Price Elasticity Of Demand And The Impact Of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages In Malaysia

@#The Malaysian government implemented an excise tax of MYR 0.40 per L on sugar-sweetened beverages in July 2019. Excise tax is imposed on sweetened drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml, flavoured Ultra High Temperature milk-based drinks, and fruit juices with more than 7 g and 12 g of sugar per 100 ml, respectively. We analysed the impact of excise tax on the consumption of SSBs by developing a demand model for SSBs to estimate the elasticity of demand using a two-way fixed-effect model. The tax increased the price of 1 L SSBs by 8.33%, and we estimated it to decrease the consumption of SSBs by 9.25%. The estimated own-price elasticity of demand for SSBs was −1.11 (95% CI: −1.97 to −0.25). Price of SSB is a determinant for SSB demand, but income or the price of milk are not. The estimated excise revenue calculated was MYR 357.61 million. However, industry responses via product reformulation and pass-through rates could reduce revenue and enhance or reduce health impacts.

Preço dos alimentos, consumo de bebidas adoçadas e obesidade no Brasil / Food prices, consumption of sweetened beverages and obesity in Brazil

Introdução: Sabe-se que o cenário global de preço dos alimentos contribui para a epidemia de obesidade por meio do incentivo ao consumo de alimentos não saudáveis. No entanto, a real magnitude da influência do preço de alimentos sobre o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar no Brasil permanece incerta. Objetivos: Analisar a associação entre o preço dos alimentos, o consumo de bebidas adoçadas e o estado nutricional da população brasileira. Métodos (Manuscrito 1): Estudo em painel envolvendo dados ecológicos de 10 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal para o período entre 2007 e 2018. Dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008/9 foram usados para calcular o preço dos grupos de alimentos que, acrescidos de dados do Sistema Nacional de Índices de Preços ao Consumidor, resultaram em uma série de preços por cidade para cada um dos anos. A prevalência de indicadores de consumo de bebidas adoçadas em cada cidade, por ano, foi obtida no VIGITEL. A relação entre preço e consumo foi estudada a partir de modelos de regressão de efeito fixo para dados em painel. (Manuscrito 2): Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008/9. Foram utilizadas informações aferidas de peso e altura de todos os indivíduos, assim como de preço dos alimentos adquiridos para consumo domiciliar. Modelos de regressão multivariada (log-log) foram utilizados para estimar a elasticidade-preço da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade para toda a população e para dois estratos de renda do país. (Manuscrito 3): A base de dados desenvolvida para o primeiro artigo foi utilizada, assumindo-se como desfecho o IMC médio nas localidades estudadas (com base nas informações autorreferidas de peso e altura disponíveis no VIGITEL). O preço relativo dos alimentos saudáveis (em relação aos ultraprocessados) foi estimado para cada localidade em cada ano. Modelos de regressão de efeito fixo para dados em painel foram estimados para analisar a relação entre o preço dos alimentos e o IMC médio da população. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (COEP/UFMG) (CAAE nº 88465018.1.0000.5149). Resultados: O preço das bebidas adoçadas esteve inversamente associado ao seu consumo. Estimamos que um aumento de 1,00% no preço das bebidas adoçadas diminuiria 1,25% a prevalência do seu consumo regular entre as mulheres e 1,57% entre os homens. Encontrou-se também uma associação inversa entre preço de alimentos ultraprocessados e prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade no Brasil. Observamos que o aumento de 1,00% no preço dos alimentos ultraprocessados levaria a uma diminuição na prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade de 0,33% e 0,59%, respectivamente. Para o grupo de menor renda, o efeito do preço dos alimentos ultraprocessados foi maior. Por fim, o preço relativo dos alimentos saudáveis associou-se positivamente ao IMC da população. Observamos que um aumento de 10,0% no preço relativo de alimentos saudáveis (não ultraprocessados) levaria a um aumento de 0,3% no IMC médio (0,4% para mulheres e 0,2% para homens). Conclusões: Concluímos que existe uma relação entre o preço dos alimentos, o consumo de bebidas adoçadas e a obesidade no Brasil. A adoção de medidas fiscais, como a tributação de alimentos ultraprocessados, desponta como ferramenta proeminente no controle de obesidade e outros resultados negativos para a saúde.

Introduction: It is known that the global food prices scenario contributes to the obesity epidemic by encouraging the consumption of unhealthy foods. However, the real magnitude of the influence of food prices on nutritional status and food consumption in Brazil remains uncertain. Objective: To analyze the association between food prices, consumption of sweetened beverages and nutritional status of the Brazilian population. Methods (Manuscript 1): Panel study involving ecological data from 10 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District for the period between 2007 and 2018. Data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS 2008/9) were used to calculate the price of food groups that, added data from the National Consumer Price Index System resulted in a series of prices per city for each year. The prevalence indicators of sweetened beverages consumption in each city per year were obtained from VIGITEL. The relationship between price and consumption was studied using fixed-effect regression models for panel data. (Manuscript 2): Cross-sectional study with data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS 2008/9). Information on the weight and height of all individuals was used, as well as the price of food purchased for household consumption. Multivariate regression models (log-log) were used to estimate the price elasticity of the prevalence of overweight and obesity for the entire population and for two income strata in the country. (Manuscript 3): The database developed for the first article was used, assuming the mean BMI in the studied locations as an outcome (based on self-reported weight and height information available at VIGITEL). The relative price of healthy foods (in relation to ultra-processed foods) was estimated for each location in each year. Fixed-effect regression models for panel data were estimated to analyze the relationship between the food prices and the mean BMI of the population. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee involving Human Beings at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (COEP / UFMG) (CAAE nº 88465018.1.0000.5149). Results: The sweetened beverages price was inversely associated with their consumption. We estimate that a 1.00% increase in the sweetened beverages price would decrease 1.25% the prevalence of sweetened beverages regular consumption among women and 1.57% among men. An inverse association was also found between the price of ultra-processed foods and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazil. We observed that the 1.00% increase in the price of ultra-processed foods would lead to a decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity of 0.33% and 0.59%, respectively. For the lower income group, the effect of the price of ultra-processed foods was greater. Finally, the relative price of healthy foods (non-ultra-processed foods) was positively associated with the population's BMI. We observed that a 10.0% increase in the relative price of non-ultra-processed foods would lead to a 0.3% increase in the average BMI (0.4% for women and 0.2% for men). Conclusions: We conclude that there is an association between the food prices, sweetened beverages consumption and nutritional status in Brazil. The adoption of fiscal measures, such as the taxation of ultra-processed foods, emerges as a prominent tool in the control of obesity and other negative health outcomes

Empirically analysis on outpatients/emergency visits and price elasticity of the medical prices reform at Nanjing Children's Hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To identify the changes of outpatients/emergency visits at Nanjing Children′s Hospital since introduction of the general pricing reform at public hospitals.Methods Fluctuations of outpatients/emergency visits at Nanjing Children′s Hospital before and after the reform in 2015 were compared,and an empirical analysis was made in view of the overall structural changes,demand price elasticity and cross-price elasticity of various outpatients/emergency visits.Results The change of total outpatients/emergency visits was minimal,yet the composition registered significant changes.Monthly average of common outpatients totaled 7 072 visits,a growth of 12.6%;that of senior specialists totaled 3 035 visits,a growth of 48.4%.The price elasticity was<1,while the demand for various outpatients/emergency visits services and cross-price elasticity appeared inelastic.Conclusions The one year reform has witnessed the hospital in smooth operations as yet.Given the sizable rise of examination prices for both outpatients/emergency visits,patient volume remains stable instead of drastic decrease,evidencing the strong demand for children′s medical services.

Smokeless tobacco product prices and taxation in Bangladesh: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Smokeless tobacco use occupies a significant portion of overall tobacco consumption in Bangladesh. Yet very little is known about the effectiveness of tax and price policy in controlling the use of smokeless tobacco use in the country. METHODS: The paper examines the price distribution of various smoked (cigarette, bidi) and smokeless tobacco products (zarda, gul) using the univariate Epanechnikov kernel density function. It estimates the own and cross price elasticity of demand for the most widely used smokeless tobacco product zarda using twostep regression analysis. The analysis is based on data from the ITC Bangladesh Wave 3 Survey which is a nationally representative cohort survey of tobacco users and nonusers conducted in in Bangladesh during 2011-12. RESULTS: The price elasticity of lower price brands of zarda is estimated at −0.64 and of higher priced brands at −0.39, and the cross price elasticity of zarda with respect to cigarette price at 0.35. The tax increase on smokeless tobacco needs to be greater than the tax increase on smoked tobacco to bridge the wide price differential between the two types of products that currently encourages downward substitution from smoked to smokeless tobacco and discourages quitting behavior. CONCLUSIONS: This paper argues that increasing tax on smokeless tobacco simultaneously with the tax increase on smoked tobacco can have significant negative impact on the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in Bangladesh. Finally, a specific excise system replacing the existing ad valorem excise tax can substantially contribute to the revenue collection performance from smokeless tobacco products.

Analyze the Drug Elasticity of Demand of Urban Residents through ELES Model / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To analyze drug elasticity of demand of urban residents with quantitation.METHODS:Expand linear expenditure system(ELES)model was used to analyze sectional data of different kinds of consumption expenditure and the disposable income of urban residents in2003and to calculate the value of marginal consumption tendency,the elasticity value of demand income and the demand price.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The changes of drugs price have little influence on drugs demand,for urban residents,drugs consumption belongs to necessary for life.

Price Elasticity Analysis of University Students in Foodservice Operations for Pricing Policy / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study were to : (a) analyzed price elasticity of university students in foodservice operations and (b)provide insight for price decision-making. Questionnaires were composed of price elasticity, the utilization and opinions of students on university foodservice operations, and demographic information regarding respondents. The questionnaires were distributed to 600 university students of 6 universities located in Seoul. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS package for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The average price for lunch was 1,663 won for campus food, and 2,965 won for off-campus restaurants. The frequency of utilizing the university cafeteria was fairly high. Students felt that the proper price for lunch was 1,446 won, presenting a lower price than the actual average price for lunch. The price elasticity was investigated in relation to the change in utilization rate when these was a price increase. The price elasticity was 2.03, with significant differences between sex, age, and major. The groups utilizing the university cafeteria frequently, taking longer time to go to off-campus or that were satisfied with the university cafeteria, had a lower price elasticity than those that did not. The results of this study suggest that predicting the price elasticity of the target market would assist the pricing policy, and the fact that the same students have different price elasticity by place and atmosphere can be used in marketing strategies.

An Empirical Analysis of Price Elasticity of the Demand for Medical Care Services in Korean National Health Insurance Program / 예방의학회지

This paper tested by using Micro TSP, an empirical econometric analysis to approve officially a hypothesis of price elasticity of the demand for medical care services in Korean national medical insurance and the economic effect of health care delivery system with time-series datas of Medical Insurance statistical yearbook(1981-1993). The results suggest that the korean medical insurance system shows moral hazard due to the change of coinsurance and the economic effect according to intervention of the health care delivery system, but it is different by insurers regardless of the same structure of the medical insurance scheme.