Relación entre adicción a Internet y madurez psicológica en adolescentes del Perú / Relationship between Internet Addiction and Psychological Maturity in Adolescents from Peru

Introducción: Internet es un recurso indispensable para las personas, permite acceder a contenidos académicos, comunicacionales, sociales y otros; sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado genera conductas antisociales, bajo rendimiento académico, inadecuadas relaciones interpersonales y costo social. Los adolescentes se encuentran en riesgo por estar en el proceso de madurez y desarrollo psicoemocional. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre la adicción a Internet y la madurez psicológica en adolescentes del Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo correlacional, transversal en colegios de Lima, Cusco, Iquitos, Pucallpa, San Martin, Tacna y Tumbes, Lima-Perú, en el año 2019. Muestra de 1707 estudiantes de tercer, cuarto y quinto de secundaria. Se usó como técnica la encuesta y como instrumentos válidos y confiables el Test de Adicción a Internet y el Cuestionario de Madurez Psicológica. Los datos fueron procesados mediante programa Excel y SPSS versión 25. Para el análisis de datos se usó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial: Coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: El nivel de adicción a Internet según dimensiones alcanzó nivel promedio en Costa, Sierra y Selva: tolerancia (57,67 por ciento, 56,08 por ciento, 38,78 por ciento), uso excesivo (58,20 por ciento, 42,91 por ciento, 44,27 por ciento), retirada (58,86 por ciento, 52,03 por ciento, 40,92 por ciento) y consecuencias negativas (59,13 por ciento, 52,71 por ciento, 49,31 por ciento); igualmente para madurez psicológica: orientación al trabajo (53,44 por ciento, 37,04 por ciento, 51,59 por ciento), autonomía (43,58, 34,46 por ciento, 45,95 por ciento) e identidad (65,50 por ciento, 53,74 por ciento, 57,25 por ciento). Conclusiones: Existe relación significativa e inversa entre la adicción a Internet y la madurez psicológica de los adolescentes, al igual que en todas sus dimensiones(AU)

Introduction: The Internet is an indispensable resource for people, since it allows access to academic, communicational, social and other contents. However, its indiscriminate use leads to antisocial behavior, poor academic performance and inadequate interpersonal relationships, as well as it has social costs. Adolescents are at risk because they are in the process of maturity and psychoemotional development. Objective: To describe the relationship between Internet addiction and psychological maturity in adolescents in Peru. Methods: Quantitative study, with a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional design, carried out in 2019 in schools from Lima, Cusco, Iquitos, Pucallpa, San Martin, Tacna and Tumbes, Lima-Peru. The sample was made up of 1707 students in their third, fourth or fifth high school years. The survey was used as a technique, while the Internet Addiction Test and the Psychological Maturity Questionnaire were used as valid and reliable tools. The data were processed using Excel and the SPSS (version 25). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U. Results: Internet addiction, according to the analyzed dimensions, reached the average level in Costa, Sierra and Selva: tolerance (57.67 percent, 56.08 percent, 38.78 percent), excessive use (58.20 percent, 42.91 percent, 44.27 percent), withdrawal (58.86 percent, 52.03 percent, 40.92 percent) and negative consequences (59.13 percent, 52.71 percent, 49.31 percent). The same phenomenon manifested for psychological maturity: work orientation (53.44 percent, 37.04 percent, 51.59 percent), autonomy (43.58, 34.46 percent, 45.95 percent) and identity (65.50 percent, 53.74 percent, 57.25 percent). Conclusions: There is a significant and inverse relationship between Internet addiction and psychological maturity in adolescents, as well as in all its dimensions(AU)

Research progress on Corydalis yanhusuo in opioid addiction / 中草药

Corydalis yanhusuo and its active ingredients dl-THP have clear efficacy of analgesia, as well as the effect on vasodilatation, cardiac muscle protection, antibiosis, and anti-inflammation, thus they are used for the treatment of various disease. In recent years, C. yanhusuo is widely used for the treatment of drug addiction. In this paper, the research progress in the chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions of C. yanhusuo are reviewed, which provide the scientific basis for its modernization research and comprehensive utilization.

Dependence Potential of the Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-073, JWH-081, and JWH-210: In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches

Synthetic cannabinoids (CBs) such as the JWH series have caused social problems concerning their abuse liability. Because the JWH series produces euphoric and hallucinogenic effects, they have been distributed illegally under street names such as "Spice" and "Smoke". Many countries including Korea have started to schedule some of the JWH series compounds as controlled substances, but there are a number of JWH series chemicals that remain uncontrolled by law. In this study, three synthetic CBs with different binding affinities to the CB1 receptor (JWH-073, 081, and 210) and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) were evaluated for their potential for psychological dependence. The conditioned place preference test (unbiased method) and self-administration test (fixed ratio of 1) using rodents were conducted. Ki values of the three synthetic cannabinoids were calculated as supplementary data using a receptor binding assay and overexpressed CB1 protein membranes to compare dependence potential with CB1 receptor binding affinity. All mice administered JWH-073, 081, or 210 showed significantly increased time spent at unpreferred space in a dose-dependence manner in the conditioned place preference test. In contrast, all tested substances except Delta9-THC showed aversion phenomenon at high doses in the conditioned place preference test. The order of affinity to the CB1 receptor in the receptor binding assay was JWH-210 > JWH-081 >> JWH-073, which was in agreement with the results from the conditioned place preference test. However, no change in self-administration was observed. These findings suggest the possibility to predict dependence potential of synthetic CBs through a receptor binding assay at the screening level.

Effects of l-tetrahydropalmatine on conditioned place preference and expression of dopamine in the striatum of morphine dependent rats / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To observe effects of conditioned place preference (CPP) of morphine dependent rats,variation of dopamine neurotransmitter and its receptor 2 of the striatum in rats suffered from 1-tetrabydropalmatine(l-THP).Methods The CPP model was established by morphine injection in rats with a increasing dose for 10 days,with the initial dose of 10 mg · kg-1 and the final dose of 100 mg · kg-1,10 mg · kg-1 was increased each day,thus 100 nmg · kg-1 Was injected by day 10.Treatments with administration of 1-THP(3.76,1.88 and 0.94 mg/kg) were performed respectively for 6 days,and the effects of CPP for psychological dependence in these rats were observed.Striatum samples were taken out and their variable contents of dopamine neurotransmitter and its receptor 2 in striatum were detected by high performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemisty,respectively.Results Compared with the NS treatment group,the time of animals treated with 1-THP (3.76 and 1.88 mg/kg) staying in drug-paired compartment were reduced (354 ± 58,373 ± 79) (P＜ 0.01) ;the raised of variation contents of dopamine neurotransmitter were reduced in striatum from those rats(5.49 ± 1.95,6.11 ± 1.05),while the expression level of dopamine receptor 2 was increased(0.08 ± 0.02,0.07 ± 0.03) (P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜0.05).Conclusion Reversing dopamine neurotransmitter and its receptor 2 in striatum of morphine dependent rats may be one of the possible mechanisms that 1-THP effectively inhibit the effects of morphine CPP.

Changes of dopamine neurotransmitter and its receptor in striatum from conditioned place preference of rats administrated of morphine / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To observe the level of dopamine and its receptor in striatum from conditioned place preference (CPP) of rats administrated of morphine.And explore the mechanism of opioid-psychic dependence involving the levels of neurotransmitter and receptor.Methods CPP model was validated in morphine-dependence rats for 10 days.Striatum samples were harvested from two separate groups involving the saline group and morphine treated group (n =10 per experiment).The DA contents in striatum were detected in rats with colorimetry.Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the differential expression levels of dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2)in samples.Results Compared with the saline group,higher content of neurotransmitter dopamine was observed in the morphine dependent rats (7.63 ±0.98 vs 5.23 ± 1.01,P＜0.01),while the expression level of DRD2 was down regulated (0.06 ± 0.02 vs 0.08 ± 0.02,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The increased expression of neurotransmitter dopamine and the decreased of DRD2 may be contributed to morphine-induced psychological dependence in morphine dependent rats.