Juicio y toma de decisiones en niños de edad escolar / Judgment and Decision Making in School-Age Children

En los últimos cincuenta años, psicólogos y economistas han catalogado los errores que la gente adulta comete cuando toma decisiones. El objetivo de nuestro resumen narrativo es describir estos errores como ocurren en niños de edad escolar. Luego de una breve introducción a las teorías más importantes en economía comportamental (Utilidad Esperada, Prospect, Rastro Difuso, Proceso Dual) haremos un resumen de esta literatura, con énfasis en el período de edad escolar. Evaluamos si los niños comprenden el concepto de 'valor esperado', si sus respuestas cambian en base a como se hace la pregunta, y si prefieren arriesgar en vez de aceptar propuestas seguras. También describimos, desde una perspectiva del desarrollo, la tendencia a sobrevalorar las posesiones, a perseverar cuando el gasto es irrecuperable, y a tener diferentes cuentas mentales. Nuestra revisión indica que las tendencias que se ven en la adultez también suelen ocurrir en niños y niñas de edad escolar, y señala áreas en las que se carece de datos sólidos. Concluimos nuestro artículo sugiriendo futuras áreas de investigación

Over the last half century, psychologists and behavioral economists have catalogued myriad mistakes that people make when making decisions. The way those mistakes are expressed in school-aged children is the focus of this narrative review. After a brief introduction to the main theoretical positions (expected utility theory, prospect theory, fuzzy-trace theory, dual-systems theory), we do a comprehensive review of the developmental literature. We start with children's understanding of expected value, their sensitivity to framing effects, and their tendency to favor risky choices over riskless options. Next, we describe developmental research on the endowment effect, sunk cost, and mental accounting. Our review indicates that biases observed in adults are often evident in school-age children too, and singles out areas of developmental research in which solid information is not available. We conclude by highlighting areas in need of future research

Application of the prospect theory in human resource development of township hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Introduced are the concept and connotation of the prospect theory in behavioral economics,and the theory is used to explore the psychological characteristics and irrational decision behaviors of both supply and demand sides of talents in human resource development of township hospitals.The study found that the limited rational decision of people influenced the policy effectiveness of human resource policy for such hospitals,and the certainty effect strengthened the demand for restoration of government accountability and the breaking of staffing quota limits.The change and difference of reference point resulted in the lack of incentives and turnover of posts in such hospitals.The presence and change of the mental account caused unscientific human resource development.Based on such findings,the prospect theory can provide good explanatory power and theoretical enlightenment for such development.

A influência da estruturação da mensagem em comportamentos relacionados à saúde: um teste experimental / The influence of framing on health-related behaviors: an experimental test

Este estudo realizou um teste experimental envolvendo o efeito framing. Segundo a Teoria dos Prospectos, o efeito framing é a possibilidade de influenciar a decisão de um indivíduo sem distorcer a informação ou suprimi-la por meio de mudanças sutis na estruturação do problema. Foi testada a hipótese de que um folheto enfatizando as consequências negativas de não se prevenir contra o estresse seria mais persuasivo do que um folheto que enfatizasse as consequências positivas de se prevenir. Estudos anteriores, que examinaram o efeito framing na estruturação de mensagens persuasivas, produziram resultados variados. Esta pesquisa explorou as explicações teóricas para os resultados obtidos em campanhas relacionadas à saúde. Estudantes brasileiros de programas de pós-graduação foram expostos a um folheto estruturado negativamente, a um folheto estruturado positivamente ou a um folheto simplesmente informativo sobre o estresse. Atitudes em relação às recomendações para prevenir-se contra estresse e as intenções de segui-las foram medidas. Os resultados obtidos indicam maior persuasão do framing negativo.

This study performed an experimental test involving the framing effect. According to the Prospect Theory, the framing effect is the possibility of influencing an individual's decision without distorting the information or suppressing it, but by means of subtle changes in the way the problem is presented. We tested the hypothesis that a brochure emphasizing the negative consequences of not protecting oneself against stress would be more persuasive than a brochure emphasizing the positive consequences of this attitude. Prior studies, which examined the framing effect in structuring persuasive messages, have produced varied results. This study explored the theoretical explanations for results obtained in health campaigns. Brazilian postgraduate students were exposed to a negatively structured brochure, a positively structured brochure or a brochure that merely informed about stress. Attitudes concerning recommendations to protect oneself from stress and the intentions of following them were measured. The results indicate that the negative framing is more persuasive.