Social inequalities in the use of contraceptives in adult women from Southern Brazil / Desigualdades sociais no uso de contraceptivos em mulheres adultas no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the contraceptive methods used by adult women and the associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional study with 20 to 49-year-old women from São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2015. Three outcomes were considered to analyze the association with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: use of oral contraceptive pills, tubal ligation and male condom. The crude prevalence ratios, stratified by age, and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained using Poisson regression, taking the experimental error into account. RESULTS: A total of 736 women, aged from 20 to 49 years old, were evaluated. The prevalence of the use of oral contraceptive pills, tubal ligation and male condom were respectively 31.8% (95%CI 28.4-35.3), 11.1% (95%CI 9.0-13.6) and 10.9% (95%CI 8.7-13.3). In addition, 10.5% (n = 77) of the women reported making combined use of oral contraceptive pills and condom. In the stratified analysis, younger women with lower education level and from lower social classes reported less use of oral contraceptive pills. Tubal ligation was more prevalent among the lower social classes, but only in the age group from 30 to 39 years old. No differences were found in relation to male condom. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that differences persist in relation to contraception, which can be associated with both the difficulties of access to these inputs and the frailty of actions in reproductive health to achieve the needs and preferences of women who are more socially vulnerable.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever os métodos contraceptivos utilizados e fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos associados em mulheres adultas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com mulheres de 20 a 49 anos de São Leopoldo, RS, em 2015. Foram considerados três desfechos para analisar a associação com características demográficas e socioeconômicas: uso de anticoncepcional oral, ligadura tubária e uso de preservativo masculino. Foram obtidas razões de prevalências, brutas e estratificadas por idade, e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) por meio de regressão de Poisson, levando em conta o erro de delineamento. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 736 mulheres com idades entre 20 e 49 anos. A prevalência de uso de anticoncepcional oral, de ligadura tubária e de uso de preservativo masculino foram, respectivamente, 31,8% (IC95% 28,4-35,3), 11,1% (IC95% 9,0-13,6) e 10,9% (IC95% 8,7-13,3). Além disso, 10,5% (n = 77) das mulheres relataram fazer uso combinado de anticoncepcional oral e preservativo masculino. Na análise estratificada, as mulheres mais jovens, de menor escolaridade e classe econômica mais baixa relataram menor uso de anticoncepcional oral. Já a ligadura tubária foi mais prevalente entre as de classe econômica mais baixa, mas apenas na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos. Não foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao preservativo masculino. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicaram que ainda persistem diferenças quanto à contracepção, o que pode se relacionar tanto a dificuldades no acesso a esses insumos como a fragilidades das ações em saúde reprodutiva para atingir as necessidades e preferências das mulheres em maior vulnerabilidade social.

Prevalence and distribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexican adult population: a probabilistic survey / Prevalencia y distribuición de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en población adulta mexicana: una encuesta probabilística

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, distribution and degree of control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were classified as previously diagnosed T2D (PD); or as "finding of the survey" (FS) (glucose >126 mg/dL). Hemoglobin A1c was measured in PD-subjects. RESULTS: The prevalence for PD-T2D was 7.34 percent (95 percentCI 6.3, 8.5) and for FS 7.07 percent (95 percentCI 6.1, 8.1), summing 14.42 percent; (7.3 million diabetics). 5.3 percent of PD-T2D were in good, 38.4 percent in poor and 56.2 percent very poor control. Older age (OR=0.96, 95 percentCI 0.94, 0.97), lower BMI (OR=0.95, 95 percentCI 0.91, 1.0), were protective for poor control. Affiliation to private services (OR=1.77, 95 percentCI 0.98, 3.13), larger T2D duration (OR=1.05, 95 percentCI 1.01, 1.08), and combining oral medication and insulin (OR=16.1, 95 percentCI 1.61, 161) were riskier. CONCLUSIONS: We found an alarming prevalence of T2D in Mexican population; the majority of PD diabetics are in poor control. Research on the latter is warranted.

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia, distribución y grado de control de diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) en población mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los sujetos fueron clasificados como "previamente diagnosticados" (PD) o "hallazgos de la encuesta" (FS) (glucosa >126 mg/dL). La hemoglobina A1c se midió en DT2-PD. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de DT2-PD fue 7.34 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 6.3, 8.5) y 7.07 por ciento.(IC95 por ciento 6.1, 8.1) para FS, sumando 14.42 por ciento (7.3 millones de diabéticos). Los DT2-PD tenían 5.3 por ciento control bueno, 38.4 por ciento, malo y 56.2 por ciento muy malo. Tener mayor edad (RM=0.96, IC95 por ciento 0.95, 0.97) o IMC más bajo (RM=0.95, IC95 por ciento 0.91, 1.0) fueron protectores contra mal control. Atenderse en servicios médicos privados (RM=1.77, IC95 por ciento 0.98, 3.13), larga duración de DT2 (RM=1.05, IC95 por ciento 1.01, 1.08) o recibir hipoglucemiantes más insulina (RM=16.1, IC95 por ciento 1.61, 161) fueron de riesgo. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una prevalencia alarmante de DT2 en la población mexicana, la mayoría de los PD-DT2 tenían mal control glicémico. Se necesita más investigación sobre este problema.