Comparison of MMPI Profile Patterns between Patients with Epileptic Seizures and Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures

BACKGROUND: Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) are characterized by repeated seizures that are typically caused by stress and psychologic problems such as anxiety and depression. This contrasts with epileptic seizures (ES), which are transient and caused by irregular excitement of nerve cells. PNES can be found in patients with ES, but due to their differing etiologies, it is important to determine the psychologic characteristics that differentiate PNES from ES. METHODS: This study identified psychopathologic and personality traits in 137 patients with PNES (n=7, 49.3% female) or ES (n=0, 35.7% female) using MMPI. The diagnosis was based on a medical history of seizures and the clinical examination in patients who visited the epilepsy clinic. Statistical analyses for comparing MMPI differences between the two groups were conducted using the t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of covariance. RESULTS: We analyzed the frequency of individuals who exhibited a T score of ≥5 on the MMPI, and the results indicated that there were significantly more patients in the PNES group than in the ES group who had elevated scores on the hypochondriasis (Hs) scale and hysteria (Hy) scale. The mean scores of Hs, Hy, paranoia scale and schizophrenia scale were significantly higher in the PNES group than in the ES group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with PNES have greater psychologic problems than ES patients. Differences in MMPI profile patterns between patients with PNES and ES may be helpful in tailoring appropriate therapeutic interventions for the two groups.

Suspicious psychogenic hiccup after interventional pain procedures: A case report

Several cases of the hiccups that occurred after interventional pain procedures have been previously reported. A 34-year-old man had suffered from persistent hiccups that started after epidural and trigger point injection of steroid. His hiccups were stopped during meals and sleep. Furthermore, hiccups did not occur after intravenous or intramuscular steroid injection due to eczema and bronchitis, and after interventional pain procedure that was performed under sedation with midazolam. Hence, we suspected that his hiccups had resulted from a psychogenic cause.

O atendimento da crise psicogênica nos prontos-socorros / Psychogenic seizure care in accident and emergency units

Este artigo analisa um aspecto da clínica médica e a rotina de acolhimento de doenças psicogênicas neste campo. A partir do fragmento de um caso de atendimento médico em pronto-socorro, observou-se um desmerecimento a pacientes com manifestações histéricas com somatização, consideradas pela equipe da instituição, ironicamente, como "emergências emocionais" ou "pitis". Tal comportamento reflete um problema clássico da deficiência de conhecimento sobre a medicina psicossocial, que se torna paradigmático nestes casos, onde há uma linha tênue entre o psíquico e o corporal. Para entender essa dinâmica, acreditamos que seja necessária uma incursão no contexto histórico do privilégio do diagnóstico racional, do discurso científico e suas influências no ensino médico contemporâneo.

This article investigates one part of medical practice and the routine of receiving psychogenic patients in that area. In one case at an accident and emergency unit, patients suffering hysterical somatization were pejoratively considered as "emotional emergencies" or "pitis" (a slang term for hysterical fit) by the health professionals, who questioned the need for medical care. Such behaviour reflects a classic problem of insufficient knowledge of psychosocial medicine, which forms the paradigmatic basis in such cases, where there is a fine line between the mental and the corporal. To understand this dynamic, we believe an investigation is required into the historical context of the centre stage given to rational diagnosis, scientific discourse and their influences on contemporary medical education.