao,plus the effectual antibiotics when necessary . All of the patients were cured and no sequelae. Conclusion Sometimes the influenza is prevalent only in some special crowds and has no typical symptoms such as chill,headache,tiredness and the aching in whole body.The antibiotics should be used in time after the synthetic treatment has no effect,when the patient has the onset for more than 5 days and has the fever for more than 4 days.
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Objective To investigate the incidence and distribution of over-weight and obesity and the relationship between the body mass index (BMI) and the chronic diseases in the elderly of community in Beijing. Methods The medical check-up data of 1513 elderly inhabitants randomly selected from the 134 communities in Beijing were analyzed. Results The proportions of old people with overweight and obesity were 48.9% and 12.8% respectively, and 36.5% of them were having normal body weight. The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia and fatty liver were significantly higher in the over-weight and obese people than that of people with normal BMI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that BMI was positively correlated highly with hyperlipidemia and fatty liver (P