Representações sociais da autoproteção profissional e pessoal para Enfermeiros no contexto da COVID-19 / Social Representations of Professional and Personal Self-Protection for Nurses in the COVID-19 Context / Representaciones sociales de la autoprotección profesional y personal para enfermeros en el contexto del COVID-19

Objetivo: analisar as representações sociais da autoproteção profissional e pessoal dos enfermeiros no contexto da Covid-19. Método: estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, pautado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, abordagem processual. Participaram 30 enfermeiros que realizaram cuidados de enfermagem a pacientes com Covid-19, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada entre abril e maio 2021, realizada em plataforma online. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado com a técnica de análise de conteúdo temático-categorial. Resultado: a análise resultou em quatro categorias: Representações sociais e práticas relativas a Covid-19; Representações sociais da autoproteção; Desafios no enfrentamento da Covid-19: autoproteção pessoal e profissional; e Estrutura e fluxo de atendimento e sua relação com a autoproteção profissional. Considerações finais: houve engajamento dos profissionais no uso dos EPI na pandemia, o que aponta uma preocupação quanto à autoproteção na prestação de cuidados à pacientes com a Covid-19.

Objective: to analyze the social representations of professional and personal self-protection among nurses in the context of Covid-19. Method: a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, based on the Social Representations Theory, using a procedural approach. Thirty nurses who provided nursing care to Covid-19 patients in the State of Rio de Janeiro participated in the study. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews between April and May 2021, conducted on an online platform. Data analysis was performed using the thematic-categorical content analysis technique. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories of social representations and practices related to challenges in coping with Covid-19: personal and professional self-protection; Care structure and flow and its relationship with professional self-protection. Final considerations: There was engagement of professionals in the use of PPE during the pandemic, indicating a concern regarding self-protection in providing care to patients with Covid-19.

Objetivo: analizar las representaciones sociales de la autoprotección profesional y personal de los enfermeros en el contexto del Covid-19. Método: estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, enfoque procesal. Participaron 30 enfermeros que brindaron cuidados de enfermería a pacientes con Covid-19 en el Estado de Río de Janeiro. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas entre abril y mayo de 2021, realizadas en una plataforma online. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido temático categorial. Resultado: del análisis surgieron cuatro categorías: Representaciones sociales y prácticas relacionadas con el Covid-19; Representaciones sociales de la autoprotección; Desafíos de enfrentar el Covid-19: autoprotección personal y profesional; y Estructura y flujo de atención y su relación con la autoprotección profesional. Consideraciones finales: los profesionales demostraron compromiso en el uso de EPP durante la pandemia, lo que indica que se preocupaban por autoprotegerse durante la atención a pacientes con Covid-19.

Análisis del desarrollo infantil temprano según el marco de cuidado cariñoso y sensible, por quintiles de riqueza y regiones de Argentina (2019-2020) / Analysis of early childhood development according to the nurturing care framework, by wealth quintiles and regions of Argentina (2019­2020)

Introducción. Uno de los principales desafíos para la primera infancia es brindar cuidados adecuados que reduzcan desigualdades y promuevan desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT). El objetivo del trabajo fue describir relaciones entre los cuidados que reciben niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años, según el marco para el cuidado cariñoso y sensible (NC, por sus siglas en inglés), y sus niveles de DIT en Argentina, considerando región y quintiles de riqueza. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico observacional de corte transversal, a partir de las bases de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes (MICS) Argentina 2019-2020. Se seleccionaron 11 indicadores de NC y se estimó el nivel de DIT utilizando el Índice de Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (ECDI) para un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 2638 niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años evaluados, el promedio de acceso a indicadores de cuidados fue del 79,1 %; el acceso fue alto en 7 indicadores (entre el 84,2 % y el 97,9 %) y medio en 4 (entre el 46,9 % y el 65,1 %); la mayor frecuencia fue contar con registro de nacimiento (97,9 %) y la menor, la cobertura de seguro de salud (46,9 %). El 87,9 % alcanzó niveles adecuados de ECDI. Los resultados registran diferencias según quintiles de riqueza y regiones. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidencian desigualdades de acceso a cuidados y en DIT adecuado de niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años de áreas urbanas de Argentina según la región donde viven y el nivel de riqueza de sus hogares.

Introduction. One of the main challenges for early childhood is to provide adequate care to reduce inequalities and promote an early childhood development (ECD). The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the care provided to children aged 3 and 4 years according to the nurturing care (NC) framework and their ECD levels in Argentina, considering the region and wealth quintiles. Population and methods. This was an observational, cross-sectional analytical study based on data from the National Survey of Children and Adolescents (MICS) of Argentina 2019­2020. A total of 11 NC indicators were selected; the level of ECD was estimated using the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) for a descriptive, statistical analysis. Results. In 2638 children aged 3 and 4 years assessed, the average access to care indicators was 79.1%; access was high for 7 indicators (between 84.2% and 97.9%) and middle for 4 indicators (between 46.9% and 65.1%); the highest and lowest frequency corresponded to having a birth certificate (97.9%) and health insurance coverage (46.9%), respectively. Adequate ECDI levels were observed in 87.9%. Results show differences by wealth quintile and region. Conclusions. The results evidence inequalities in terms of access to care and an adequate ECD of children aged 3 and 4 years from urban areas of Argentina, depending on the region where they live and their household wealth level.

Investigation of environmental ethics, spiritual health, and its relationship with environmental protection behaviors in nursing students / Investigación sobre ética ambiental, salud espiritual y su relación con comportamientos de protección ambiental en estudiantes de enfermería / Pesquisa sobre ética ambiental, saúde espiritual e sua relação com comportamentos de proteção ambiental em estudantes de enfermagem

Objective.To investigate the relationship between environmental ethics, spiritual health, and environmental behavior among nursing students . Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 200 iranian students from the Chabahar Nursing School were selected using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool included a questionnaire on demographic information, knowledge, attitudes and behaviors towards the environment, environmental ethics, and spiritual health. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to evaluate the conceptual framework in this study. Results. The mean score for environmental ethics among nursing students was 65.73±10.61 out of 100. Most of the students (47%) had desirable environmental ethics. The knowledge structure (ß=0.46) predicted attitude. The attitude structure also predicted environmental behavior (ß=0.28) and spiritual health (ß=0.31). Ultimately, the results showed that spiritual health and environmental ethics predict environmental behavior directly and indirectly (p<0.001). Conclusion. Spiritual health and environmental ethics were strong predictors of environmental behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account not only students' spiritual health but also their ethical behaviors to promote environmental protection behaviors in the future.

Objetivo. Investigar la relación entre la ética ambiental, la salud espiritual y el comportamiento ambiental entre los estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos. En este estudio transversal se seleccionaron 200 estudiantes iraníes de la Escuela de Enfermería de Chabahar mediante un método de muestreo aleatorio simple. La herramienta de recogida de datos incluía un cuestionario sobre información demográfica, conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos hacia el medio ambiente, ética medioambiental y salud espiritual. Se utilizó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM) para evaluar el marco conceptual de este estudio. Resultados. La puntuación media en ética medioambiental entre los estudiantes de enfermería fue de 65.73±10.61 sobre 100. El 47% de los estudiantes tenían una ética medioambiental deseable. La estructura de conocimientos (0.46) predijo la actitud. La estructura de la actitud también predijo el comportamiento medioambiental (0.28) y la salud espiritual (0.31). En última instancia, los resultados mostraron que la salud espiritual y la ética medioambiental predicen el comportamiento medioambiental directa e indirectamente (p<0.001). Conclusión. La salud espiritual y la ética medioambiental fueron fuertes predictores del comportamiento medioambiental. Por lo tanto, es necesario tener en cuenta no sólo la salud espiritual de los estudiantes, sino también sus comportamientos éticos para promover conductas de protección del medio ambiente en el futuro.

Objetivo. Investigar a relação entre ética ambiental, saúde espiritual e comportamento ambiental entre estudantes de enfermagem. Métodos. Neste estudo transversal, 200 estudantes da Escola de Enfermagem de Chabahar (Irã) foram selecionados usando um método de amostragem aleatória simples. A ferramenta de coleta de dados incluiu um questionário sobre informações demográficas, conhecimento, atitudes e comportamentos em relação ao meio ambiente, ética ambiental e saúde espiritual. A modelagem de equações estruturais por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-SEM) foi usada para avaliar a estrutura conceitual deste estudo. Resultados. A pontuação média sobre ética ambiental entre os estudantes de enfermagem foi de 65.73±10.61 de um total de 100. 47% dos estudantes tinham uma ética ambiental desejável. A estrutura de conhecimento (0.46) previu a atitude. A estrutura da atitude também previu o comportamento ambiental (0.28) e a saúde espiritual (0.31). Por fim, os resultados mostraram que a saúde espiritual e a ética ambiental previram o comportamento ambiental direta e indiretamente (p<0.001). Conclusão. A saúde espiritual e a ética ambiental foram fortes preditores do comportamento ambiental. Portanto, é necessário considerar não apenas a saúde espiritual dos alunos, mas também seus comportamentos éticos, a fim de promover comportamentos de proteção ambiental no futuro.

Processos de desproteção e de proteção de crianças, adolescentes e suas famílias - uma análise de múltiplas evidências dos reflexos da pandemia / Processes of deprotection and protection of children, adolescents and their families - an analysis of multiple evidence of the consequences of the pandemic / Procesos de desprotección y protección de niños, adolescentes y sus familias - un análisis de múltiples evidencias de las consecuencias de la pandemia

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma visão geral de múltiplas evidências, levantadas de forma sistemática na literatura, sobre processos de desproteção de crianças, adolescentes e suas famílias, bem como estratégias de proteção e atuação durante a crise sanitária causada pela Covid-19 e no contexto pós-pandêmico. Para tanto, foram selecionados 13 artigos de revisão, entre 2020 e 2023, os quais trazem os principais aspectos que incidem nas desproteções de crianças e adolescentes, afetando a saúde mental, a convivência familiar e comunitária, bem como estratégias de intervenção para o enfrentamento dessas situações. Assim, este estudo traz uma discussão que pode ser subsídio para que profissionais do campo da proteção infantojuvenil possam planejar ações diante dos reflexos da crise pandêmica, política, social e econômica nos últimos tempos. Os efeitos das desproteções ligadas à insegurança de renda, à falta de acesso aos serviços, à redução de autonomia e a problemas de saúde mental ampliaram desproteções relacionais e contextos de violência. Por outro lado, o acesso a serviços e políticas públicas, com apoio às famílias, é o que a literatura destaca para ampliar a proteção infantojuvenil. Portanto, é fundamental identificar demandas para a busca de atuações com foco na melhoria das ofertas de serviços e na promoção de espaços de convivências protetivas.

The objective of this study is to present an overview of multiple evidence, systematically collected in the literature, on processes of deprotection for children, adolescents and their families, as well as protection and action strategies during the health crisis caused by Covid-19 and in the post-pandemic context. To this end, 13 review articles were selected, between 2020 and 2023, which bring the main aspects that affect the deprotection of children/adolescents, affecting mental health, family and community coexistence, as well as intervention strategies to combat these issues. Thus, this article brings a discussion that can provide support for professionals in the field of child and youth protection to plan actions in light of the consequences of this pandemic, political, social and economic crisis in recent times. The effects of lack of protection linked to income insecurity, lack of access to services, reduced autonomy and mental health problems have increased relational lack of protection and contexts of violence. On the other hand, access to services and public policies, with support for families, is what the literature highlights to expand child and youth protection. Therefore, it is essential to identify demands to seek actions focused on improving service offerings and promoting protective spaces.

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar un panorama de múltiples evidencias, recogidas sistemáticamente en la literatura, sobre procesos de desprotección de niños, niñas, adolescentes y sus familias, así como estrategias de protección y acción durante la crisis sanitaria provocada por el Covid-19 y en el contexto pospandemia. Para ello se seleccionaron 13 artículos de revisión, entre 2020 y 2023, que traen los principales aspectos que inciden en la desprotección de niños/adolescentes, afectando la salud mental, la convivencia familiar y comunitaria, así como estrategias de intervención para combatir estas situaciones. Así, este artículo proporciona una discusión que puede brindar apoyo a los profesionales del campo de la protección de niños y jóvenes para planificar acciones ante las consecuencias de esta pandemia, crisis política, social y económica de los últimos tiempos. Los efectos de la desprotección vinculados a la inseguridad de ingresos, la falta de acceso a servicios, la reducción de la autonomía y los problemas de salud mental han aumentado la desprotección relacional y los contextos de violencia. Por otro lado, el acceso a servicios y políticas públicas, con apoyo a las familias, es lo que destaca la literatura para ampliar la protección de niños y jóvenes. Por lo tanto, es fundamental identificar demandas para buscar acciones enfocadas a mejorar la oferta de servicios y promover espacios protectores de convivencia.

Retrospective analysis and comparison of total internal disability preservation technique and standardized reconstruction technique / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy and clinical results of total internal protection technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.@*METHODS@#A total of 56 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction treated from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected. According to the different surgical methods, they were divided into total internal reconstruction group and standard bone tunnel group. There were 21 patients in the total internal reconstruction group, including 15 males and 6 females, aged from 20 to 48 with an average of (35.6±6.7) years old, and 35 patients in the standard tibial tunnel group, including 26 males and 9 females, aged 22 to 51 years old with an average of (33.7±9.6) years old. Preoperative examination of Lachman test was positive, magnetic resonance indicated anterior cruciate ligament rupture. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, body mass index, time from injury to ACL reconstruction, combined meniscus injury and operation method, operation time, ligament diameter, ligament length and other general information. Postoperative evaluation included operation duration, length and diameter of transplanted tendon after braid. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, Tegner score and perioperative complications 2 years after surgery.@*RESULTS@#Both groups were followed up, ranging from 24 to 30 months with an average of (26.9±3.4) months. Postoperative incision healing was good, and no failure or joint infection occurred at the last follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in IKDC score, Lysholm score and Tegner score before, 1 year and 2 years after surgery. However, IKDC score, Lysholm score and Tegner score at 1 year and 2 years after surgery.@*CONCLUSION@#The same postoperative function and stability of knee joint can be obtained by both the residual whole technique and the standardized reconstruction technique. In the residual whole group, only the semitendinosus muscle is taken, and the femoral thin muscle is retained, with greater tibial bone mass preserved, which is safe and effective in clinical practice.

Establishment of Comprehensive Protection System for Intellectual Property of Single Herbs by Taking Callicarpa nudiflora of Jiuzhitang as An Example / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The development of single Chinese materia medica is an important direction of technological innovation in the field of Chinese materia medica at present， and the study of its comprehensive intellectual property protection system is of great significance to the intellectual property protection of the whole chain of innovative enterprises of single Chinese materia medica. Based on this， this paper takes the comprehensive protection system of intellectual property of Callicarpa nudiflora constructed by Jiuzhitang Pharmaceutical as a model to conduct empirical research， analyzes the protection forms applicable to intellectual property of Chinese materia medica， such as patents， administrative protection， trademarks， designs and intangible cultural heritages， and discusses the valuable and insufficient aspects of the protection system currently constructed by Jiuzhitang Pharmaceutical and puts forward the following suggestions：①paying attention to patent applications for planting/processing methods of raw medicinal materials， ②emphasizing the protection of geographical indications， authentic medicinal herbs， and new plant varieties， ③actively promoting product and technology upgrades， ④applying for data protection during product iteration， ⑤emphasizing the layout timing of patent and administrative protection， ⑥focusing on improving goodwill， ⑦enhancing awareness of intellectual property protection and promoting deep integration of industry， academia， and research. We hope that innovative enterprises engaged in the development of single Chinese materia medica can learn from the experience of the case， and optimize the strategy to better protect related products.

On Privacy Protection of Electronic Health Records / 中国医学伦理学

With the continuous advancement of health informatization and the wide application of medical big data, electronic health records came into being and spread rapidly. However, because electronic health records contain a large amount of private information, privacy protection is the primary consideration for the sustainable development of electronic health records. By analyzing the shortcomings of privacy protection of electronic health records in law, technology, management and protection consciousness, this paper put forward some countermeasures, such as perfecting the relevant laws and regulations of privacy protection of electronic health records, improving the technical level, improving the management defects of electronic health records, and cultivating the privacy protection consciousness of professionals and the public, so as to improve the overall privacy protection level of China’s health records information management system and provide effective protection for the privacy information of Chinese residents’ electronic health records.

The Construction and Improvement of the Protection System for the Rights and Interests of Human Subjects in Trial Institutions from the Ethical Perspective: Taking a Hospital in Anhui Province as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

This paper took a hospital in Anhui province as an example, aimed at the problems existing in the protection of human subjects’ rights and interests in China, and put forward relevant suggestions from the ethical perspective. The suggestions included shaping the international vision, playing the core role of ethics committee, strengthening the construction of legal and regulatory protection mechanism, setting up the human research protection committee and actively promoting the construction of subject protection system. These measures will effectively promote the construction and improvement of the rights and interests protection system of human subjects in China.

Study on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Tumor Subjects in Clinical Trials in the Prevention and Control of the COVID -19 / 中国医学伦理学

The outbreak of the COVID -19 has had a big impact on the implementation of clinical trials of tumor drugs and the prevention and control measures such as traffic control and home isolation has caused clinical trials couldn’t proceed normally, so the protection of tumor subjects in clinical trials faces many new challenges. Based on Western and Chinese policies and guidelines on the management of clinical trials during the COVID -19, this paper expounded the impacts of the COVID -19 on tumor patients and tumor clinical trials, analyzed the challenges faced by the protection of tumor subjects in the prevention and control of the COVID -19, and then protected tumor subjects from aspects of optimizing the allocation of health resources, improving non-face-to-face informed consent procedures, strengthening subject visit management, and enhancing clinical trial safety evaluation. It is hoped that these optimization measures can face the future and continue to protect subjects after the end of the epidemic or in new public health emergencies.

Construction and Operation of the Human Research Protection Program for Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国医学伦理学

It is the responsibility of a clinical research institution to protect the rights and interests of research subjects. For the full process supervision of clinical research projects, the construction of a Human Research Protection Program (HRPP) which is suitable to the hospital’s situation can gradually improve the ethical review quality, and provide comprehensive protection measures for participants and potential participants throughout the entire clinical research process. Combined with the characteristics of clinical research and ethical review of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), this paper introduced the construction of an HRPP system that highlights TCM characteristics. At the same time, this paper systematically analyzed the division of responsibilities, communication and cooperation of different committees and departments within the HRPP system to ensure the effective operation of the entire HRPP system, improve the quality of TCM clinical research and the protection level of the HRPP system, in order to achieve the goal of promote the healthy, orderly and scientific development of clinical research.

Consideration of Ethical Protection in Drug Clinical Trials for Rare Diseases in Children / 中国医学伦理学

Children with rare disease belong to a vulnerable group. When China’s current medical security system cannot provide comprehensive health care, they not only face physical and mental torture, but also have a higher risk of children participating in clinical trials than adults. So, adequate protection of children’s safety and rights is the key to ethical review. This paper analyzed the current status of drugs clinical trials for rare disease in children, including trial difficulties and guarantee system; explained the ethical principles that should be followed in clinical trials, such as the principle of informed consent and the principle of no harm; and discussed the path of protecting children’s safety and rights, so as to raise awareness and attention of the importance of ethical review of clinical trials.

The Relevant Regulations of Vulnerability in Foreign Biomedical Research Ethics and Its Enlightenment to China / 中国医学伦理学

The advancement of medicine and biotechnology is based on biomedical research. The rights and safety protection of subjects in biomedical research is one of the core issues of research ethics,and the protection of vulnerable subjects should be the top priority importantly,research ethics should provide special protection for vulnerable subjects. Chinese laws and regulations have not yet given a clear definition of the concept of vulnerability,and the content and regulations related to vulnerability are relatively rough and not perfect. By drawing on the main international and foreign research ethics policies and guidelines,introducing the definition of vulnerability,clarifying the source of vulnerability,and applying vulnerability to the process of biomedical research in China. When applying vulnerabilities,one should avoid using the label approach to include people with common characteristics into vulnerable groups,but mainly analyze the types and sources of vulnerability,and includes as many vulnerable subjects of different types as possible to provide them with more comprehensive and adequate protection in biomedical research.

Defects and Amendment Suggestions of Human Organ Transplantation Ordinance / 中国医学伦理学

This paper put forward suggestions on the Human Organ Transplantation Ordinance, including: clarify the priority of the protection of the rights and interests of organ owner in Article 1; conditionally increase the range of relatives who can donate cadaver organs; clarify whether relatives can donate cadaver organs of people without full civil capacity and strictly regulate them; allow matured juveniles to donate living organs under strict restrictions; distinguish between donor and organ owner in legal expression.

Progress of research on the preventive and therapeutic agents against radiation-induced injuries / 中国辐射卫生

Radiation-induced injury, a body dysfunction caused by irradiation, is associated with the dose, duration, and speed of radiation and is predominantly derived from radiation therapy for patients with malignant tumors. The current clinical treatment mainly includes amelioration of injury, alleviation of symptoms, and improvements in function restoration of the affected sites because of lack of targeted agents specific to radiation-induced injuries. Research and development of preventive and therapeutic agents against radiation-induced injuries are of great significance to reduce the body damages caused by radiotherapy and improve the quality of life of cancer survivors. This review summarizes the radiation-induced injury and its mechanisms, radioprotectants, and therapeutic agents for radiation, and proposes future development directions, so as to provide a reference for alleviation of radiation-induced injury and improvement in prognosis.

Occupational health management of radiation workers in non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province, China / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To understand the basic information of the number, classification, and distribution of radiation work units in non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province, China, and to analyze the status quo of health management and radiation protection measures for radiation workers, so as to provide a scientific basis for occupational exposure protection in non-medical radiation work units and better protect the occupational health rights and interests of radiation workers. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate some non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province. On-site testing was carried out to determine the risk factors for radioactive occupational diseases in the selected non-medical institutions. Results In 220 non-medical institutions, there were 340 radiation devices and 2284 radioactive sources. The rate of individual dose monitoring was 92.7% and the rate of occupational health examination was 87.2%. These devices were equipped with 325 detection instruments for radiation protection, 1316 personal protective equipment, and 730 personal dose alarms. Radiation occupational disease risk factors were investigated in 101 institutions. Conclusion The occupational health management of radiation workers in non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province is generally in line with the national standards. However, there is still a big gap with the level of occupational health management in medical institutions. The health administration departments should clarify the management measures for non-medical institutions and strengthen their supervision and management functions.

Analysis of current radiation protection and occupational health management in non-medical institutions in Hebei Province, China, 2022 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the number, distribution, and types of radiation of non-medical radiation institutions in Hebei Province, China, and to explore the current radiation protection in the employing units and occupational health management of radiation workers in 2022. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in the non-medical institutions engaged in nuclear technology application in Hebei Province, and different types of employing units were selected to monitor the radioactivity level in the workplace. Results A total of 681 non-medical institutions engaged in radiation technology application completed the survey, covering all cities with subordinate districts in the province, including 1605 radioactive devices, 2960 active devices, 45 non-uranium metal mines, and 14 non-sealed workplaces. A total of 8617 radiation workers were surveyed, with a personal dose monitoring rate of 70.9%, a radiation protection training rate of 61.1%, and an occupational health examination rate for radiation workers of 59.3%. A total of 614 radiation protection monitoring instruments were provided, with a personal protective equipment allocation rate of 51.1% and a personal dose alarm device allocation rate of 51.8%. The radiation occupational hazardous factor testing was completed for 54 workplaces, and the results were all qualified. Conclusion There are still significant deficiencies in personal dose monitoring in the radiation work units in non-medical institutions and occupational health examination in the radiation work units in our province. The health administrative departments should strengthen health supervision and law enforcement, enhance radiation protection and skill training for employers, and more effectively control the impact of radiation hazards on personnel health.

Analysis of current status of radiation protection in non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai, China, 2022 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the current status of radiation protection in non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for occupational health management in non-medical radiation workplaces. Methods Non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai were investigated using a questionnaire survey in 2022, including radiation source term, occupational health examination, personal dose monitoring, personal protective equipment, and radiation protection testing workplaces. Data were entered by a double-entry method and then analyzed. Results There were 56 non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai, covering manufacturing, nonferrous metal ore mining, nuclear power plant, transportation, and technical services. There were 0 Class I radiation device, 150 Class II radiation devices, and 10 Class III radiation devices; there were 80 Class I radiation sources, 16 Class II radiation sources, 14 Class III radiation sources, 62 Class IV radiation sources, and 135 Class V radiation sources. There were 998 radiation workers, with an occupational health examination rate and personal dose monitoring rate of 98.3%. Among the 56 non-medical radiation workplaces, 47 (83.9%) were equipped with radiation protection monitoring instruments, 24 (51.1%) workplaces had verified the radiation protection monitoring instruments, with 2017 personal dose monitoring instruments and 2327 personal protective equipment in place, 42 (75%) workplaces carried out occupational health assessments, 44 (78.6%) workplaces carried out self-detection, and 53 (94.6%) workplaces carried out entrusting detections (monitoring pass rate: 100% [53/53]). The declaration rate of occupational hazard items was 87.5% (49/56). Conclusion There is still a gap between the current status and the requirements in the national regulations and standards regarding radiation protection in non-medical radiation workplaces. Therefore, the supervision and management of non-medical radiation workplaces should be further strengthened, especially the configuration and verification of radiation protection monitoring instruments.

An analysis of results of 392 times of CT quality control and room radiological protection testing in Guangdong Province, China / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To provide a theoretical basis for radiation health supervision through an analysis of the situation of computed tomography (CT) equipment quality control and CT room radiological protection in Guangdong Province, China in recent years. Methods We collected the data of 392 times of CT quality control and radiological protection testing by a third-party radiological health technical service institution in Guangdong Province from 2019 to 2021. We analyzed the levels of CT-owning hospitals, CT manufacturers, CT quality control test results, and the pass rate of radiation protection tests. Results The examined CT scanners were from different levels of hospitals in Guangdong Province, and were manufactured by nine major CT equipment manufacturers at home and abroad. The pass rate of CT room radiological protection was 99.88%, and the ambient dose equivalent rates of five monitoring points exceeded the limit, with four at the control room door and one at the shield wall of the room. The overall pass rate of CT equipment quality control was 99.49%, and the non-conforming parameters were the accuracy of positioning light and the deviation of reconstructed slice thickness. Conclusion In recent years, CT equipment quality control and room radiation protection in Guangdong Province have been at a high level.

Regulatory Mechanism of Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer with Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Lung cancer is the fastest-growing cancer type in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide， posing a huge threat to the health and life of the population. Radiation therapy is one of the main methods for treating lung cancer， and there is a clear dose-effect relationship between the radiation dose and local control rate of lung cancer. However， the lung is a radiation dose-limiting organ， and the radiation resistance of lung cancer tissues and the radiation damage to normal tissues limit the radiation efficacy for lung cancer. The pathogenesis of lung cancer in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by an initial deficiency in vital Qi， followed by the internal invasion and gradual accumulation of pathogenic Qi. After radiation therapy for lung cancer， the body's vital Qi becomes weaker， and syndromes of phlegm coagulation， Qi stagnation， and static blood blocking collaterals become more severe， leading to radiation resistance of lung cancer tissues. Therefore， the key issue to better clinical efficacy of radiation therapy for lung cancer patients is to use drugs to enhance the radiation sensitivity of lung cancer cells and improve the radiation tolerance of normal lung tissues. TCM can be used as a radiation sensitizer by regulating the cell cycle to increase the proportion of cells in the radiation-sensitive phase， promoting upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes to induce cell apoptosis， enhancing DNA damage caused by radiation and inhibiting damage repair， improving blood circulation and tissue oxygen supply， and so on， to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation and amplify the toxicity of radiation to tumor tissues. TCM can also be used as a radiation protector by inhibiting cell damage， regulating cytokines and immune balance， reducing the release of inflammatory and fibrotic factors， and inhibiting the activation of related signaling pathways to prevent and treat radiation-induced lung injury. This article systematically reviewed the research results of TCM on radiation sensitization and radiation protection in lung cancer in recent years， aiming to elucidate the mechanism of TCM in regulating the effect of radiation therapy for lung cancer and provide more theoretical and practical basis for TCM to participate in improving the prognosis of lung cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.

El conocimiento y cumplimiento de las normas de protección sobre la radiación ionizante en una clínica dental docente / Knowledge and compliance with ionizing radiation protection standards in a teaching dental clinic

Introducción: El uso de radiografías como elemento complementario para el diagnóstico es fundamental para la práctica profesional de todo cirujano dentista. Por tanto, es importante conocer no solo los beneficios de la radiología oral y los fundamentos de protección radiológica, sino también determinar su nivel de aplicación o la adherencia frente al cumplimiento de los aspectos normativos que regulan el uso de la radiación ionizante en odontología. Objetivo: Relacionar el conocimiento sobre los cuidados en radiología bucal, las ventajas y los peligros en la toma de radiografías con el cumplimiento de las normas de protección radiológica y radiación ionizante en estudiantes de odontología de una clínica dental docente. Métodos: La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 180 estudiantes del cuarto año de la carrera de odontología, que emplearon los equipos radiológicos en la clínica docente asistencial durante los años 2019 (segundo semestre) y 2020 (primer trimestre). Se tomó como muestra representativa a 104 estudiantes, incorporados al estudio mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos de recolección de datos, uno para evaluar el conocimiento (cuestionario) y otro para verificar el cumplimiento de normas (lista de chequeo) sobre la protección radiológica y el diagnóstico por imágenes en la práctica odontológica. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó la prueba estadística chi cuadrado con un nivel de significancia del 95 %. Resultados: No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,30) entre el conocimiento teórico sobre la protección radiológica y el diagnóstico por imágenes, respecto el cumplimiento de las normas que regulan su aplicación (p > 0,05). El 90 % de participantes tienen conocimientos entre regulares y excelentes. Sin embargo, solo el 32 % cumple las normas técnicas de protección sobre radiación ionizante en su práctica clínica. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de odontología tienen suficiente conocimiento sobre protección radiológica y diagnóstico por imágenes. Sin embargo, este conocimiento no se refleja en prácticas adheridas a las normas.

Introduction: The use of radiographs as a complementary element for diagnosis is fundamental to the professional practice of every dental surgeon. Therefore, it is important to know not only the benefits of oral radiology and the fundamentals of radiological protection, but also to determine their level of application or adherence to compliance with the regulatory aspects that regulate the use of ionizing radiation in dentistry. Objective: To relate the knowledge of oral radiology care, the advantages and dangers in taking radiographs with compliance with the norms of radiological protection and ionizing radiation in dental students of a dental teaching clinic. Methods: The study population consisted of 180 fourth year dental students who used the radiological equipment in the teaching dental clinic during 2019 (second semester) and 2020 (first quarter). A representative sample of 104 students was taken, incorporated into the study by simple random sampling. Two data collection instruments were applied, one to evaluate knowledge (questionnaire) and the other to verify compliance with standards (checklist) on radiological protection and diagnostic imaging in dental practice. For the statistical analysis the chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 95 %. Results: No statistically significant relationship was found (p = 0.30) between theoretical knowledge of radiological protection and diagnostic imaging with respect to compliance with the norms that regulate its application (p > 0.05). Ninety percent of participants have fair to excellent knowledge. However, only 32 % comply with the technical norms of ionizing radiation protection in their clinical practice. Conclusion: Dental students have sufficient knowledge of radiation protection and diagnostic imaging. However, this knowledge is not reflected in practices that adhere to the standards.